Mohammadtaghi Ebadi; Majid Azizi; Fatemeh Sefidkon; Noorollah Ahmadi
Abstract
Introduction: Organic fertilizers with beneficial effects on soil structure and nutrient availability help maintain yield and quality, and they are less costly than synthetic fertilizers. Vermicompost and vermiwash are two organic fertilizers that they contain a biologically active mixture of bacteria, ...
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Introduction: Organic fertilizers with beneficial effects on soil structure and nutrient availability help maintain yield and quality, and they are less costly than synthetic fertilizers. Vermicompost and vermiwash are two organic fertilizers that they contain a biologically active mixture of bacteria, enzymes and phytohormones, also these organic fertilizers can supply the nutritional needs of plants. Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora Kunth, Verbenaceae) is an evergreen perennial aromatic plant. The lemon-scented essential oil from the lemon verbena has been widely used for its digestive, relaxing, antimalarial and lemony flavor properties. In order to decrease the use of chemical fertilizers for reduction of environmental pollution, this research was undertaken to determine effects of vermicompost and vermiwash in comparison with chemical fertilizer on leaf yield, essential oil content and composition of lemon verbena.
Materials and Methods: A pot experiment based on a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications on Lemon verbena was carried out in the experimental greenhouse of the Department of Horticulture Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 2012. Treatments consisted of 10, 20 and 30 % by volume of vermicompost and vermiwash (with an addition to irrigation in three steps, including: two weeks after the establishment of plants in pots, the appearing of branches and three weeks before harvest), complete fertilizer and control without any fertilizer. Each replication contained six pots and each pot contained one plant of Lemon verbena provided from Institute of Medicinal Plants, Karaj, therefore 108 pots were used in this experiment. The pots were filled up by a mixture contained 3/5 soil and 2/5 sand (v/v). After three months, plant aerial parts were harvested concomitantly at starting of the flowering stage. Aerial parts were dried at room temperature for 72 hours and dry weights of dried branches and leaves were measured. For isolation of essential oils, about 20 g of dried leaves (three replications of each treatment) was subjected to hydro-distillation for 2 h with a Clevenger apparatus. The extracted essential oils were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and then they analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS software and means compared with Duncan's multiple range test.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that differences between treated plants with organic fertilizers were not significant for aerial part yield, but leaf yield and essential oil content were affected by fertilizer type (p
Majid Azizi; Mansour Mashreghi; Fatemeh Oroojalian; Naser Shahyahmasebi
Abstract
To study the interaction of silver nanoparticles with antibacterial effects of Kelussia odoratissima and Teucrium polium essential oils consolidated trial based on calculation of MIC and FIC index or differential inhibitory concentration and simple method checkboard designed and implemented. Essential ...
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To study the interaction of silver nanoparticles with antibacterial effects of Kelussia odoratissima and Teucrium polium essential oils consolidated trial based on calculation of MIC and FIC index or differential inhibitory concentration and simple method checkboard designed and implemented. Essential oil of the plants extracted by hydro-distillation using clevenger apparatus. In this study, common food contaminant bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella enterica and Ps. aureogenosa were used. The results showed that the antibacterial properties of the essential oil of Teucrium is stronger (MIC between 0.16 to 1.25 mg/ ml) than of the oil of Kelussia (MIC between 0.3 to 2.5 mg/ml). Antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles (MIC between 0.006 to 0.025 mg) were stronger significantly. Calculate the differential inhibitory concentration index (FICi) implies the existence of synergistic and additive effect between silver nanoparticles and oil of both plant which will depend on the type of pathogen. This means that the combined use of silver nanoparticles and essential oil of the plant especially Teucrium essential oils strong inhibitory effect with lower concentrations of the essential oils was observed. Antagonistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and oil treatments in any of these two plants were observed.
Masoud Azimi; Majid Azizi; Mohammad Farsi; Seyyed Hossein Nemati
Abstract
Introduction: Nowadays, mushroom and fungi are one of the most promising organisms which are used in biotechnology research (industry, medicine and agriculture). In the meantime, medicinal mushroom (mostly consumed as edible and medicinal products) have become a valuable biological resourcesin the pharmaceutical ...
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Introduction: Nowadays, mushroom and fungi are one of the most promising organisms which are used in biotechnology research (industry, medicine and agriculture). In the meantime, medicinal mushroom (mostly consumed as edible and medicinal products) have become a valuable biological resourcesin the pharmaceutical industry. Ganoderma the most legendary species of fungi in China with a long history dating back more than two thousand years.Ganodermalucidum (Fr.) Karst isa species belonging to the order of Aphyllophorales and family Basidiomycetes. The mushroom only growth on two or three types of trees among 10,000 known trees in the world and therefore is very rare. Ganoderma fruiting bodies and spores contain about 400 different bioactive compounds, which mainly includeTriterpenes, polysaccharides, nucleotides, sterols, steroids, fatty acids, proteins andpeptides. The mushroom polysaccharides, in addition to cancer treatment have showed antiviral properties, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive and prevent blood clotting. Tavana et al (1) in the evaluation of the use of some agricultural and forest wastes material for production of the mushroom stated that the residue are suitable as a helpful supplements for the activity. Gonzalez-Matute et al (11) used sunflower seed shell after oil extraction as a substrate. They concluded that the sunflower seed shell can be used as the main energy source in the substrate to grow the mushroom. There are different agricultural wastematerials which are good sources for growing mushroom in our country. The use of agricultural residues has attracted much attention in recent years. To the best of our knowledge there are a few published studieson the production of Ganoderma in the field condition. This study was performed on Reishi mushroom (Ganodermalucidum) to investigate the effects of different agricultural wastes on some morphological characteristics (growth rate, fresh weight and dry weight of mycelia, biological yield andcrude polysaccharide content) and polysaccharide contents of fruits.
