Sahar Malekani; Ahmad Golchin; Saeid Shafiei
Abstract
Introduction: Water stress limits crop production throughout the world and contrary to other limiting factors (acidity, sodicity and salinity). It is highly variable within growing season and from year to year. Plants response to water deficit at morphological, anatomical and cellular levels by modifications ...
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Introduction: Water stress limits crop production throughout the world and contrary to other limiting factors (acidity, sodicity and salinity). It is highly variable within growing season and from year to year. Plants response to water deficit at morphological, anatomical and cellular levels by modifications allowing them to avoid stress or increase tolerance. When supply of water is limited, crop management practices that improve water stress resistance can benefit plant growth and improve water use efficiency. Onion seed production has high requirements in inorganic fertilizers. The applied amount depends on the type and fertility status of the soil. The use of inorganic fertilizers is common in onion production. Onion is responsive to nitrogen fertilizer. The bulb refers to a fleshy structure serving as storage organ, and containing simple and sugars, sulfur, protein and nitrogen compound containing flavor precedents as well as a significant amount of water in the swollen cells producing the bulk of the bulb scales. In order to evaluate the effects of deficit irrigation, nitrogen levels and bulb size on seed yield and reproduction traits of onion (Allium cepa var. Ghooli gheseh), was conducted in Zanjan areas.
Materials and Methods: In order to study the effects of nitrogen levels, bulb size and water tension at various growth stages on onion seed yield (Allium cepa var. Ghooli gheseh), an experiment was conducted in Zanjan University in 2014. The experiment was strip split plot with a randomized complete block design with three replications. Water tension was applied at the beginning of flowering, end of flowering, as well as the milking stage of seed by avoiding irrigation at those stages. The obtained seed yield was compared with that of control or treatment with normal irrigation (no water tension). The irrigation treatments including control were located on horizontal plots and vertical plots allocated to nitrogen levels (0, 75, 150 and 300 kg N ha-1) and bulb sizes (5-7 and 7-9 cm diameter). Traits such as days to inflorescence emergence, days to flowering, number of inflorescence per plant and seed yield were measured. All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS 9.3 software. When F test indicated statistical significance at P< 0.01 or P < 0.05, the least significant difference (LSD) was used to calculate the means.
Results and Discussion: The effect of water tension on seed yield and days to seed ripening were significant at 1% probability level. Water tension at milking stage of seed, end of flowering and beginning of flowering reduced seed yield in comparison with the control and yield decreased by 10.5, 12 and 39.5%, respectively. The highest seed yield (659.4 kg ha-1) was obtained in the control. Although the main effect of nitrogen was not significant, application of 150 kg N/ha increased inflorescence diameter, percentage of fertile florets and seed yield about 5.6, 4.9 and 20%, respectively in comparison with the control (N0). Application of nitrogen up to 150 kg ha-1 significantly increased days to seed ripening. Days to inflorescence emergence, days to flowering, number of inflorescence per plant and seed yield were affected significantly by bulb size. In onions, many factors such as bulb weight, cultivars, spacing, date of planting, climate, soil, besides fertilizer application seem to affect seed yield and quality. Moreover, according to Mishra, (1994), applying nitrogen has been revealed to enhance the number of umbels per plant in onion. Based on Islam et al. (1998), the larger sets associated with the closest spacing resulted in the highest bulb yield. Smaller set with zero nitrogen level led to the maximum number of single bulbs. The closest spacing with 120 N/ha resulted in the highest bulb yield, as well. The highest bulb yield from the combination of larger sets and closest spacing was equal to 120 kg N/ha. Smaller sets and the closest spacing zero N level yielded the highest number of single bulbs.
Conclusion: For onion seed production in climatic conditions similar to those in Zanjan areas, application of normal irrigation, bulb diameter of 7-9 cm and 150 kg N ha-1 are recommended.
Ahmad Golchin; Amin Vatani; Fatemeh Rakhsh
Abstract
Introduction:Vinasse is a byproduct of the sugar industry. Sugarcane or Sugarbeet is processed to produce crystallinesugar, pulp and molasses. The latter isfurther processed by fermentation to ethanol, ascorbicacid or other products. After the removal of the desired product (alcohol, ascorbicacid, etc.) ...
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Introduction:Vinasse is a byproduct of the sugar industry. Sugarcane or Sugarbeet is processed to produce crystallinesugar, pulp and molasses. The latter isfurther processed by fermentation to ethanol, ascorbicacid or other products. After the removal of the desired product (alcohol, ascorbicacid, etc.) the remaining material is called vinasse. Vinasse is sold after a partial dehydration and usually has a viscositycomparable to molasses. Commercially offered vinasse comes either from sugarcaneand is called cane-vinasse or from sugarbeet and is called beet-vinasse. On average, for each liter of vinasse, 12 liters alcohol produced. Vinasse is a material with dark brown color and the smell of burned sugar, which is rich in potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen.
