Ornamental plants
Behrooz Moradi Ashour; Khosro Parvizi; Mohammad Hossein Azimi
Abstract
Introduction
The evaluation of morphological, phenological and agronomical characteristics is one of the first steps for the initial study of germplasm. It can also be conferred as basic information for the breeder to study genetic diversity for particular purposes. Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ...
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Introduction
The evaluation of morphological, phenological and agronomical characteristics is one of the first steps for the initial study of germplasm. It can also be conferred as basic information for the breeder to study genetic diversity for particular purposes. Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is a perennial herbaceous plant of the family Asteraceae with simple coniferous leaves and alternate arrangement on its branched stems and has composite flowers. The first stage in breeding programs is to study genetic variation of the selected plants. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the genetic variation of flower traits for selected Chrysanthemum genotypes for three years. Researchers use different methods to estimate genetic diversity of plants including DNA markers, isozymes and morphological traits. Use of morphological traits that are easily measured and have high heritability is a convenient tool to assess the level of genetic diversity of plants.
Materials and Methods
The origin of the tested genotypes was from the gene bank of the Research Institute of Flowers and Ornamental Plants. The results of random crosses between different chrysanthemum clones were evaluated. The research was conducted for four consecutive years. The aim of the first year experiment was positive selection of genotypes. In fact, the best genotypes were selected. In addition, negative selection of different genotypes was performed. During this selection period, similar genotypes were removed. Selected genotypes (20 genotypes) were evaluated based on a completely randomized design with three replications using seven morphological traits including number of flower per plant, period of flowering, flower diameter, number of petal row, petal length, Fresh weight and dry weight of flower. Statistical analyses including analysis of variance, correlation coefficient, and heritability, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were estimated using SAS 9.0 software.
Results and Discussion
After performing Bartlett test and confirming the uniformity of variances, combined analysis was performed for three years. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of the year was significant only for the number of flowers per plant and the flowering period. The results of three-year analysis of variance showed that there was significant difference among the genotypes for the number of flowers per plant, flowering period, number of petal rows, fresh and dry flower weight. There was a significant difference (p≤0.05) among the years only in flowering period and number of flowers per plant. The highest variation observed between flowering period and flower diameter. The highest coefficient of phenotypic and genetic variation obtained for the number of petal rows, flower fresh weight and petal length. The lowest coefficient of phenotypic and genetic variation obtained for fresh and dry flower weight and number of flowers per plant. The highest positive genetic and phenotypic correlation coefficient estimated between flowering period with flower diameter, number of rows of petals and fresh weight of flowers which is important for the simultaneous breeding of these traits. The results of this study showed that flower diameter, flowering period, petal length and number of petal rows showed high general heritability. Therefore these results indicate that the selection process for these traits is effective and can be used in the breeding programs. The results of this study showed that highest number of petal rows belonged to B136 genotype. Genotype 31 with forty-three days of flowering period had the highest flowering length compared to other genotypes. GenotypeC85 had 202 flowers per plant. These genotypes can be used as parents especially to increase the flowering period and the number of petal rows due to the general heritability of over fifty percent of these traits. It is also suggested that traits such as petal color and resistance to important pests (including black chrysanthemum aphid, flower thrips pest) and important diseases (including Fusarium wilt, verticillium wilt and leaf spot) should be studied. The superior genotype can be selected if statistically significant difference observed among of genotypes.
Conclusion
It is a fact that chrysanthemums has characteristics such as variation of flower shape and color, plant size, form and flowering period that is widely used in landscape. In this research significant difference observed among the genotypes. Also some of measured traits had a high general heritability due to the positive and significant correlation of these traits that can be used to improve other genotypes and their traits.
Ali Imani; Khosro Parvizi; Hamdollah Beyrami jam; Ebrahim Hadavi
Abstract
Introduction: Iron chlorosilicon caused by calcium carbonate can be controlled widely with iron chelate in nutrition management of gardens, but it has high costs and potential environmental hazards. Such constraints have led to alternative strategies for managing iron nutrition in relation to soil and ...
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Introduction: Iron chlorosilicon caused by calcium carbonate can be controlled widely with iron chelate in nutrition management of gardens, but it has high costs and potential environmental hazards. Such constraints have led to alternative strategies for managing iron nutrition in relation to soil and plant parameters. Almond rootstocks and almond x peach hybrids (GF 677) are widely used as the rootstock for almonds, peaches and nectarines in the Mediterranean basin, moreover, in addition to its drought resistance, has a high tolerance to iron chlorosis. Different references of almond tree have introduced this fruit tree as a chlorosis resistant, but it shows different ranges of chlorosis when grafted on almond x peach hybrids such as GF677 and GN15. Therefore, this study carried out to evaluate the effect of calcium bicarbonate on some physiological characteristics of selected almond cultivars on the GN15 rootstock.