Material and Methods:The main portion of the medium for production of Ganodermalucidum was wood chips as 5-10 mm long that supplemented with different agricultural wastes included black seed waste, tea waste, hazelnut waste, coconut waste, almond wasteand sesame waste, with two types of bran (wheat and rice). The statistical design was afactorial experiment on the basis of completely randomized design with threereplications. The treatment were included
Wood chips (80 percent) + black seed waste (10 percent) + rice bran (10 percent)
Wood chips (80 percent) + tea waste (10 percent) + rice bran (10 percent)
Wood chips (80 percent) + sesame waste (10 percent) + rice bran (10 percent)
Wood chips (80 percent) + hazelnut waste (10 percent) + rice bran (10 percent)
Wood chips (80 percent) + coconut waste (10 percent) + rice bran (10 percent)
Wood chips (80 percent) + black seed waste (10 percent) + wheat bran (10 percent)
Wood chips (80 percent) + almond waste (10 percent) + wheat bran (10 percent)
Wood chips (80 percent) + sesame waste (10 percent) + wheat bran (10 percent)
Wood chips (80 percent) + hazelnut waste (10 percent) + wheat bran (10 percent)
Wood chips (80 percent) + coconut waste (10 percent) + wheat bran (10 percent)
At first Wood chips soaked in water for 2 days until the their moisture reached60-65 then the other agricultural waste materials added on the basis of the treatments and the autoclavable propylene bags filledwith the mixture and autoclaved for 2 hours at 121ºC. After cooling, all bags inoculated with wheat spawn of the Ganodermalucidium and the bags putunderdark condition in growth chamber with 85-95% humidity at 30ºC. After full colonization of the bags, they transfer to the light condition (200-500 Lux) at 25ºC until primordial formation. Then the light increased to 500-700 Lux until fruiting body formation.
Results and Discussion: The results of analysis of variance showed that the use of these agricultural wastes had a significant effect (P≤0.01) on growth rate, fresh weight, dry weight of myceliumand biological yield. The highest growth rate of mycelia (on the basis of days after inoculation to medium colonized completely) was detected in media enriched with tea waste, hazelnut waste, coconut waste and almond waste (15.33, 16.67, 15.33 and 14.33 days, respectively). The lowest growth rate of mycelium was detected in media enriched with black seed waste (30.33 days). The substrate supplemented with almond waste produced the highest amount of fresh fruit weight (31 g) and the lowest fresh fruit weight (15.74 g) was detected under coconut waste treatment. The highest amount of fruit dry weight (6.51 g) observed under the almond waste treatment and the lowest one observed under the coconut waste treatment (3.75 g). The media supplemented with almond wastes produced the highest biological yield (7.75%), but tea waste, hazelnut waste and coconut waste treatments had the lowest biological yield (4.75, 5.32, 5.27 and 3.93 percent, respectively) without significant differences (P≤0.01).
Helale Kaboli Farshchi; Majid Azizi; Seyyed Hossein Nemati; Vahid Rowshan
Abstract
Introduction: Medicinal and aromatic plants can play an important role in commercial crops, which also represent a safe alternative for chemical pharmaceutical industries. St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) due to its therapeutic efficacy has been used for decades in folk medicine and is considered ...
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Introduction: Medicinal and aromatic plants can play an important role in commercial crops, which also represent a safe alternative for chemical pharmaceutical industries. St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) due to its therapeutic efficacy has been used for decades in folk medicine and is considered as a promising medicinal plant with valuable potential as a source of hypericin, essential oils and antioxidants. Studies on agronomic factors such as application of potassium and humic acid as well as nitrogen fertilization on yield, essential oil and antioxidant activity of Hypericum perforatum have not been investigated thoroughly until now. This study was designed to study the effect of using humic acid and potassium sulphate on morphological and phytochemical characteristics of Hypericum perforatum.
Materials and Methods: The plant material was prepared from Science and Technology Park in Khorasan-e Razzavi–Mashhad. In spring, the plants were transplanted into the field of Horticulture department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, for fertilizing treatments. The experimental layout was factorial in a complete randomized design (CRD), with three replications. Potassium Sulphate (K2SO4) was applied at the rates of 0.0 (K0), 60 (K60) and 100 (K100) kg ha-1. The other treatment were humic acid, which was applied at three rates 0 (H0), 20 (H20) and 40 (H40) L ha-1. Plants were treated at two stages, before flowering by potassium fertilizer and fertigated four times in 15-day intervals with humic acid. Besides the fresh and dry weight, number of flowers, stem height and number of flowering stems were determined at the end of the growing stage.
Results and Discussion: The ANOVA indicated that most of measured attributes of Hypericum perforatum plant were significantly affected by both treatments. Data presented revealed that the highest stem (91.6 cm) was recorded at the highest level of potassium sulphate (K100) treatment, while the shortest height (60.4 cm) was recorded at the lowest level of potassium sulphate (K0) treatment. On the other hand, the highest stem (80.33 cm) was achieved with the highest level of humic acid treatment. No significant difference was observed between the highest level of humic acid (H40) and the second level (H20), while both mentioned levels showed a significant difference with control (H0). This means that the control plants possessed the lowest stem height (66.7 cm). The DPPH method for evaluation of antioxidant activity reflects the ability of the present compounds to scavenge hydrophilic free radicals. DPPH inhibition was investigated and the results were evaluated as relative activities against α-tocopherol as positive control. A lower EC50 indicates a higher antioxidant activity. As it is shown, the least EC50 which indicates the highest antioxidant activity belonged to plants treated with potassium sulphate at (100 kg.ha-1). Control plants possessed the least antioxidant activity and showed no significant difference compared with plants treated with 60 kg.ha-1 of this fertilizer. Humic acid had a significant effect on antioxidant activity of H. perforatum. The lowest value of EC50 was related to the highest level of humic acid, while the highest value of EC50 was obtained from control plants. There was also significant difference between control and two other levels (20 and 40 L ha-1) of humic acid. Applied fertilizers at their high levels showed significant effects on EC50 decrease, which means the increment of antioxidant activity of H. perforatum. The high antioxidant activity of this medicinal plant is the reason of flavonoids and phenols existence. It seems that application of these fertilizers have led to increment of the mentioned secondary metabolites and followed by an increase of antioxidant activity in comparison with control plants. Totally, H. perforatum possessed a high antioxidant activity. Based on recorded data of the present study, application of the mentioned fertilizers separately or simultaneously caused the increase of this important medicinal plant fresh and dry weight, and finally the yield. Number of flowers, stem height and flowering stems reached the highest value at the highest level of both fertilizers (K100H40). As potassium plays an important role in the development of reproductive parts of plants, it might be one of the reasons of the above mentioned increase. The highest essential oil content was recorded at high levels of both fertilizers (K100H40). Since the highest essential oil content accumulates in the flowering stems, an increase of these stems height and a higher number of flowers would lead to an increase of essential oil content of H. perforatum. Antioxidant activity of this plant is flavonoids contributed. It seems that application of these fertilizers increased the antioxidant activity by an increase of this pigment content.
