Akbar Angooti; Jafar Hajilou; Farhang Razavi
Abstract
Introduction: The ability to tolerate cold will not be possible without stopping or inducing sleep, which is one of the important steps in the life cycle of plants in temperate regions. This period is one of the important factors in preventing cold damages in winter and spring in temperate regions. Various ...
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Introduction: The ability to tolerate cold will not be possible without stopping or inducing sleep, which is one of the important steps in the life cycle of plants in temperate regions. This period is one of the important factors in preventing cold damages in winter and spring in temperate regions. Various studies in controlled conditions on plants have shown that in plants, when entering and leaving this period, various changes occur in materials such as proteins, enzymes and hormones. In order to control the harmful effects of active oxygen species, plants have defense mechanisms. Catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes are a defensive team whose common goal is to defend against the destructive effects of active oxygen species. This study was carried out to determine the chill requirement and its relationship with the changes in the activity of antioxidants enzymes and proline.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted at agricultural Research Station of Khalat-Pooshan and the Laboratory of Flower Biology and Physiology of Fruit Growth in the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University in 2015-2016. Flower buds needed for testing were selected from ‘Siah Shabestar’, Zard Mashhad, Zoodras cultivars and a local genotype of sour cherry. Once a month, enough buds were harvested and until the experiments began, they were kept inside the freezer inside an aluminum foil at -80 ° C. In order to estimate the chill requirement, four replicates (4 geographic directions) from each cultivar and from each replication four branches with the same length and diameter were removed. The amount of chilling accumulation and chilling requirement in each month was calculated according to Utah model. In order to estimate fresh weight, four replicates in each cultivar were selected and in each replication five buds were selected from different parts of the branch. The statistical design used in the determination of the chill requirement was a randomized complete block design. Enzymatic and proline data were analyzed in a completely randomized design as factorial
Conclusions: Chill requirement: Based on the Utah model, the chill requirement of sweet and sour cherry cultivars contains Zard Mashhad, Zoodras and Siah Shabestar were calculated 752, 780, 867 and 961 CU, respectively. There was a significant difference in the activity of superoxide dismutase enzymes between cultivars and different sampling times at 1% probability level. Siah Shabestar cultivars with the highest chill requirement had the lowest SOD enzymatic activity and Zard Mashhad and Zoodras were intermediate cultivars in terms of enzymatic activity. Sour cherries, which had the least chill requirement, showed the highest levels of SOD enzyme activity. This is consistent with the results of some researchers regarding apricot stated that the low chill apricot cultivars had the highest SOD enzymatic activity. The sour cherry had the highest amount of POX enzymatic activity with the least amount of chill requirement, and also Siah Shabestar has the least chill requirement. Like the two previous enzymes, the activity of catalase was highest in sour cherries and the lowest was observed in Siah Shabestar. In terms of the presence of free proline, there was no significant difference between the Zard Mashhad cultivars and Zoodras, while there was a significant difference between these two cultivars and Sour Cherry and Siah Shabestar. Zoodras cultivar has the highest and our cherry has the lowest amount of free proline. Between different cultivars, in terms of fresh weight of buds, there is a significant difference at 1% probability level before and after placement in the growth chamber. The increase in fresh weight of sour cherry and Zard Mashhad, Zoodras and Siah Shabestar cultivars were 25, 27, 31.5 and 33%, respectively. The highest fresh weight before and after placement in growth chamber was observed in Siah Shabestar and sour cherry was the lowest. In all the cultivars, the activity of all three enzymes were initially at maximum (369 CU), then, with the cooling of the air and the initiation of deep dormancy, the activity of these enzymes were greatly reduced (820 CU) and then again increased in the activity of this enzyme (963 CU), which is similar to other studies.
Conclusions The results of this study showed that the antioxidant metabolism in plants is influenced by seasonal cycle changes and enzymatic activity changes depending on temperature, so that sour cherry with the least chill requirement has the most activity of the enzyme catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase and Siah Shabestar, which have the most chill requirement, have the least enzymatic activity. Accordingly, the enzymatic antioxidant system activity of the flower buds was relatively high at the beginning of the dormancy period, but decreased during the end of dormancy. Also, the amount of free proline at the end of dormancy and the stage of dormancy breaking was highest and the lowest was in the deep dormancy period.