Materials and Methods: This research was conducted during 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the resistance to bicarbonate and the amount of chlorosis produced in selected almond cultivars on the hybrid rootstock (peach and almond) as a factorial experiment with completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse conditions. The first factor consisted of different concentrations of calcium bicarbonate (0, 20, 10, 30 and 40 mmol L-1) and the second factor included nine selected almond cultivars grafted to the GN15 rootstock and a GN15 (non-grafted) rootstock. Almond cultivars included 9 cultivars including Supernova, 25-1, 40-13, Mamaei, 16-1, Kaghazi, Sahand, 200A, 7-9, and GN15 rootstock. Each plot included a pot, where the rootstock planted. In the spring, the cultivars and GN15 rootstock planted in plastic pots with soil compositions including perlite (50%) and cocopeat (50%). After sufficient growth of these rootstocks in the pots, almond cultivars were grafted onto them and immediately after the transplantation, the calcium bicarbonate treatments began after proper growth of the scions. In order to apply bicarbonate treatment, 1.62, 3.23, 4.86 and 6.48 g L-1 calcium bicarbonate (Ca (HCo3) 2) were added to the pots. In addition, 10% of calcium bicarbonate added also to the pots because of the deficiency of 10% chemical purity. After applying the treatments, chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, chlorophyll fluorescence were measured in two stages at intervals of 30 and 90 days. After the end of the growth period, the length and diameter of the current season branches and the leaf length and width of each almond cultivar were measured and recorded in different treatments. Two-way ANOVA of the data was carried out using SAS software (v. 8.02, SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and the means were compared based on Duncan’s multiple range test.
Results and Discussion: Based on the ANOVA results, it was determined that the effects of calcium bicarbonate, cultivar and their interactions on the content of chlorophyll a and b were statistically significant (p≤0.01). The lowest decrease levels of chlorophyll a and b were found in the leaflets of Kaghazi, Mamaei, saplings, 25-1, and 40-13 cultivars, but the highest decrease was observed in Supernova cultivar, 7-9, and GN15. The reasons for decreasing the chlorophyll content of the leaf with the increase of bicarbonate levels can be related to iron deficiency and its deactivation and the role of iron in the synthesis of chlorophyll. Nevertheless, the difference for chlorophyll depletion at different levels of bicarbonate in different cultivars can be due to the capacity of these cultivars to tolerate higher levels of bicarbonate and the possibility of the synthesis of chloroplastic proteins in leaf cells even with a relative lack of iron. In all cultivars, as well as the GN15 rootstock, the level of carotenoids decreased with increasing concentrations of calcium bicarbonate. However, the response of the cultivars was different. Under bicarbonate conditions, reducing leaf iron concentration reduces chlorophyll and carotenoids. The results of the mean comparison showed that bicarbonate induced height growth reduction and branch diameter in the current season, while the reaction of the studied rootstocks were also different. So that the highest decrease in growth rate was observed in Supernova, 7-9 cultivars and GN15 rootstock and the lowest decrease of growth rate were found in the cultivars of Kaghazi, 1.25-1 and -40-13. High concentrations of bicarbonate, by disabling and decreasing iron absorption, indirectly reduces DNA synthesis, cell division, and thus decreases cell growth and plant biomass. The results of this study are in agreement with Ghasemi et al. (2010) in different responses of the rootstock to bicarbonate concentration on the height and diameter decreasing of current season branch. Mean comparison of data showed that the length and width of leaf area in all studied cultivars decreased with increasing concentration of calcium bicarbonate in irrigation water. Also, leaf length and width decrease in rootstock grafted cultivars had a significant difference, so that the lowest reduction in leaf length and width was in pepper, midwifery and 25-1, and the highest leaf area decrease in Supernova cultivars, 7-9 and GN15 base was observed. Leaf growth decreases in calcareous soils due to a decrease for iron in the symplast. The specific effects of high bicarbonate on leaf growth in almond cultivars and the different reaction of almond rootstocks in this study are in agreement with Tedaion et al. (2004) results in orange, as well as Wahom et al. (2001) in olive and peach.
Conclusion: Totally, the results of this study indicate that cultivar and rootstock cause the amount of chlorosis tolerance induced by calcium bicarbonate. In general, in terms of morphological and physiological traits studied in this research, Kaghazi and 25-1 cultivars are the most tolerant, while 7-9 and supernova are the most sensitive cultivars to bicarbonate.