Sonayye Beigi; Majid Azizi; Seyyed Hossein Nemati; Vahid Rowshan
Abstract
Introduction: Medicinal plants are rich in active substances and primarily have been used in the manufacture of many drugs. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the important medicinal plants whichbelongs to the Lamiaceae family. Basil essential oil content (between 0.5 to 1.5 percent) varies according ...
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Introduction: Medicinal plants are rich in active substances and primarily have been used in the manufacture of many drugs. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the important medicinal plants whichbelongs to the Lamiaceae family. Basil essential oil content (between 0.5 to 1.5 percent) varies according to climatic conditions of habitat location. Basilneeds a lot of water during growth period and it is very sensitive to water stress and shows wilting symptoms very soon after water shortage. Iran is located in an arid and semi-arid region which has little precipitation that is not enough for crop water requirements. Nowadays, the use of superabsorbent polymers is one of the ways to create sustainable agriculture and increase irrigation efficiency. They can store high water or aqueous solutions in root zone of plants and to reduce negative effects of drought stress. So, improvement of plant growth, increasing of irrigation intervals, reducing water loss and costs of irrigation is due to the application of superabsorbent polymers. Mucilages are also the herbal polysaccharides, soluble in water, and commonly include carbohydrates and can be used as hydrophilic polymers. The aims of this investigation were to study the effects of hydrophilic polymers on water use efficiency, morphological characteristics (dry matter, leaf area, and leaf number), essential oil quantity and yield of basil to harden plant to drought stress and to evaluate its potential to cultivate in arid regions. In addition, taking steps forward towards sustainable agriculture, by reducing the cost of agricultural production, helps protecting the environment.
Materials and Methods: This research was conducted as a pot experiment at the department of Horticultural Science‚ college of Agricultural‚ Ferdowsi University of Mashhad‚ Iran, during 2012-2013.The research was set out in a factorial experiment on the basis of completely randomized block design with three replications.Two hydrophilic polymer Stockosorb® (industrial) and malva leaf (herbal) with two application methods (mixed with soil, mixed with soil+root) at 4concentrations (0, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% w/w) were used. Leaf number, leaf area, dry matter yield, water use efficiency, essential oil quantity and yield were measured. Improved seeds of Ocimum basilicum var. Keshkeniluvelou were sown and seedlings were transplanted to the pots in four-leaf stage. Hydrogels were prepared and mixed with water after weighing the polymers according to determined concentration. After establishment, all pots were irrigated with a determined amount of water after reaching to the highest concentration (0.3%) of the wilting point. So, in this state in addition to the treatment at 0.3% treatment, lower levels (0.2% and 0.1%)were reached to wilting point earlierand were exposed to water stress.
Results and Discussion: Superabsorbent polymers can by absorption of irrigation and rain water, prevent deep percolation of water and with decreasing irrigation interval and reduced water consumption and increase water use efficiency. The results showed that using Stockosorb superabsorbent polymer and malva leaf as herbal hydrophilic polymersare useful for water supply of the plant in water stress.Application of these substances on morphological characteristics, water use efficiency and basil oil, were superior to the control.According to the obtained results, malva leaf use in soil and roots in treatmentless than (0.1% and 0.2%)number and leaf area and higher than (0.3%)increased dry matter yield, water use efficiency and the essential oil quantity and yield. Stockosorb (0.2%) byboth applying methods increased dry matter yield and water use efficiency. Also Stockosorb (0.2%),soil application increased leaf number and area. The essential oil yield and quantity increasedwith use of Stockosorb in soil + root in for0.2% and 0.3% treatments, respectively.
Conclusion: Due to the importance of cultivation of medicinal plants to provide conditions to increase essential oil yield and quantity at the same time, the best method used were malva leaf and Stockosorb with concentrations higher than (0.3%) and soil application methodor the use of both polymers with application method in soil + root in the moderate concentration (0.2%).For that purpose, we obtained favorable conditions for improving the morphological characteristics, water use efficiency and increasing the quantity and of essential oil yield in drought stress simultaneously. The results showed that natural compounds can be a good alternative for chemical compounds, but further experiments are needed for their commercialization.
Majid Azizi; Zeinab Safaei; Somaye Mirmostafaee; Shadi Bolorian; Negar Rahimi
Abstract
Introduction: Fresh-cut produce graduated to retail during the1990s, especially for lettuce, cabbage, carrots and other similar vegetables. The high microbial loads of these products after harvest can be substantially reduced through a cleaning in flowing chlorinated water and adistribution under ensured ...
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Introduction: Fresh-cut produce graduated to retail during the1990s, especially for lettuce, cabbage, carrots and other similar vegetables. The high microbial loads of these products after harvest can be substantially reduced through a cleaning in flowing chlorinated water and adistribution under ensured controlledrefrigeration. Therefore, a good number of convenient ready-to-use greens were launched to the market in the past decade. Nowadays, theuse of this technology to achieve similar results in fruit products is one of the most challengingtargets for processors. However, there is anumber of issues that still need to beovercomebeforefresh-cut fruit commodities can be sparked off to anoutstanding position in the segment of lightly-treatedrefrigerated foods. The importance of freshly cut products increases day by day. Tissue and cell rupture leads to a decrease in the shelf life of these products. On the other hand, these products due to increased enzyme activity, respiration rate and microbiological considerations that affect the health of these productsrequires highly attention.To increase the shelf life of the products and prevent undesirable changes in cut slices of fruit or vegetables a coating on the surface of these products has been suggested. Mucilages and essential oils of herbs are natural compounds that can be used to create such covers. The advantages of these coatings are their bactericidal effect, maintenanceof pleasant taste and other physical and chemical characteristics of the product and even decrease of environmental pollution. In this research, the effect of natural compounds such as Zataria multiflora essential oil (EO) and Plantagopsyllium mucilage on storage life and microbial load of fresh cut carrot was studied.
