Breeding and Biotechnology of Plant and Flower
Letafat Moradi; Seyyed Najmodin Mortazavi; Mitra Alaei
Abstract
IntroductionSuccess in tissue culture technique, especially in bulbous plants, depends on the microbial contamination control during in vitro culture. Decontamination is considered as a fundamental challenge in the technique of cell, tissue and plant organ culture. Although there are various methods ...
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IntroductionSuccess in tissue culture technique, especially in bulbous plants, depends on the microbial contamination control during in vitro culture. Decontamination is considered as a fundamental challenge in the technique of cell, tissue and plant organ culture. Although there are various methods for this purpose, the development of disinfection methods specific to each species is considered an important factor in the establishment and success of the tissue culture system. Applying different treatments can control the microbial contamination and consequently increase the percentage of explant survival. This plant is among the poisonous plants of pastures and the chemical compounds present in it have important medicinal effects, so that the existence of alkaloid and glycosidic compounds has been reported for it. These chemical compounds are used to treat rheumatic pains, lymphatic system diseases and also as liver cleansers. This ornamental plant also has the ability to produce pots and its export is possible in pots . Currently, in order to overcome the issues of the usual methods of propagation of this ornamental plant and to produce pollution-free plants, the use of in vitro cultivation methods in this plant has become very important. bulbes is one of the most common explants of inverted tulip tissue culture, but it often faces very high internal and external fungal and bacterial contamination. In the in vitro culture of onion plants, the existence of fungal and bacterial contaminations are one of the main problems that can affect the efficiency of this type of propagation methods. Fungal and bacterial contaminations are one of the most important problematic factors in different in vitro culture methods. Internal contamination usually appears several weeks after planting. These contaminations may not be seen externally, but they affect the growth, division and greening of small samples. Mercuric chloride is mainly used as a surface disinfectant along with sodium hypochlorite and it controls the spectrum of bacteria and fungi and increases the disinfection efficiency. The results of the study showed that mercuric chloride relatively controls the bacterial and fungal contamination of the samples, but it reduces the survival percentage of the samples in high concentration. It seems that some plants are sensitive to mercuric chloride and determining the appropriate amount of this substance plays a very important role in preparing a healthy and living specimen. Determining the duration of disinfectant treatment was also considered in various researches, so that sometimes carbendazim 1% fungicide for 20 minutes, 70% alcohol for 60 seconds, sodium hypochlorite 2.5% for 10 minutes. And 0.1% mercury chloride was used for 7 minutes to sterilize aloe vera sample. Considering the importance of plant tissue culture techniques and the need to create new protocols to reduce contamination and increase the number of healthy cultures, the main goal of this study is to create an efficient protocol for the disinfection of Fritillaria spp. onion explants in order to increase the efficiency of in vitro cultures. Materials and Methods This study aimed to investigate the effect of time and different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, carbendazim fungicide and mercuric chloride in inhibiting the contamination of inverted tulip bulbs (Fritillaria spp.) in tissue culture environment. So, an experiment was done as a completely randomized design at four replications in the biotechnology laboratory of Zanjan University during 2023. The experimental treatments consisted of 0.1% fungicide at different times (30, 25, 35 and 40 minutes), 5 levels of sodium hypochlorite (0,1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3%) at different times (7, 9, 10, 12 and 15 minutes), 70% Ethanol at two different times (0,60 and 90 seconds) and mercury chloride (0,0.1 and 0.2%). Bulbs that collected from nature were transferred to the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zanjan University and kept them in the refrigerator at 4°C for two weeks. After this period of time, the bulbs were washed with detergent and then remained in water for 30 minutes. Then they were disinfected by using the above-mentioned treatments: It should be noted that at the end of each step, Fritillaria bulbs were washed with sterile distilled water. Also, after the end of the disinfection treatments, the desired explants were cultured in MS basic culture medium. The statistical analysis of this experiment was carried out using SAS software, version 9.1. The differences between mean values were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test method at the 5% significant level (p < 0.05). Results and Discussion The control of fungal and bacterial contamination, especially in relation to bulbous and bulbous plants that are in direct contact with the culture medium, is one of the basic steps in in vitro culture conditions. Applying different treatments including the use of fungicides, alcohol, sodium hypochlorite and mercuric chloride in the cultivation environment can help control fungal and bacterial contamination in the Fritillaria spp. plant. However, the application of such treatments can have a negative effect on the regeneration potential of the explants, so it is important to choose the appropriate treatment in a way that controls the fungal and bacterial contamination and on the other hand preserves the regeneration potential of the explants. This study investigated the effectiveness of various disinfection protocols on Laleh-Avgagun onion explants. While the lowest contamination (0%) was achieved using 0.1% fungicide for 40 minutes, 70% alcohol for 90 seconds, 3% sodium hypochlorite for 15 minutes, and 0.1% mercury chloride, this treatment significantly reduced explant survival and regeneration, causing browning. Conversely, applying 0.1% fungicide for 30 minutes, 70% alcohol for 60 seconds, 2% or 2.5% sodium hypochlorite for 12 or 10 minutes respectively, and 0.1% mercury chloride effectively reduced contamination while maintaining explant survival. This optimized protocol improved the growth and regeneration ability of the explants.Therefore, in the conditions of in vitro cultivation, the use of the mentioned treatments is recommended to control contamination and optimal reproduction of the bulbs of Fritillaria spp. plant.