Mohammad Safa; Jafar Hajilou; Rahim Nagshiband Hasani; Mohammad Ganbari Najar
Abstract
Introduction: Fruits and vegetables have special importance as a very important part of the human food supply. And from the beginnings of life, man has used these products to supply a part of his food. Nowadays, horticultural products are widely used in the diet. Cherry is one of the deciduous trees ...
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Introduction: Fruits and vegetables have special importance as a very important part of the human food supply. And from the beginnings of life, man has used these products to supply a part of his food. Nowadays, horticultural products are widely used in the diet. Cherry is one of the deciduous trees in the temperate regions, which is potassium rich. Use of Oxalic acid significantly reduces frost injury in pomegranate fruits during storage at a temperature of 2° C. In fruit trees, the importance of calcium is due to a delay in fruit ripening process and this way products have better portability.
Materials and Methods: Firmness test was measured using the FT011 model of penetrometer. For determination of titratable acidity, the 0.1 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) titration method was used. Total Soluble solids content (SSC) of fruit was measured by a digital refractometer (PAL-1). For determination of vitamin C in fruit juices, titration method with the indicator, 2,6-di-chlorophenolindophenol was used. Fruit juice pH was measured using pH meter model HI 9811.In order to investigate the effect of postharvest soaking treatment with Oxalic acid on the qualitative specifications and storage life of single grain sweet cherry fruit a research was conducted. This experience was conducted in a completely randomized design with 3 replications separately for the two materials. In this experiment Oxalic acid, in four levels (0,4,6 and 8 mM) and Calcium chloride in four levels (0, 40, 55 and 70 mM) were applied on the single grain sweet cherry fruit in the form of soaking and sampleswith7-day intervals for a period of 28 days from the fridge out and quanti tate and qualitative traits such as stiffness, weight loss, Titratable acidity, total soluble solids, vitamin C and pH were measured.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that compared with control ones all of the concentrations of Oxalic acid and Calcium chloride caused significant differences in the amount of weight loss, firmness, Acidity, TSS, vitamin C and pH , so that weight loss rate on the fourth week for control samples was 39/79%, for samples treated with 8mM oxalic acid, 22/77%, and for 70 mM Calcium chloride, 21/19%; total soluble solids weight on the fourth week for control samples was 24/53%; for samples treated with 8mM Oxalic acid 21/43% and for 70 mM Calcium chloride 21/13%; and vitamin C weight on the fourth week for control samples was 2/65; for samples treated with 8Mm Oxalic acid 3/06 and for 70 mM Calcium chloride 3/16; also firmness and acidity were more than that of control.
Conclusion:In fruits treated with different concentrations of calcium chloride, the amounts of firmness, acidity and vitamin C were significantly higher than that of control. Also in treated fruits, the amounts of weight loss, total soluble solids and pH during storage were significantly lower than that of control. In fruits treated with different concentrations of Oxalic acid in fruits, the amounts of firmness, acidity and vitamin C were significantly higher than that of control. And in fruits treated with different concentrations of Oxalic acid, the amounts of weight loss, total soluble solids and pH were significantly lower than that of control. According to the results of this test calcium chloride treatment was better when compared with Oxalic acid.
Shabnam Fakhimrezaei; Jafar Hajilou
Abstract
In order to study stigma receptivity in peach cultivars : (‘Makhmali’, ‘Anjiri-ye-tabestane’, ‘Anjiri-ye maleki’, ‘Haj-kazemi’ and ’Zoodras’) controlled pollination was done in both field and laboratory conditions. Before pollination trials the in vitro germination of the pollen was ...