Materials and Methods: The research was conducted in two separate experiments on fresh-cut carrot: In the first experiment, the effect of different concentrations of Plantago psyllium mucilage (0,100, 200, and 400mgL-1) and four concentrations of Zataria multiflora essential oil (0,100, 250,and 500 mgL-1), in a factorial experiment on the basis of completely randomized designwith16treatments and three replications was evaluated. In the second experiment application of essential oil and mucilage on microbial load of fresh-cut carrot was examined in a split plot experiment on the basis of randomized complete blocks design with six treatments and three replications which Zataria multiflora EO (500 mgL-1) and Plantago psyllium mucilage (400 mgL-1) was set as main plot and storage time was set as subplot. The serial dilution technique and cultivation in special culture media were used to determine the microbial load. Treated samples were then packaged in polyethylene trays (175mL) and were stored at 4°C. After10 days of treatment different parameters such as weight loss, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, color, organoleptic properties, the amount of skin whitening and microbial load were evaluated.Means were compared using LSD test at the significant 5% probability level.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on weight loss. Essential oil and mucilage treated samples with different concentrations and also a combination of the two had less weight loss than the control. Different concentrations of essential oil and mucilage individually significantly affected titra table acidity, soluble solids and pH. Samples treated with 100 and 250 mgL-1essential oil, and with 100 and 200 mgL-1 mucilage had the highest acidity, and showed significant increase compared to the control. A little color changes occurred in the treated samples and their colors were very close to the control. Combination treatment with 100 mg.L-1essentialoil plus 100 mgL-1mucilagesignificantlyreduced skin whitening of fresh cut carrot. Analysis of variance indicates significant effect of treatments on all microbial contaminations which were evaluated. The means of aerobic mesophilic bacterial contamination and the coliform bacterial contamination were 6.67 log CFU/g and6.37 log CFU/g, respectively. Only mold and yeast contamination significantly increased during storage and was more pronounced in samples treated with psylliummucilage. After 10 days of storage, although some bacterial contamination increased, this increase was not significant. Fungal contamination starts at 5.35 log CFU/g and endsat 6.64 log CFU/g, which is approximately 1.3 log CFU/g increased. E. coli contamination was not observed in samples.According to the standards threshold, in this experiment, aerobic mesophilic bacteria contamination of the samples (except for samples coated with mucilage after 10 days of storage which their contamination exceeded) was in the standard threshold.However, coliform bacteria, mold and yeast contamination in all samples exceeded.
Conclusion: In general, results of this study showed that application of natural compounds of medicinal plants as edible coatings improved the quality and -extend the shelf life of fresh cut carrot. .However, disinfection of the product in this experiment was not sufficient to reduce the microbial contamination properly and treatments used could not reduce it at the standard limits, appropriate disinfection methods such as radiation and higher concentrations are also investigated in order to export this recommended product
Majid Azizi; Soheila Shahriari; Hossein Arouiee; Hossein Ansari
Abstract
Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) from Lamiaceae family is one of the most important medicinal plants, used in food, sanitary and cosmetic industries. A field experiment was carried out in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2010-2011 to evaluate the effects of three irrigation levels (100, 80 and 60 percent ...
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Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) from Lamiaceae family is one of the most important medicinal plants, used in food, sanitary and cosmetic industries. A field experiment was carried out in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2010-2011 to evaluate the effects of three irrigation levels (100, 80 and 60 percent of water requirements calculated by evaporation pan class A) and two mulch types (black plastic and wood chips) in comparison to control (without mulch) on physiological parameter and essential oils content in a factorial experiments on the basis of Randimised Complete Block Desing with four replications. The data obtained from each harvest analyzed as a factorial experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design with four replications and the results of two harvests analyzed as split plot on time. The results of two harvest indicated that peppermint plants grow better in the first harvest than the second harvest. Plants collected in the first harvest showed higher dry matter and essential oil yield. The highest dry herb yield (44.12 g/plant), the highest percentage of essential oil (2.835 %v/w) and the highest essential oil yield (116.7 l/ha) detected in plots treated with third level of irrigation and use of wood chips mulch. In conclusion the results also confirmed that the highest dry herb and the highest oil yield per area unit were observed in plots treated with third level of irrigation with use of wood chips mulch.
Rohollah Ameri; Majid Azizi; Ali Tehranifar; Vahid Rowshan
Abstract
In order to study the effect of natural antitranspirant compound and water stress on growth, development and essential oil content of Ocimumbasilicum a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replicates was conducted. 3 levels of water stress (500 as control, 375 and 250 ...
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In order to study the effect of natural antitranspirant compound and water stress on growth, development and essential oil content of Ocimumbasilicum a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replicates was conducted. 3 levels of water stress (500 as control, 375 and 250 ml/day) and 3 antitranspirant compound (chitosan, plantago mucilage and psyllium mucilage) in 3 levels of 0.5, 1 and 1.5% (m/v) and applied during the plant growth. Photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, stomatal chamber CO2, leaf temperature, fresh and dry weight of herb, essential oil percentage and content were measured. The results showed that water stress and antitranspirant application had a significant effect on all measured traits (P≤0.05 and P≤0.01). The highest values of these traits were observed in control for water stress treatment and different levels of antitranspirant compounds. Transpiration levels from leaf were significantly decreased by antitranspirant compounds application. Chitosan (1 and 1.5%) decreased transpiration by 200% over control. Photosynthesis was also increased up to 30% by chitosan treatment (0.5 and 1) in comparison to control.Also, antitranspirant compounds increasing dry matter yield in water stress condition but reducing essential oil % and yield in comparison with control. In general, according to the result of this experiment, antitranspirant compounds with natural origin are safe, biodegradable, easy available, low cost and alternatives which can be used in substitution with common chemical types.
Samane Mohammadi; Majid Azizi
Abstract
In this research, the effect of foliar spraying times and different levels of Farmax® nano fertilizer on morphological characteristic and dry and fresh flower yield, essential oil and chamazulene percentage of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) CV. Bodegold was studied. The experiment was factorial ...
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In this research, the effect of foliar spraying times and different levels of Farmax® nano fertilizer on morphological characteristic and dry and fresh flower yield, essential oil and chamazulene percentage of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) CV. Bodegold was studied. The experiment was factorial in the bacic of randomized complete blocked design (RCBD) with eight treatment and four replications. The treatments included four amounts of nano fertilizer (0, 1, 3 and 5ml\l) as first factor and two foliar spraying times (tiller stage and 2 after weeks) as second factor. The results indicated that foliar spraying time had a significant effect on plant height, numbers of tiller, total fresh weight plant and dry flower yield. Different of levels Farmax® nano fertilizer had significant effect on majority characteristic. The interaction effect had significant effect on height plant and root and dry flower yield. So, maximum height plant (103.5cm) and dry flower yield (174.38g/m2) were obtained at 2 foliar spraying times and 3ml/l nano fertilizer concentration and maximum height root was obtained at one foliar spraying times and 5 ml/l nano fertilizer concentration, but 2 foliar spraying times and 3ml/l nano fertilizer concentration treatment to be increased on the most of the characteristic especially essential oil percent (0.753 weight percent) but do not have effect significant. The total results showed that 2 foliar sparing times and 3 ml/l nano fertilizer concentration was the best of treatment.