Khosro Parvizi; Mohammad Reza Hassandokht; Bita Azad
Abstract
Introduction: The advantages of plastic mulches have been known in production of agricultural crops. Their capability have been demonstrated to help nutrition uptake, precocity and yield of fruit trees, and decreasing of aphid population as viruses pest vectors. It is also demonstrated some advantages ...
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Introduction: The advantages of plastic mulches have been known in production of agricultural crops. Their capability have been demonstrated to help nutrition uptake, precocity and yield of fruit trees, and decreasing of aphid population as viruses pest vectors. It is also demonstrated some advantages of plastic mulch on some traits in potato such as increasing growth rate, yield and number of medium tuber size. Also, the effects of combined use of straw, chopped and polyethylene as well as different levels of irrigation (60, 80, 100, 120% water requirement) on yield and water use efficiency in potato have been investigated. In previous studies, it is concentrated on the effect of the special type of plastic on growing aspect of potato and there is no comparative assessment between different types of the mulches. So that in this research we evaluated the responses between types of plastic mulches.
Material and Methods: this research was conducted under field conditions. A factorial experiment was designed based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments consisted of mulch in five levels (clear, white, black, double layer and control (without mulch)) and two cultivars (Agria and Sante). Each plot was designed in 4 m2. For every plot, ridges were divided into complicated double rows with 50 × 150 centimeters wide. Irrigation tapes were placed between every duplicated row. Water requirement was calculated through corrected evapotranspiration (ETo) by Penman-Monteith equation with considering 90% water use efficiency. During the growing season some characteristics such as requirement time to 80% emergence, tuberization time, plant height in flowering time, number of stems and leaf area have been measured. Harvesting time was recorded along with measurement of tuber weights. Total yield was measured by random selection of one m2 in each plot. Harvested tubers were separated based on three sizes; edible tuber (large tuber), average tuber and small tuber size. Tow-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of data was carried out using SAS software and means were compared byDuncan’s Multiple Range Test at probability level of 5%
Results and Discussions: The results of the experiment showed that application of plastic mulch and cultivar had significant effect (P≤ 0.01) on most of growing traits. Effect of cultivar and plastic mulch had no significant different on tuber dry matter. Mean comparison of 80% emergence date, number of main stem, growth duration, ranking of tubers size and total yield showed significant effect between cultivars and plastic mulches. Sante cultivar with clear mulch reach in shortest time to 80% emergence (11.3 days) and tuberization time (46.46 days). Significant difference between polyethylene mulches in emergence date is due to the effect of mulch characteristics on soil temperature and moisture. Consequently, soil microclimate would be changed and growth habits of potato plant inclined to suitable responses. Clear plastic mulch had highest plant height and number of main stem compared to other mulches and control treatment. Leaf area also affected by mulches; so that four types of plastic mulches had more leaf area comparison to control. Significant effect of mulch treatments on leaf area can be related to conservation of moisture and reduction of water stress. Meanwhile, increasing of uptake and transferring of mineral nutrient can be promoted growth rate. All this reaction can increase leaf area in plastic mulch treatments. Totally, application of plastic mulches could improve growth rate, growth duration and total yield of potato.
Conclusions: The result of this research showed that polyethylene mulch can obviously increase growth rate as well reduce growth duration. Also, plastic mulch can significantly increase total yield and positive reaction effect on tuber size. Different types of plastic mulches showed different responses on growth traits and total yield. It seems clear mulch be more capable in the most traits and total yield compared with other plastic.
Khosro Parvizi
Abstract
Introduction: cold resistance has been studied and evaluated by several methods; visional observation after natural cold injury, establishing of freezing condition by transported micro chamber in native places of trees, cold treatment of detached tree segments in laboratory examination. Most physiological ...
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Introduction: cold resistance has been studied and evaluated by several methods; visional observation after natural cold injury, establishing of freezing condition by transported micro chamber in native places of trees, cold treatment of detached tree segments in laboratory examination. Most physiological traits correlated with cold resistance have multi gene characteristics and have controversial relationships. Russia researchers evaluated cold injury on 30 cultivars of grapevine. Their results showed that only hybrids that accomplished by crossing between Asian and vinifera had more cold resistance as compared with other cultivars. Up to now some researches have been conducted in Iran. Malakooti evaluated the capability of cold injury in some clones. He concluded that only two clones had cold resistance property when treated with -21 OC in 24 hours by duration of cold. All grapevines that have been cultivated in Iran belong to vinifera species. Therefore there is no absolute cold resistance in the most of them. But some clones and cultivars may be showed more cold tolerance comparison with others since they have been selected and acclimated trough the time. By entrance of cold weather that was overwhelming in all of the country in 2011, there had been suitable condition for this survey. In this regard, this research had been conducted to distinguish and evaluate this characteristic.