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In order to study stigma receptivity in peach cultivars : (‘Makhmali’, ‘Anjiri-ye-tabestane’, ‘Anjiri-ye maleki’, ‘Haj-kazemi’ and ’Zoodras’) controlled pollination was done in both field and laboratory conditions. Before pollination trials the in vitro germination of the pollen was tested in petridish. Branches with adequate number of flowers were chosen for controlled pollination. Self Pollination was carried out by hand, on the same day as emasculation (day 0) and thereafter every two days (2, 4, 6, 8 days after emasculation). To allow for growth of pollen tubes pollinated pistils were collected four days after pollination and fixed in FAA. Pistils were washed several times and autoclaved in a solution of 5% sodium sulfite for softening. After staining with aniline blue, the pollen germination at the stigma and pollen tubes growth in each section of style (upper and bottom) and ovary was determined by means of fluorescence microscopy. Results revealed that the stigmas of studied cultivars were receptive at balloon stage and reach their optimum receptivity between 2 and 4 days later. Our studied cultivars in confrontation to occurrence of temperature oscillations in field condition had different reactions at different pollination times. Regarding to pollen germination at the stigma surface and in vitro condition and existence the pollen tubes inside the ovary, became clear that studied cultivars are self-compatible and male-fertile.
Mehri Yusefi; Seyyed Jalal Tabatabaie; Jafar Hajilou; Naser Mahna
Abstract
Salinity affects the yield and quality of fruits crops as result of modifying water and nutrient uptake. In split root system, it should be possible to reduce the deleterious effect of salinity on the plant growth. Therefore, an experiment was conducted on strawberry with different concentration of NaCl ...
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Salinity affects the yield and quality of fruits crops as result of modifying water and nutrient uptake. In split root system, it should be possible to reduce the deleterious effect of salinity on the plant growth. Therefore, an experiment was conducted on strawberry with different concentration of NaCl (0, 30, 60 and 90 mM) in a completely randomized blocks design in studding hydroponic greenhouse. The roots were divided into two portions and either even or uneven salinity was applied to the root portions. The treatments consist of 0:0, 0:30, 0:60, 0:90, 30:30, 60:60 and 90:90 with three replications. In general, the increased salinity reduced photosynthesis rate but in uneven salinity the photosynthesis rate was increased. Proline concentration was reduced in 0:0 treatments but increased in 0:30 and 30:30 treatments. Ca, N, P and K concentrations were reduced by increasing salinity, but were increase in uneven salinity. The highest concentrations of Cl and Na were observed in 60:60 and 90:90 salinity treatments. Na and Cl concentrations were reduced in uneven salinity in the root zone so that in 0:30 treatments, the concentration of Na were 20% lower than that in 30:30 treatments. Based on the results of this study the application of uneven salinity in a concentration of 30 mM could be recommended for growing strawberry in salinity stress conditions.
Hojatollah Rostami; Seyyed Jalal Tabatabaie; Fariborz Zare Nahandi; Jafar Hajilou
Abstract
Boron toxicity is one of the most important disorders for plant cultivation in the arid and semi-arid regions. Boron accumulation usually occurs in deeper soil layers due to leaching and therefore improvement of such a soil in this situation is difficult. An experiment was conducted to find out the effect ...
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Boron toxicity is one of the most important disorders for plant cultivation in the arid and semi-arid regions. Boron accumulation usually occurs in deeper soil layers due to leaching and therefore improvement of such a soil in this situation is difficult. An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of boron on the vegetative and physiological aspects of olive trees. Six concentrations of boron (0.2, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l) and two cultivars (Amygdalia and Konsevolia) were used in this experiment. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results showed that with increasing levels of boron dry weight of leaves, stems and roots compared with controls in both cultivars declined. Amygdalia cultivar in the high concentration of boron was unable to grow and decrease in the production of new leaves was significant but Konsevolia cultivar high concentrations of boron also could grow, although the growth of this cultivar was as well significantly reduced. Efficiency of photosynthesis (Fv/Fm) in both cultivars decreased with increasing boron levels. However, Amygdalolia showed a more reduction than Konservolia. Boron toxicity symptoms appeared 45 days after the start of the experiment in concentrations (30, 40 and 50 mg/l) in Amygdalolia cultivar. However, 75 days after the Amygdaloia cultivar symptoms were observed at concentrations 40 and 50 mg/l. The results showed that olive can have a good resistance to boron toxicity, although much of this resistance is largely dependent on the cultivar.