Gholamhossein Davarynejad; Sakineh Arefkhani; Majid Azizi; Mehdi Zarei
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of postharvest salicylic acid and calcium chloride on shelf life, quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of peach fruit cv. Amesden, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized completely design with three replications. ...
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In order to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of postharvest salicylic acid and calcium chloride on shelf life, quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of peach fruit cv. Amesden, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized completely design with three replications. Fruits were harvested at the commercial ripening stage, and fruits were immerged in different concentrations of salicylic acid (1 and 2 mM), calcium chloride (1.5 and 3%), combined salicylic acid and calcium chloride (1-1.5, 1-3, 2-1.5 and 2-3), and distilled water (control) for 5 min, then fruits were packed in boxes with polyethylene cover and stored at 4°C with 80-85% relative humidity for 35 days. The changes in weight loss, fruit firmness, rot percentage; pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity were estimated in 0 and 35 days during storage. The results showed that the weight loss, rot percentage, pH and total soluble solids significantly increased, while the fruit firmness, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity significantly decreased at the end of storage period. The salicylic acid and calcium chloride treatments significantly reduced the weight loss and maintained their firmness. In this condition, the highest of titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity were observed in treatments of salicylic acid and calcium chloride, while the lowest of total soluble solids and rot percentage was showed in treatments of salicylic acid and calcium chloride than in the control treatment. Also, combined treatment (salicylic acid + calcium chloride) had an important effect in relative to each treatment separately. The data indicated that the use of salicylic acid and calcium chloride may be introduced as an effective and successful strategy in postharvest technology of the peach.
Mansour Mashreghi; Majid Azizi; Fatemeh Oroojalian; Naser Shahyahmasebi
Abstract
In this research the essential oils (EOs) of Kelussia odoratissima and Teucrium polium were extracted by hydrodistillation. Extracted essential oils constituents were analyzed by gas chromatograph (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry and the essential oils constituents identified according to retention time ...
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In this research the essential oils (EOs) of Kelussia odoratissima and Teucrium polium were extracted by hydrodistillation. Extracted essential oils constituents were analyzed by gas chromatograph (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry and the essential oils constituents identified according to retention time and mass spectrum. Then minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes، Escherichia coli O157H7, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aureogenosa were determined by microdilution technique using ELISA reader. The results showed that there are differences between the essential oils constituents as the main constituents in Kelussia odoratissima were (Z)-ligustilide, (Z)-3-butylidene-phthalide, limonene+-phellandren B. The main constituents of Teucrium polium essential oils were β-caryophylene, Germacrene D, γ-cadinene, (Z)- nerolidol, camphor, β-pinene, α- camphene, linalool, α-humulene. The MIC of Kelussia odoratissima EO was between 0.31 mg/ml (for S. aureus) to 2.5 mg/ml (for Salmonella enterica) but MIC of the Teucrium polium EO was between 0.16 mg/ml (for S. aureus) and 1.25 mg/ml (for Salmonella enterica). In conclusion, indigenous medicinal plants could be used for effective control of food borne pathogens as a complementary method that has less unfavorable effect on organoleptic attitudes of each products
Fatemeh Roozdar; Majid Azizi; Askar Ghani; Gholamhossein Davarynejad
Abstract
In this research an experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications and 11 treatments was conducted of Mentha piperita. Treatments consisted of dryer drying, artificial shade drying, oven drying (50 and 70 °C), and microwave drying with different powers (100, 180, 300, 450, ...
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In this research an experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications and 11 treatments was conducted of Mentha piperita. Treatments consisted of dryer drying, artificial shade drying, oven drying (50 and 70 °C), and microwave drying with different powers (100, 180, 300, 450, 600 and 900 w) and fresh sample as control. The end time of each treatment determined on the basis of moisture content equal to 0.10 on the basis of dried weight. After drying the samples, traits such as drying time, essential oil content, color parameters (L*, a*, b*, Hue and Chroma) and some biochemical parameters (total polyphenolic content, total flavonoids, flavone and flavonols, total carbohydrate and antioxidant activity) were studied. The results showed a significant effect of different drying methods on the studied traits. The minimum and maximum drying times (5.03 and 570 minutes) associated with microwave dried (900w) and drying method of dryer, respectively. The maximum essential oil content (2.6%) obtained from dryer dried samples. The highest amount of chroma and b* index related to fresh, artificial shade and dryer dried samples while the minimum content related to microwave dried samples (180 and 900 w). Also, the maximum amount of polyphenol compound obtained in fresh sample and microwave (900 w) and artificial shade dried samples, respectively. While the minimum content obtained to oven dried samples (70 °C). The most antioxidant activity (percentage of radical scavenging activity) obtained to fresh, artificial shade dried and microwave dried (600 and 900 and 450w) samples and the minimum amount were observed on oven dried samples (70 and 50 °C).
Hamideh Fatemi; Hossein Arouiee; Majid Azizi; Seyyed Hossein Nemati
Abstract
Plastic mulches have been used in vegetable production in the most parts of the world. In order to evaluate the performance of the colored plastic mulch and different plant density on Cucurbita pepo var. Rada, an experiment was conducted in Agriculture Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during ...
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Plastic mulches have been used in vegetable production in the most parts of the world. In order to evaluate the performance of the colored plastic mulch and different plant density on Cucurbita pepo var. Rada, an experiment was conducted in Agriculture Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the cultural seasons at 2010. The experiment was arranged in factorial experiment based on randomized complete design with four replications. Treatments were mulch at three levels (blue, red and without mulch) and plant spacing at two levels (120 × 30 and 120 × 40 cm). The results indicated that reducing the planting distance (120 × 30 cm) significantly increased the fruit weight and yield. The highest numbers of harvest and fruit yield were found in the red mulch treatment. The fruit yield per plant was 5/36, 3/57 and 2/69 kg in the red, blue mulch and control, respectively.
Mohammad Shahin Daneshmandi; Majid Azizi; Reza Farhoosh
Abstract
In this research, we studied physical, chemical and biochemical characteristics of pistachio entitled Pistacia vera cv. Daneshmandi and was compared to three pistachio including of Badami Sefid, Kalle Ghoochi and Akbari. The examined characteristics were fresh and dry weight of seed, green shell and ...