Postharvest physiology
Hamid Soleymani; Mitra Aelaei; Masud Arghavani
Abstract
Introduction
Rose is one of the important cut flowers, which has different types. Extending the vase life of rose-cut flowers is very important in the floriculture industry. Every year, due to the lack of proper storage conditions after harvesting, the efficiency of rose production decreases. ...
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Introduction
Rose is one of the important cut flowers, which has different types. Extending the vase life of rose-cut flowers is very important in the floriculture industry. Every year, due to the lack of proper storage conditions after harvesting, the efficiency of rose production decreases. Therefore, always using materials that help increase the shelf life of cut flowers is valuable. Today, substances that improve the quality of cut flowers are very important. They include materials such as calcium and silver. Nanoparticles are materials with sizes smaller than 100 nanometers. On the other hand, the important role of calcium and silver in improving quality of the cut flowers is interesting for scientists. In this research, the effect of pre-harvest application of calcium nanoparticles along with the post-harvest application of silver nanoparticles on the morpho-physiological characteristics of rose cut flowers (CV: Classic Cezanne) was investigated.
Material and Methods
The current research was carried out during the year 2021 in a commercial rose production greenhouse in Nazarabad city. calcium nanoparticles with different concentrations (0, 5 and 10 mg.L-1) were sprayed on rose bushes every ten days (two months before harvest). After harvesting the flowers and transferring them to the laboratory, silver nanoparticles were added to the flower preservation solution at different concentrations (0, 5 and 10 mg.L-1). After harvesting, the traits (vase life, flower diameter, fresh weight, vase solution uptake, total protein, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase) were evaluated on the treated flowers (on days 0, 4, 8 and 12). Experiment was performed as factorial based on completely randomized design, included 9 treatments with 3 replications.
Results and Discussion
Based on the results of analysis of variance of treatment with calcium nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles for the quality of shelf life at the 1% level of Duncan's test, it showed a significant difference. Also, based on the results, the highest amount of vase life is related to the treatment of calcium nanoparticles with a concentration of 10 mg.L-1 with the silver nanoparticle treatment in the time after harvesting was at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg (11 days) and the lowest amount was related to the control treatment (7 days).Vase life increased under the effect of treatment with calcium nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles (10 mg.L-1) and caused an increase of 4 days compared to the control (0 mg.L-1) The treatments decreased the amount of malondialdehyde and also increased the relative amount of absorbed solution, total protein and superoxide dismutase enzyme. Based on the results of this study, calcium and silver nanoparticles improved qualitative traits. The simultaneous treatment of calcium and silver nanoparticles (concentration 10 mg.L-1) compared to the control (0 mg.L-1) caused an increase (14%) in flower diameter, fresh weight (12%), vase solution uptake (46%), superoxide dismutase (21%) and malondialdehyde reduction (37%). Two other important findings emerged from this work: (1) The nanoparticles used in this experiment caused the activation of the enzyme antioxidant system in the treatments (2) The simultaneous treatment of nanoparticles calcium before harvesting and silver nanoparticles treatment after harvesting by activating the antioxidant enzyme system and maintaining the ability to absorb the solution increased the vase life of rose cut flowers. In general, the treatment with calcium nanoparticles at a concentration of 10 mg. L-1 before harvesting and the treatment with silver nanoparticles at a concentration of 10 mg.L-1 after harvesting were the most effective treatments in most traits.
