Ali Momenpour; Ali Imani; Davoud Bakhshi; Hamed Rezaie
Abstract
Introduction: Almond (Prunus amygdalus B.) is one of the most important crops consumed as a dry fruit and it is mainly adaptable to arid and semi-arid regions mostly suffering from salinity stress (8). Soils with dry humidity regime are dominant in Iran and in the world at large and mostly include regions ...
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Introduction: Almond (Prunus amygdalus B.) is one of the most important crops consumed as a dry fruit and it is mainly adaptable to arid and semi-arid regions mostly suffering from salinity stress (8). Soils with dry humidity regime are dominant in Iran and in the world at large and mostly include regions with more evaporation than precipitation. This in turn leads to increased salinity of the soil (9 and 10). Based on available reports, roughly 12.5% of land areas in Iran are saline, which overwhelmingly contain sodium, while more than 800 million hectares of land area on the earth (6% of overall global land area) are affected by salinity (9 and 10). Therefore, compound of rootstock and scion may be used as one of the influence factors in sensitivity or tolerance to salinity of planted fruit trees including almonds (8 and 11). In recent years, for various reasons including the uniformity of trees, instead of sexual rootstock, vegetative rootstock is used. Rootstock GF677 an inter-specific hybrid (Almond Peach) is propagated asexually as clone (8). It has been reported that rootstock GF677 is tolerant to salinity while rootstock nemagard (P. persica X P. davidiana) is sensitive to salinity (16). It has been reported that rootstock GF677 tolerated salinity (5.5 ds/m), (19) or 5.2 ds/m (17 and 14).However, as plant species and different cultivars within the same plant species vary considerably in their tolerance to salinity (10), properly selecting plants and/or cultivars that can be grown well under adverse conditions, created in the root zone by salinization, is the most efficient and environmentally friendly agricultural practice for a more permanent solution of the problem of salinity (10).
Despite the presence of information on the effect of salinity on concentration of nutrition elements of almond cultivars leaves and roots, tolerantscion/rootstock combinationshave not been introduced for this plant. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of salt stress on concentration of nutritional elements of selected almond genotypes leaves and roots, grafted on GF677 rootstock and introducing most tolerant genotypes to it.
Materials and Methods: In this research, the effects of salinity stress were investigated on nutrient of almond leaves and roots by a completely randomized design (CRD), with two factors, genotype (in the four levels) and irrigation water salinity (in the five levels) with tree replications in the research greenhouse of Seed and Plant Institute in the year 2013. Studied Genotypes included ‘Shokofeh’, ‘Sahand’ and ‘13-40’ budded on GF677 and ‘GF677’ (none budded as control) and irrigation water salinity included 0, 1.2, 2.4, 3.6 and 4.8 g/l of natural salt (whose electrical conductivity are equal to 0.5, 2.5, 4.9, 7.3 and 9.8 ds/m, respectively).Nutrition elements such as K+, Ca++, Mg++, P, Na+, Cl-, Zn++, Cu++, Fe++, Na+to K+ ratio, Na+ to Ca++ ratio, Na+ to Mg++ ratio, Na+ to P ratio, were investigated in selected almond genotypes leaves and roots. Then salinity stress was applied.
Results and Discussion:The results showed that type of scion and level of salinity had affected nutrient concentration of leaves and roots. Evaluation of nutrition elements concentration in leaves and roots showed that in the total studied genotypes, the highest percentage of Na+, Cl-, Na+to K+ ratio, Na+ to Ca++ ratio, Na+ to Mg++ ratio, Na+ to P ratio and the lowest percentage of Ca++, Mg++, P and concentration of Cu++ in leaves and roots and the lowest concentration of Zn++ in leaves were observed in treatment 9.8 ds/m. The result showed that the type of scion was effective in obstruction of Na+absorptionby therootsand their transportationtoleaves.Percentageof Na+, Cl-, Na+ to K+ ratio and Na+ to P ratio in levels of salinity 3.6 and 4.8 g/l and Na+ to Ca++ ratio, Na+ to Mg++ ratio in level of salinity 4.8 g/l in ‘Shokofeh’ cultivar were significantly lessthan other genotypes. Also, this cultivar could compare with control plants at levels of salinity 3.6 and 4.8 g/l by increasing the percentage of K+and concentration of Fe++ ,and it could tolerate the harmful effects of Na+ more than other genotypes.
Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that both rootstock and type of scion were effective in tolerance to salinity. GF677 rootstocks (non-budded) tolerated salinity of 2.4 g/l (4.9 ds/m), but withincreasingsalt concentration, plants were severely damaged. The results showed that the type of scion affected tolerance to salinity. In this research,at base concentration of nutritional elements,‘Shokofeh’ cultivar was the most tolerant cultivar against salinity stress. This cultivar could well tolerate salinity of 3.6 g/l (7.3 ds/m) and partly salinity 4.8 g/l (9.8 ds/m). In contrast, Sahand cultivar was the most sensitive cultivar to salinity stress. These cultivar as GF677 rootstocks (non-budded as control) only could tolerate salinity of 2.4 g/l.
Abdollah Hatamzadeh; Raziyeh Akbari; Reyhaneh Sariri; Davoud Bakhshi
Abstract
Interaction of floral pigments with metal ions can alter the final color of the petals. Metal ions can affect stability of flowers final color by altering vacuolar pH and activity of enzymes involved in biosynthesis, destruction, accumulation and transition of pigments. In this study, contents of metal ...
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Interaction of floral pigments with metal ions can alter the final color of the petals. Metal ions can affect stability of flowers final color by altering vacuolar pH and activity of enzymes involved in biosynthesis, destruction, accumulation and transition of pigments. In this study, contents of metal ions of petal tissue and their relationships with parameters of petal color analyzed and compared in stage of full blooming in six varieties Gerbera with different colors. Investigation on metal ion contents in different varieties didn't show statistically significant difference in Cu2+ content. Results showed that enhancement of Fe2+ content in petals increased a* and C* parameters and decreased L* value. Also, reduction of Zn2+ amounts in petal tissue increased h* value. Unlike Ca2+, a positive significant difference observed between Mg2+ contents and parameters of C* and a*, also a negative significant difference between Mg2+ content and L* value. Ions of Fe2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ presented more effective relationship with flower color parameters. Concentration of Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in petal tissue were ranged to 0.0076-0.012, 0.0035-0.004, 0.0017-0.003, 0.0021-0.0032, 2.18-2.97, 1.45-1.79 mg g-1 FW, respectively.
Fatemeh Jafarpour; Davoud Bakhshi; Mahmood Ghasemnejad; Reza Hassan Sajedi
Abstract
In this study, effect of exogenous putrescine on maintaining postharvest quality and antioxidant compounds of two broccoli cultivars, ‘General’ and ‘Liberty’ during cool storage were investigated. Broccoli branchlets were treated with 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM Putrescine. Distilled water was used as ...
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In this study, effect of exogenous putrescine on maintaining postharvest quality and antioxidant compounds of two broccoli cultivars, ‘General’ and ‘Liberty’ during cool storage were investigated. Broccoli branchlets were treated with 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM Putrescine. Distilled water was used as control. Treated florets were put into polyethylene bag and transferred to storage with 0°C and 90% RH. Weight loss, total chlorophyll, total phenols and catechin and chlorogenic acid were determined after 40 days of cool storage and kept 2 additional days in room temperature. Results showed that 1.5 mM putrescine treatment prevented weight loss, delayed chlorophyll degradation and senescence and improved florets quality in General and Liberty cultivars. Total phenols and flavenoids content declined at the end of storage and also two additional days in room temperature, but putrescine treatments prevented its significant decreasing. Catechin and chlorogenic acid content decreased in untreated florets was decreased when transferred to room temperature after long-term storage in low temperature; but 1.5 mM putrescine increased them in both studied cultivars. Overall, application of 1.5 mM putrescine with preventing chlorophyll degradation and maintaining antioxidant compounds, delayed broccoli florets senescence.
Fatemeh Abri; Mahmood Ghasemnejad; Reza Hassan Sajedi; Davoud Bakhshi; Mohammad Ali Shiri
Abstract
In this study, effect of different concentration of ascorbic acid (AsA, 0, 2, 4 and 6 mM) on delaying senescence in cut rose flowers cv. Royall Class was investigated based on factorial design. The results showed that the greatest delay in senescence was obtained with 4 mM AsA as compared to control ...