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In this research, we studied physical, chemical and biochemical characteristics of pistachio entitled Pistacia vera cv. Daneshmandi and was compared to three pistachio including of Badami Sefid, Kalle Ghoochi and Akbari. The examined characteristics were fresh and dry weight of seed, green shell and also kernel, weight of hard shell, seedless and early opening nut, comparing the seed and kernel dimensions, percentage of oil, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, acid value, peroxide value, total tocopherols, and total phenolics. The results indicated that Pistacia vera cv. Daneshmandi in some characteristics holds a distinction amongst the other types and particulary in some qualities such as kernel weight, percentage early opening nut and kernel/seed proportion. This cultivar was high-oil (51.28%) and also the highest in the ratio of poly unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (2.82). The second place of pistachio Daneshmandi was the amount of antioxidant material. In front, was lowest peroxide value in the Daneshmandi cultivar (2.702 mil equivgr.kg-1 oil). Also 27% decreased the amount of acid value in the Daneshmandi cultivar (0.49 mg.g-1 oil) of compared of the Kalleghoochi cultivar (0.627 mg.g-1 oil). In total, Pistacia vera Cv. Daneshmandi can be considered to be a good cultivar for commercial production and to have a top position among the national product exported.
Hajar Neamati Darbandi; Majid Azizi; Samane Mohammadi; Sajede Karimpour
Abstract
To investigate the effect of spraying with different concentrations of Vermiwash solution on the morphological traits, percentage and yield of essential oil of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), this experiment was conducted as Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications in experimental ...
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To investigate the effect of spraying with different concentrations of Vermiwash solution on the morphological traits, percentage and yield of essential oil of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), this experiment was conducted as Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications in experimental field of Agricultural Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM). The treatments were included 4 different concentrations of Vermiwash solution (0, 3000. 6000 and 12000 ppm). At the flowering stage, morphological characteristics include of plant height, number of nod and internodes length, as well as total fresh weight, leaf area, dry weight of plant, yield and percentage of essential oil were determined. Results showed that there was a significant difference between different treatments in terms of plant height, number of node, internodes length, leaf area, and dry weight of plant and essential oil yield. The highest height (84.91 cm), number of node (23.20), leaf area (8853.52 cm2) and plant dry weight (174.31 g) related to vermiwash concentration of 3000 ppm and the longest internodes (7.02 cm) and essential oil yield (6 g/m2) related to concentration of 1200 ppm. In conclusion, application of 3000 ppm vermiwash was the superior among the all studied treatments that confirmed activity of plant growth regulators in low concentration of vermiwash and availability of nutrient in the solution.
Askar Ghani; Seyyed Hossein Nemati; Majid Azizi; Mohammad Jamal Sahar khiz; Mohammad Farsi
Abstract
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the extract biochemical variations among 25 spearmint population. The experiment was a randomized complete design (RCD) with 25 treatments (population) and three replications. For this purpose, three rhizomes with 5 cm length were selected and planted in each ...
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A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the extract biochemical variations among 25 spearmint population. The experiment was a randomized complete design (RCD) with 25 treatments (population) and three replications. For this purpose, three rhizomes with 5 cm length were selected and planted in each pot. All pots were kept out side. The plant samples of all treatments were harvested at full flowering stage and the most important extract biochemical factors such as chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoide, flavone and flavonol, total flavonoide, total phenolic compound, antioxidant activity, and carbohydrate content were measured. Moreover, all characteristics of studied population were subjected to cluster analysis and correlation between factors was determined. There were significant differences among population in all studied factors. The highest and lowest chlorophyll contents (35.77 and 10.5 mg/g FW) were obtained in Fars- Khafr 2 and Mazandaran-Nour population, respectively. Among studied population, Isfahan 2, Mazandaran-Qaemshahr, Mazandaran-Nour and Yasouj were superior in extract biochemical valuable properties like antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoides, and total carbohydrates. Also, some population of Fars province constituted more carotenoide and chlorophyll contents and were superior to others. Furthermore, a positive correlation was detected between antioxidant activity, phenolic compound, and total flavonoides.
Elham Ardakani; Gholamhossein Davarynejad; Majid Azizi
Abstract
In order to investigation the effect of salicylic acid and temperature treatments onphysic-chemical attributes and antioxidant activity was conducted of apricot cultivar ‘Lasgerdi’the experiment.The apricot fruits were harvested at the commercial ripening stage, and fruits were immerged in different ...
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In order to investigation the effect of salicylic acid and temperature treatments onphysic-chemical attributes and antioxidant activity was conducted of apricot cultivar ‘Lasgerdi’the experiment.The apricot fruits were harvested at the commercial ripening stage, and fruits were immerged in different concentration of salicylic acid as well as distilled water (control) for 5 min, then fruits were packed in boxes with polyethylene cover and stored. The changes in fruit weight, firmness, pH, total soluble solid content, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity were estimated after 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days during storage. The results showed that the weight loss, firmness, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity decreased significantly while the pH and total soluble solid content increased significantly during storage for two temperatures. During the storage period, a significant difference between treatments (control and various concentrations differences of salicylic acid) and various temperature significantly the weight loss and maintained their firmness. In this condition, the highest and lowest of titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity were observed in treatments of 4 mM salicylic acid and control, respectively. Also, the data showed that the temperature of 4°c positive impact maintained quality and fruit shelf life during storage. Based on our results, the salicylic acid treatment as combination nature and temperature of 4°c may be used commercially to extend the storage life of apricot.
Raheleh Khatibzadeh; Majid Azizi; Hossein Arouiee; Mohammad Farsi
Abstract
To protect and multiply important and rare plant resources, in vitro culture serves as a more efficient alternative to traditional propagation approaches. Levisticum officinale Koch. a member of Apiaceae is an important, endangered and neglected species in Iran, which has been shown to have diuretic, ...
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To protect and multiply important and rare plant resources, in vitro culture serves as a more efficient alternative to traditional propagation approaches. Levisticum officinale Koch. a member of Apiaceae is an important, endangered and neglected species in Iran, which has been shown to have diuretic, spasmolytic and carminative effects. In order to supply enough plant materials for micro-propagation of this herb and study effects of different methods of disinfection and stratification on in vitro seed germination, a factorial experiment laid out in a completely randomized design was set out to establish sterile plants out of seed culture. It was concluded that a pre-chilling treatment for 3 months resulted in maximum percent of germination (92%) and the largest germination rate. The best superficial sterilization protocol was proofed to be soaking in 70% (v:v) ethanol for 30 s and then, using of 2% (v:v) dilution of NaOCl for 15 min, followed by 3 rinses in sterile distilled water.