Material and methods: this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cold injury on grapevine cultivars and assessment of tolerance to cold injury in the grapevine cultivars. This research was done in a field evaluation in three part of Hamadan province namely, Razan city, Malayer city and collection cultivars in the Agricultural research center of Hamadan. In three regions we collected and evaluated the canes of eight Cultivars, namely, Red Tompson seedless, White Tompson seedless, Askari, Fakhri, Yaghooti, Mehdikhani, ghazne and dozool. After that the winter passed (early spring), we collected the canes and some corsons. Then the canes were separated in three segments. Buds were observed by microscopic detection and survived buds were counted in different segments of the cane. That is a criterion to evaluate the effect of cold injury on buds in this expectation. As we have limited samples in some regions, therefore the experiment was conducted in non-complete randomized design. Tow-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the data was carried out using SAS software (v. 8.02, SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and the means were compared through the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Results and discussions: result of analysis variance showed that cultivars have significantly different in respecting to bud growth. There were the most number of activated buds in the first third zone of canes (basal side of the cane). This activation had been decreased comparison with the apical zone. Means comparison showed that two cultivars (Mehdikhani and Yaghooti) had highest number of survived buds in three segments of cane as compared to other cultivars. These two cultivars are early ripening cultivar. It is estimated that less injury of cold in these cultivars might be correlated with their precocity besides inclining with inherits and genetic specifications. These cultivars were harvested 25 to 30 days sooner than other cultivars, so they have more time for repletion of starch and biomass. Other six cultivars had more injured buds as compared with these two cultivars. There were not significant different between these six cultivars, although ghazne and dozool had less survived buds as compared with four other cultivars in three segment of the cane. In comparison between three regions of Hamadan province, Hamadan itself and Razan city had more cold injury than Malayer.
Conclusions: It was demonstrated that in this research two cultivars of grapevine (Yaghooti & Mehdikhani) had more cold tolerance in three regions compared with other cultivars. But red and white Thompson seedless is more widespread in Hamedan. So it is recommended that we have good monitoring on horticultural techniques for preventing and reducing cold injury in these cultivars. These precautions or tactics can be concluded as establishing of better nutrition program, prevention of early harvesting, prevention of any leaf injury and defoliation, good pruning performance and prevention of sever pruning especially in late season, using of resistant rootstock, using of absorbent light mulches in winter, application of some material for inducing cold resistance.
Khosro Parvizi; Margaret Chan
Abstract
Introduction Today biological fertilizers are suitable substitutes for chemical manure. Hence they can improve soil fertility in sustainable agriculture system (Mandal et al, 2007). Moreover, in some composition they are accompanied with plant growth promoting rhizibacteria (PGPR), namely Pseudomonas ...
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Introduction Today biological fertilizers are suitable substitutes for chemical manure. Hence they can improve soil fertility in sustainable agriculture system (Mandal et al, 2007). Moreover, in some composition they are accompanied with plant growth promoting rhizibacteria (PGPR), namely Pseudomonas and some Bacillus species. These bacteria can improve growth rate of the plants by some physiological aspects namely, cidrophore acid production, increasing endogenously phytohormone and helping more phosphor absorption and fixation of biological nitrogen (Tilack et al., 2005). The symbiosis of mycorrhiza with plants confers numerous benefits to host plants including improved plant growth and mineral nutrient absorption, tolerance to diseases and stresses such as drought, temperature fluctuation, metal toxicity, salinity and other adverse conditions (Fortin et al, 2002. Ryan et al, (2003) and Smith and Reed, (2008).Mycorrhizal plants are capable of absorbing more water in lower potential of water as compared with non-mycorrhizal plants (Sanchez and Blanco, 2001). Micro propagation of potato by micro and mini tubers have been established for improving multiplication rate and possibility of reserving some more stock plants as germplasm. Multiplication of the minitubers already have been accompanied by lower establishment that causes low vigor and performance of the plant. This experiment was performedto study the effect of biological manure accompanied with mycorrhiza and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on water relationship and vigor of the plantlets derived from minituber in water stress condition.