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In this study, effect of different concentration of ascorbic acid (AsA, 0, 2, 4 and 6 mM) on delaying senescence in cut rose flowers cv. Royall Class was investigated based on factorial design. The results showed that the greatest delay in senescence was obtained with 4 mM AsA as compared to control (distilled water). Therefore, fresh weight and diameter of flowers treated with 4 mM AsA was more than others treatments. Biochemical attributes such as protein, proline, anthocyanin content and lipid per oxidation levels were determined only in DW and 4 mM AsA. Application of 4 mM AsA treatments was shown to retard degradation of protein over 8 days vase life. Proline content in AsA treated flowers was slightly lower than DW flowers but no significant differences were found in treated flowers with AsA. Anthocyanin content declined gradually with onset of senescence, while AsA treatments suppressed decreasing its content. Therefore, treatment with 4 mM AsA suppressed malondialdehyde accumulation and delayed flowers senescence.
Javad Fattahi Moghadam; Yousef Hamidoghli; Reza Fotouhi; Mahmood Ghasemnejad; Davoud Bakhshi
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, the physicochemical quality and antioxidant activities of fruits peel from 6 citrus varieties which commonly consumed in the North of Iran were determined. Some parameters were measurement such fruit size, peel thickness, residue percentage, peel color indices, total phenolics, ...
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Abstract
In this study, the physicochemical quality and antioxidant activities of fruits peel from 6 citrus varieties which commonly consumed in the North of Iran were determined. Some parameters were measurement such fruit size, peel thickness, residue percentage, peel color indices, total phenolics, total flavonoid, total anthocyanins, total carotenoids, total chlorophyll, ascorbic acid content and antioxidant capacity by DPPH● assay and ABTS +● scavenging activity. Results showed that there were a positive relationship between fruit size, peel thickness and residue percentage. Thamson variety was largest among all varieties. Generally, all varieties had standard peel color at harvesting time. The total content of phenolic was superior in peel of ‘Siavaraz’ (0.49 mg/ml) and ‘Page’ (0.43 mg/g) varieties. The peel of ‘Moro’ with 7.68 mg/g and 13.29 mg/l had highest total flavonoid and anthocyanin respectively. The highest of total carotenoid and chlorophyll accumulation with 0.84 and 3.5 mg/ml were observed in ‘Tarocco’. Perfectly, peel carotenoid concentration ranged from 0.12 to 0.84 and also from 0.87 to 3.5 mg/g to total chlorophyll. The quantity of ascorbic acid content ranged from 18.17 (Siavaraz) to 23.56 mg/100g FW (Thamson). Also, results showed ‘Sanguinello’ peel had the lowest IC50 values (0.2 mg) of DPPH radical scavenging activities. Base of AE results, significant differences only observed between ‘Sanguinello’ and other varieties. According to the ABTS assay, the antioxidant activity was at least 68.58% in ‘page’ variety. Finally, this peel of citrus varieties possessed relatively high antioxidant activity and might be rich sources of natural antioxidants.
Keywords: Citrus, Peel, Color, Antioxidant activity, Carotenoid, Flavonoid, Ascorbic acid
Davoud Bakhshi; Samaneh Fathollahi; Osamo Arakawa
Abstract
Abstract
This study was carried out in Japan for evaluation of the relationship between phenolic compounds and skin color indices of 3 apples cultivars including ‘Fuji’, ‘Jonathan’ and ‘Jonagold’, in 2006. In ‘Jonathan’, L* (lightness) increased with decreasing red color of skin. In ...