Elham Ardakani; Gholamhossein Davarynejad; Majid Azizi
Abstract
The limited postharvest storage life of apricot causes the goal of presenting a solution in this manuscript to improve the postharvest storage of studied apricot cultivars. Studying the effect of different concentration of pre-harvest salicylic acid on quality attributes and antioxidant activity of apricot ...
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The limited postharvest storage life of apricot causes the goal of presenting a solution in this manuscript to improve the postharvest storage of studied apricot cultivars. Studying the effect of different concentration of pre-harvest salicylic acid on quality attributes and antioxidant activity of apricot during storage is the approach in used. The apricot cultivar(Nori) were sprayed at the 3 weeks before commercial ripening stage, with 1, 2, 3 and 4 mM salicylic acid as well as distilled water (control). At commercial ripening stage, apricot fruit were harvested and immediately transported to the laboratory, and then fruits were packed in boxes with polyethylene cover and stored at 4°C and 95% relative humidity for 20 days. The changes in weight loss, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, ascorbic acid, total phenolics and antioxidant activity were estimated after 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days during storage. The results showed that the weight loss, total soluble solids, pH increased significantly while the fruit firmness, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total phenolics and antioxidant activity decreased significantly during storage for both cultivars. During this stage, a significant difference between control and salicylic acid treatments in all measured parameters is observed. The salicylic acid treatments reduced significantly the weight loss and maintained their firmness. In this condition, the highest and lowest of titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total phenolics and antioxidant activity were observed in treatments of 4 mM salicylic acid and control, respectively. The data revealed that the quality of apricot fruits was improved by the use of salicylic acid treatment due to its effect on delaying the ripening processes.
Majid Azizi; Fatemeh Oroojalian; Hossein Orafayi; Fatemeh Yazdian; Mitra Rahmati; Bibi Fatemeh Haghiroalsadat
Abstract
Plants gums, hydrophilic colloids, hydrocolloids, mucilages and hydrophilic polymers are compounds that can produce gel. Coating materials which applied on food products increased shelf life of food by affecting water loss, gas exchange, oxidation process and decreasing the food spoilage and affect shelf ...
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Plants gums, hydrophilic colloids, hydrocolloids, mucilages and hydrophilic polymers are compounds that can produce gel. Coating materials which applied on food products increased shelf life of food by affecting water loss, gas exchange, oxidation process and decreasing the food spoilage and affect shelf life of food products. Coating material could carry antioxidant, antibacterial and/or other compounds responsible of food color and flavors. Some advantages of edible coating are antibacterial activity, improvement of nutritional values, flavors and also decreasing the environment pollutions. In order to develop biodegradable nanoparticles from plant polymers and study of the effect of nanoparticle application as edible coating on shelf life of cucumber fruits, the experiment was conducted at the research laboratories of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM) and industrial laboratory of School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Science. At the first, some plant mucilage including tragacanth (Astragalus gummifera), marshmallow flower (Malva silvestris) and seeds of plantain (Plantago lanceolata), basil (Ocimum basilicum), psylium (Plantago psylium) and lallemantia (Lallemantia royleana) were extracted by water as natural polymers at room temperature. Ethyl-cellulose™ also used as semi-artificial polymer. Then acetone fraction of the extracts prepared and dispersed in water solution which had different Hydrophile–Lipophile Balance (HLB) values (5-15) during different stirring level (500, 750 and 1000 rpm) by phase dispersion method for production of nanoparticles. Nanoparticle properties and morphological characteristic determined by Particle Size Analyzer and electronic scanning microscopy (SEM) respectively. The solution contained nanoparticles sprayed on fresh cucumber fruits (as a model) as edible coating and the shelf life evaluated. Results showed that mucilage of tragacanth (Astragalus gummifera), marshmallow flower (Malva silvestris), Lallemantia (Lallemantia royleana) and ethyl-cellulose™( as a control) produced particles at nanometer scale (100-200 nm) but plantain (Plantago lanceolata), basil (Ocimum basilicum) and psylium (Plantago psyllium) had no significant acetone fraction. The best solution’s HLB for production of suitable nanoparticles (app. 100 nm in size) in the mentioned natural polymers were 7 at 1000 rpm. The results of the second set of experiment showed that application of the solutions containing nanoparticle as edible coating decreased cucumber spoilage caused by mold and improved shelf life of the commodity in the package. The results of the present study showed that medicinal plants mucilage are valuable source of natural polymeric compounds and could be used as edible coating using nanotechnology.
Hassan Bayat; Majid Azizi; Mahmood Shoor; Navid Vahdati Mashhadian
Abstract
Abstract
The main goals of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethanol and essential oils of three medicinal plants namely Thymus vulgaris, Satureja hortensis and Carum copticum on extending Dianthus caryophyllus cut flower vase life. For this purpose three individual trials were conducted using ...
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Abstract
The main goals of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethanol and essential oils of three medicinal plants namely Thymus vulgaris, Satureja hortensis and Carum copticum on extending Dianthus caryophyllus cut flower vase life. For this purpose three individual trials were conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications. In the first trial, effects of ethanol 4% (v/v) applied continuous and pulse was determined and results are showed both applying methods increased postharvest life and consumer acceptance of cut flowers. In the second trial, effects of essential oils of Thymus vulgaris, Satureja hortensis and Carum copticum with concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 ppm were investigated. All essential oil treatments prolonged cut flowers vase life. The line graph illustrates the amount of vase life which is showing a dramatic increase by S. hortensis EO (100 ppm) over control. The third trial studied the interactions between ethanol and the essential oil treatments. Results showed no significant difference in vase life and consumer acceptance between essential oil treatments and co-treatment of essential oil with ethanol. The highest relative fresh weight in sixth day from the start of the experiment was observed in Satureja hortensis EO treatment with concentration of 100 ppm which was nearly two times more than control. According to our results of this experiment we can generally say essential oils as natural, safe and biodegradable compounds can be suitable novel alternative methods for chemical treatment in order to prolong vase life of Dianthus caryophyllus cut flowers. Commercialization of these compounds for optimum formulations needs further experiments.
Keywords: Essential oils, Vascular blockage, Carnation cut flower, Vase life
Hossein Mardani; Hassan Bayat; Majid Azizi
Abstract
Abstract
Application of Salicylic acid (SA) as a phytohormone has been increased due to its role in plant tolerance to environmental stresses such as drought. The main goal of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of SA on morphological and physiological characteristics of cucumber seedlings under ...