Material and Methods Myco-green is produced by Peat grow company in Malaysia and has been spreading in floriculture, seed beds, vegetable crops, seedling plant of oil palm and many other plants. The experiment was performedatthe University of International Technology Mara Sarawak (UITM). As first step, soil bed composition was combined with peat and perlite (1:3 ratio). Then it was completely mixed by Mycogreenbiofertilizers by 1 percent of weight ratio. Mixed soil bed and biofertilizer were transferred to boxes. Minitubers of two potato cultivars (Agria and Marfona) were cultivated in the boxes arranged with 6×8 cm distance. The test was conducted in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications. The factors included three interval irrigation regimes (5, 8 and 11 days) and two potato cultivars. The amount ofwater supplement according to their treatment was evaluated by weighing the boxes and was calculated as the amount of field capacity base. Fertile grow as a completed micronutrient had been mixed thoroughly in the soil bedby 1% weight proportion because myco-green didnot possess it. Some water relation traits such as leafosmotic potential, relative water content (RWC), osmotic adjustment and leaf proline content were measured. The method described by Bierman and Liderman (10) was used for root colonization assessment. Mini-tuber obtained from any plantlet was weighed, arranged in four groups including less than one gram, between one to three grams, between three to five grams and more than five grams. To assess mini-tuber dry matter of any replication, three mini-tubers were randomly selected and sliced to one mm thick. The first group of samples were weighed-and then placed inside the drying oven for 48 hours at a temperature of 85ºC. The dried samples were weighed again and mini-tuber dry matter percentage was calculated. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the data was carried out using SAS software (v. 8.02, SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and the means were compared by the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Results and Discussions: Results- showed that application of myco-green biofertilizers had significant effect (p
Khosro Parvizi; Farshad Dashti
Abstract
To evaluate the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on growth, yield and minituber production of potato plantlets, a pot experiment was conducted using a factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications. The factors were mycorrizal inoculation (non-inoculated and inoculated ...
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To evaluate the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on growth, yield and minituber production of potato plantlets, a pot experiment was conducted using a factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications. The factors were mycorrizal inoculation (non-inoculated and inoculated with Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum and mixed of them) and two potato cultivars (Agria and Sante). Some growing characteristics and physiological traits such as chlorophyll content, internode length stem diameter, stolon length, leaf area, fresh and dry stem weight, fresh and dry root weight and percentage of colonization were measured. After harvesting, minitubers were separated to different classes according their size and their percentage of dry matter was measured. The results showed that inoculation with mycorrhiza had significant effect on all parameters. In growth characters the interaction of cultivar and mycorrhiza was significant only in stolon diameter and root fresh and dry weigh. The interaction of cultivar and mycorrhiza had significant effect on production of all minituber classes. Highest number of minituber was achieved by inoculating with mixture of fungi. Correlation coefficients demonstrated that most of growth parameters and minituber yield had significant relation with colonization percentage.
Khosro Parvizi; Jahanbakhsh Souri; Rahele Mahmoodi
Abstract
Abstract
This Research was conducted in Hamadan province for evaluation of potato cultivars reaction to cultivation date. This experiment was performed in split plot design based on randomized complete block in thee replication with two factors, containing, I. main plots are planting date including: ...
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Abstract
This Research was conducted in Hamadan province for evaluation of potato cultivars reaction to cultivation date. This experiment was performed in split plot design based on randomized complete block in thee replication with two factors, containing, I. main plots are planting date including: 9 April, 25 April, 10May, 26May, 10 June, 26 June 2. And subplots are Cultivar with three Levels, Agria, Marfona and Sante. In developing period of growing time and harvesting date we measured 1l traits, including, days after planting to fifty percent germination 2. overlaping time 3. plant height 4. tuberization time s. main stem No 6. ripening time 7. total yield 8. marketable yield 9. Nonmarketable yield, 10. dry matter of tuber 11. long of tuber dormancy. Conclusion of multiple analysis variance demonstrated that year effect was significantly different at 1% level in tuberization also, was significantly different at 5% level in total yield and marketable yield. but hadn`t any significant difference with other traits. Cultivation date with cultivar reaction had significant difference in all traits. Cultivation date and cultivar had significant difference at 1% level with all traits other than main stem and plant height. Comparison of means showed that two dates of cultivation containing 10 May and 26 May with three cultivars had better marketable yield. Cultivation in 9 April produced highest total yield but was low quality in tuber production with marketability range. In totally, Marfona produced higher marketable yield In all cultivation date with comparison of two other cultivars.
Keywords: Potato, Planting date, Cultivar, Marketable yield, Dry matter of tuber