Conclusion
Calcium is one of the most effective factors in increasing the vase life of rose cut flowers. Treatments containing calcium increase absorption of vase solution uptake. The treatment of calcium nanoparticles increases the total protein and superoxide enzyme compared to the control, so that the simultaneous use of silver and calcium nanoparticles increases the vase life of rose-cut flowers compared to the control. Calcium probably activated a chain of reactions by activating the message transmission system and caused the expression of genes involved in the antioxidant system of the samples. silver nanoparticles by affecting the absorption of vase solution uptake and reducing the amount of malondialdehyde and increasing the total protein and superoxide dismutase enzyme compared to the control, increase the vase life of cut flowers. According to the results obtained from the present research, it can be concluded that use of calcium nanoparticles with silver nanoparticles had great effects on most of traits in compared to control treatment. The use of calcium nanoparticles with silver nanoparticles improves the vase life conditions by increasing water uptake and consequently increasing the relative fresh weight.
Ornamental plants
Afsaneh Hooshmand; Mitra Aelaei; Masud Arghavani; Fahimeh Salehi
Abstract
Introdaction
Heavy metals are one of the most important environmental contaminants, particularly in soil and water sources. Mining and metal mining activities are major factors in soil contamination and generally surface soil around mines contain high amounts of these metals. Lead (Pb) is one ...
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Introdaction
Heavy metals are one of the most important environmental contaminants, particularly in soil and water sources. Mining and metal mining activities are major factors in soil contamination and generally surface soil around mines contain high amounts of these metals. Lead (Pb) is one of the heavy metals and important pollutant in arid ecosystem. The use of plants to remove contaminated soil or phytoremediation is an economical method. Today, due to increasing the pollution of soil sources and resultant problems, identification of the resistant plant species against soil pollution is essential. Using lead-contaminated soils requires their decontamination and improvement. There are different methods to remove these pollutions, one of them is the use of phytoremediation to remove pollutants from water and soil or to reduce them. Among the plants that as an ornamental plant can have a covering role in the green space and also perform the work of phytoremediation is the ornamental cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea L.). In this regard, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of lead heavy metals and the use of brown algae (Polycladia indica) and spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) as biofertilizers on ornamental cabbage plants in the direction of plant treatment. In addition, due to the presence of polysaccharide compounds such as carrageenan and alginate in the cell wall, algae (seaweeds) have a higher ability to absorb many heavy metals.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted as factorial based on a completely randomized design in 2020 at the research greenhouse of Zanjan University. The studied factors including lead from lead nitrate source Pb(No3)2 with three concentrations (0, 25 and 50 mg/kg) were applied to the potting soil in four replications in two stages with an interval of two weeks. The second factor was included no algae, brown algae (Polycladia indica) and spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), which occurred in four replications. The measured traits included morphological traits: number of leaves, leaf surface index. Wet and dry root weight, and physiological traits included total chlorophyll content, total leaf antioxidant, peroxidase enzyme, glycine betaine, malondialdehyde, and leaf lead and phosphorus content. Data analysis was performed using SAS software and means were compared by LSD method.
Results
The results of the variance analysis showed that different levels of lead and the application of algae had a significant effect on the number of leaves per plant, leaf area index, weight, and drying of roots, total chlorophyll, and antioxidants. Moreover, the interaction effect was significant for leaf area, root fresh and dry weight, antioxidants, and leaf lead content. The simple effect of lead at p≤0.01 significantly affected glycine betaine, malondialdehyde, and leaf phosphorus. When comparing the average mutual effects of lead and algae application, it was found that the treatment with no use of lead and spirulina algae resulted in the highest weight and dry weight of the root, with an average of 11.19 and 3.625 grams, respectively. Additionally, despite the decrease in dry weight of the root due to increased lead concentration, using algae, especially for ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), increased the dry weight of the root. The presence of natural plant hormones, organic substances, carbohydrates, fiber and amino acids in algae accelerates rooting, reduces stress caused by heavy metals and absorbs more water due to the presence of o developed root system. Also according to the results of comparing the amount of leaf lead with increasing lead, algae as an auxiliary factor can reduce the amount of uptake in the plant. Leaf phosphorus was also significant due to the simple effect of lead and algae. The highest amount of phosphorus with an average of 0.56% was observed in spirulina and the lowest with 0.48% was observed in control.
Conclusion
In general, due to the toxicity of lead metal even in low concentrations, sufficient attention should be paid to the sources of this pollutant entering the environment. In this study, the effective parameters on the uptake of heavy metal lead from the soil by spirulina and brown algae were investigated. The findings of this study indicate that the ornamental cabbage plant is capable of sustaining its growth in the presence of lead and has a high resistance to this heavy metal while simultaneously absorbing it from the soil. Furthermore, the addition of algae as an auxiliary factor can improve the growth of ornamental cabbage under adverse conditions. Therefore, it is recommended that this plant be further examined for its potential to absorb other heavy metals.