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Abstract
Application of Salicylic acid (SA) as a phytohormone has been increased due to its role in plant tolerance to environmental stresses such as drought. The main goal of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of SA on morphological and physiological characteristics of cucumber seedlings under drought stress. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design was conducted with 5 levels of SA (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1mM) and 3 levels of drought stress, daily irrigation (control) and irrigation period of 3 and 6 days with 3 replications. SA was sprayed on shoots of the seedlings at 3-4 leaf stage under drought stress. The results showed that SA increased leaf area and chlorophyll content by 60 and 15 percent, respectively. In contrast, application of (1mM) SA, decreased stomatal conductance by 96%. Stem diameter, plantlet height, leaf number, shoot and root dry weight, increased by applying SA compared to control. Seedling height, shoot dry weight and leaf area, decreased with increasing drought stress, whereas increased due SA application. Interaction between SA application and drought stress showed no significant effects on stomatal conductance, stem diameter, root dry weight. As conclusion salicylic acid treatment increased mentioned physiological and growth parameters in cucumber seedlings.
Keywords: Biomass, Leaf area, Drought stress, Hormone, Stomatal Conductance, SA
Fatemeh Nematollahi; Ali Tehranifar; Majid Azizi; Gholamhossein Davarynejad
Abstract
Abstract
Reduction of post harvest losses in cut flowers and increasing their vase life, with consideration to high expenses of production is very necessary. One of the effective factors is presence of flowers near each other. This study was performed to investigate the interaction of some important ...
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Abstract
Reduction of post harvest losses in cut flowers and increasing their vase life, with consideration to high expenses of production is very necessary. One of the effective factors is presence of flowers near each other. This study was performed to investigate the interaction of some important cut flowers on their post harvest characteristics in vase solution (in combination or alone) in 2007- 2008 at post harvest physiology lab of horticulture department of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. In the first experiment the effects of gerbera and tuberose and in the second one the effects of daffodil, carnation and gillyflower on their post-harvest characteristics were investigated. Results of the first experiment showed that the presence of tuberose and gerbera in a vase solution caused significant reduction of gerbera vase life, but the effect of this factor is not significant on other gerbera characteristics. In addition the effect of gerbera on tuberose was caused significant reduction on tuberose fresh weight. Results of the second experiment showed that presence of gillyflowers near daffodils was caused significant reduction of daffodils vase life but the other flowers have not any effect on their vase lives. In the first day, the diameter of carnations flower was also reduced significantly when they were near daffodils in one vase solution. Treatments had not significant effects on fresh weight train. Vase solution turbidity was higher for those vases for two flowers than one flower. But this difference was significant only about the vase solution of daffodil + carnation. The highest solution pH was observed in the solution of daffodil and carnation alone and they had significant difference with the others.
Keywords: Post-harvest, Cut flower, Gerbera, Tuberose, Daffodil, Carnation, Gillyflower, Vase solution
Mohammadtaghi Ebadi; Majid Azizi; Reza Omidbaigi; Mohammad Hasanzadeh Khayat
Abstract
Abstract
In order to study the effect of sowing date and seeding rate on essential oil content and composition of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) CV. Presov, prepared from Slovakia, an experiment was conducted. The experimental design was split-plot in the basic of randomized complete blocked design ...
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Abstract
In order to study the effect of sowing date and seeding rate on essential oil content and composition of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) CV. Presov, prepared from Slovakia, an experiment was conducted. The experimental design was split-plot in the basic of randomized complete blocked design (RCBD) with three replications. Main plots consisted of three sowing dates (6 Nov, 5 Mar, and 4 Apr) and sub-plots included three seeding levels (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 g/m2). Evaluated traits were essential oil content and percent of -farnesene, -bisabolol oxide B, -bisabolol, chamazulene, -bisabolol oxide A. The results showed that spring sowing (Mar and Apr) produced chamomile with high level of essential oil content. On the basis of the results, the highest essential oil content (0.63 w/w percent) was obtained from the plots were sown on 5 of Mar with 0.4 g/m2 but the highest -bisabolol and chamazulene content (75.99 and 17.31 percent respectively) were obtained from the plots were sown on 4 of Apr with 0.2 and 0.4 g/m2. According to the results, because of high percent of essential oil and desirable content of -bisabolol and chamazulene, the most suitable sowing date and seeding level in Mashhad condition is 5 of Mar with 0.4 g/m2 seeds respectively.
Keywords: German chamomile, Sowing date, Seeding rate, Essential oil content and composition
Mehdi Zarei; Majid Azizi
Abstract
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important Iranian-native fruit, and many of its varieties are cultivated. This research was conducted to evaluate some of the major physical and chemical properties of six pomegranate cultivars at ripening stage in a Completely Randomized Design with 4 ...
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Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important Iranian-native fruit, and many of its varieties are cultivated. This research was conducted to evaluate some of the major physical and chemical properties of six pomegranate cultivars at ripening stage in a Completely Randomized Design with 4 replications. The investigated traits were fruit fresh weight, fruit volume, peel thickness, peel percentage, aril percentage, fruit juice percentage, seed percentage, peel moisture, juice moisture and seed moisture as physical features and vitamin C, reducing sugar, anthocyanin, pH, titrable acidity, total soluble solids and flavor index as the chemical characteristics. The results indicated that Shahvar and Faroogh had the highest (346.6 g) and lowest (220.8 g) fruit weight, respectively. The highest (42.1%) and the lowest (24.5%) peel percentage were observed in Rabbab and Faroogh, respectively. The highest and the lowest aril percentage were recorded in cultivars Faroogh and Rabbab (75.5% and 57.9%), respectively. The results also showed that the highest content of reducing sugar was obtained in Faroogh (27.8 g.100 ml-1 juice) and the lowest one (17.9 g.100 ml-1 juice) in Rabbab. The highest (27.7 mg.100 ml-1 juice) and the lowest (7.9 mg.100 ml-1 juice) amount of anthocyanin were detected in Aghaie and Shahvar, respectively. The Shirinbihaste had the highest (15.1 mg.100 ml-1 juice) and Aghaie had the lowest (8.7 mg.100 ml-1 juice) vitamin C content. According to the results, Faroogh cultivar has more considerable advantages than the other evaluated cultivars. This cultivar is therefore recommend to be used as either for export and internal consumption or as processed forms in fruit juice factories.
Keywords: Pomegranate, Physical and chemical characteristics, Anthocyanin