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Abstract
This study was carried out in Japan for evaluation of the relationship between phenolic compounds and skin color indices of 3 apples cultivars including ‘Fuji’, ‘Jonathan’ and ‘Jonagold’, in 2006. In ‘Jonathan’, L* (lightness) increased with decreasing red color of skin. In ‘Jonagold’, chroma increased with increasing red color. But in ‘Fuji’, there was no detectable difference between these parameters and visual color change of the skin. In all three cultivars, anthocyanins and quercetins increased with increasing visible red color (decreasing L* value and hue angle). Phenolic content of the fruit pulp of studied cultivars was not related to fruit external color. Total phenolic compounds of ‘Fuji’ pulp were higher than those of ‘Jonathan’ and ‘Jonagold’. There was a significantly positive correlation between anthocyanin and quercetin 3-galactoside in all three examined cultivars. In ‘Jonathan’ and ‘Jonagold’ chroma was high in the fruits with higher content of anthocyanin, which was accompanied by higher amount of quercetin; however, this relationship was not detected in ‘Fuji’. ‘Jonagold’ peel showed higher content of flavonoids and chlorogenic acid than ‘Jonathan’ and ‘Fuji’ apples. There was no significant relationship between the skin color and pulps phenolic content of various fruits of each cultivar with different peel color. Total phenolic in ‘Fuji’ flesh was higher than that of ‘Jonathan’ and ‘Jonagold’. Analysis of correlation coefficient between skin external color and phenolics content showed that red color of peel is mainly due to anthocyanins and quercetins.
Keywords: Apple, Peel color, Phenolic compounds, Anthocyanin, quercetin
Ensiyeh Ghorbani; Davoud Bakhshi; Hassan Hajnajari; Mahmood Ghasemnejad; Parvaneh Taghidoost
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of peel and pulp and main phenolic compounds of fruit including chlorogenic acid, catechin, phloridzin, quercetin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-galactoside (Anthocyanin) and total flavonoids of peel of native cultivars ‘Ghandak’, ...
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Abstract
In this study, total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of peel and pulp and main phenolic compounds of fruit including chlorogenic acid, catechin, phloridzin, quercetin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-galactoside (Anthocyanin) and total flavonoids of peel of native cultivars ‘Ghandak’, ‘Heidarzade’ and imported cultivars ‘Golden Spur’, ‘Red Spur’ and ‘Red Delicious’ were quantified. Results showed that the selected cultivars have a significant variation regarding all factors except for cyaniding 3-galactoside. ‘Red Spur’, a red cultivar, had the highest catechin and phloridzin content. ‘Heidarzade’, a red cultivar, indicated the highest quercetin 3-galactoside and cyaniding 3-galactoside and total flavonoids. There was a positive relation between total phenol content and antioxidant activity. The peel of studied cultivars had higher content of total phenol and antioxidant activity compared with pulp. Among the experimental cultivars, the peel of ‘Red Spur’ and the pulp of ‘Heidarzade’ had the highest total phenol content and antioxidant activity.
Keywords: Total phenol, Chlorogenic acid, Anthocyanin, Quercetin 3-galactoside, Catechin
Yaghub Mami; Gholamali Peyvast; Davoud Bakhshi; Habibollah Samizadeh
Abstract
Abstract
This study was performed in order to determine a suitable alternative substrate for peat in soilless culture in 2007. Different plant wastes including carbonized rice hull, saw dust and dry pine leaves (Pinus eldarica) were examined. Treatments were 100% peat as control, peat plus dry pine ...
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Abstract
This study was performed in order to determine a suitable alternative substrate for peat in soilless culture in 2007. Different plant wastes including carbonized rice hull, saw dust and dry pine leaves (Pinus eldarica) were examined. Treatments were 100% peat as control, peat plus dry pine leaves (1:1 v/v), peat plus carbonized rice hull (1:1 v/v) and peat plus saw dust (1:1 v/v). The study was conducted in the pot and tube culture system in the research Greenhouse of the College OF Agriculture, Guilan University. The results showed that the peat plus carbonized rice hull was the best one as FOLLOWS: the average total yield of Was 8.7 kg m-2; the marketable yield was 7.3 kg m-2; AND the most fruit set WAS 6.1 per plant and 70.6 of fruit per m-2. The highest total soluble solids (TSS) content WAS 4.2o Brix; also, Potassium content 400, Phosphorous 21.6, Calcium 13.3 and Magnesium 16.6 mg kg-1 were obtained from this substrate. Fruits and THE NUMBER OF LEAVES and magnesium content were higher at 1% and the other differences were obtained at 5%. Peat with the average of 38.6 cm had the most distance of the first inflorescence from substrate surface level, which was significantly higher than peat plus saw dust at level of 5%. There was no significant difference among the other characteristics. According to these results, mixed carbonized rice hull and peat (1:1 v/v) can be used as peat substitution in soilless culture substrates for tomato production.
Key word: Tomato, Peat, plant waste, soilless culture