Materials and Methods:To determine the effect of vinasse and additive nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and yield of tomato, a factorial pot experiment was conducted at ZanjanUniversity in 2008. Two different plant nutrient including N and P and their combination (N+P) were added to vinasse with three different concentrations to form experimental treatments. In addition to these treatments, three control treatments with vinasse of different concentrations, but with no additive were also included in the experiment. Each treatment used with two different application methods (soil application and soil + foliar application).The experiment had 24 treatments, a complete randomized design and three replications. The vinasse used in this experiment was diluted with water 10, 20 and 40 times to make a nutrient solution of three different concentrations of tomato plant. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus that were added to vinasse were 224 and 62 mg/l, respectively. Phosphorus and nitrogen were applied to as super-phosphate triple and calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate respectively. After being deployed to ensure complete installation of tomatoes in pots containing perlite (about 2 weeks after the transfer of seedlings tothe pots) treatments wereapplied to the pots. It should be noted that initially, three tomato seedlingswere planted in each pot at later stage after the plants were thinned to one plant per pot.Five months later after planting seedlings, fruits were picked and measured separately. At the end of the growth period, fruit yield, leaf and some quality characteristicsof fruit were measured.
Results Discussion: The results showed that the effects of vinasse concentrations on fruit yield, dry matter content of fruit, dry weight of root and plant height were significant at p
Tayebeh Taher; Ahmad Golchin; Saeid Shafiei
Abstract
Introduction: In Iran, tuberose is ranked the forth after gladiolus, rose and carnation. These flowers are known as high quality products among which maximum exportation belongs to tuberose and gladiolus. In plant cultivation and development, adequate provision of nutrients is of crucial importance. ...
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Introduction: In Iran, tuberose is ranked the forth after gladiolus, rose and carnation. These flowers are known as high quality products among which maximum exportation belongs to tuberose and gladiolus. In plant cultivation and development, adequate provision of nutrients is of crucial importance. Tuberose needs plenty of nutrients to obtain the desirable quality and flowering. Hence, tuberose balanced nutrition can play an important role in increasing the yield and quality of its flowers. Nitrogen is a deciding factor for the plant growth and physiology. This nutritional element contributes to the formation of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids and other cellular components that are required for the construction of new cells. Bio fertilizers containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria (bacillus and pseudomonas) have microorganisms which are beneficial to the soil; these bacteria are conducive to the production of biological materials and as a consequence to plant development. According to a report by Rawia Eid et al., (2009) the application of phosphate solubilizing bacteria increased the growth rate of matthiola cut flower and improved its quality. In another study on soybean, it was observed that the application of phosphate solubilizing bacteria led to a rise in the plant dry matter content. Considering the contributory role of nitrogen and phosphorous in increasing the yield and quality of ornamental plants, the aim of this research was to examine the impact of different nitrogen levels and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on the yield and qualitative properties of tuberose cut flower.
Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in a greenhouse in the city of Zanjan in Iran in 2011 through a factorial-form experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and twelve treatments performed on tuberose double cultivar. The treatments included bio fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria at three levels (0, 5 and 10 kg ha-1) and nitrogen at four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1) taken from urea source. Before cultivation, the bulbs, which were supposed to be inoculated with the mentioned bacteria, were placed in dense suspension (4gL-1) containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria for some minutes. After germination of the bulbs and formation of the actual leaves, the first stage of nitrogen consumption was performed during the growing season. The second stage of N consumption began 20 days after the first stage. At the end of the experiment, such parameters as flower vase life, Leaf area per plant, percentage of simultaneous opening of the florets, relative water content percentage, leaf chlorophyll index, plant biomass, dry matter percentage and leaf nitrogen and phosphorous percentages were measured. For means comparison, data variance analysis was carried out by SAS software and Duncan’s multiple-range test.
Results and Discussion: According to data variance analysis, different levels of nitrogen had a significant impact on all properties except for flower vase life and leaf P percentage at the probability level of 1℅. Also, phosphate solubilizing bacteria left a significant effect on all properties except for flower vase life and leaf N and P percentages at p=1℅. The interactive effect of nitrogen and the bacteria on such traits as percentage of simultaneous opening of the florets, flower vase life, dry matter percentage and plant biomass was significant at p=1℅. Also, with rise in N levels and in bio fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria, there occurred an increase in leaf area, relative water percentage, leaf chlorophyll index, leaf N percentage, dry matter content and plant biomass as well. The results showed that a rise in the application of nitrogen up to 200 kg ha-1 led to an increase in leaf area in bush, relative water percentage, leaf chlorophyll index, leaf N and P percentages, biomass per plant and the percentage of bulb dry matter as well. In contrast, it led to a decline in flower vase life, percentage of simultaneous opening of the florets and leaf P percentage. Maximum values for these properties were obtained when nitrogen was consumed at the level of 50 kg ha-1. The treatment of bio fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria at the level of 10 kg ha-1 resulted in an increase in leaf area, relative water percentage, leaf chlorophyll index, leaf P percentage, plant biomass in bush and plant dry matter percentage. According to the results from this work, a consumption of 200 kg ha-1 nitrogen accompanied by 10 kg ha-1 bio fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria is recommended.
In their study on matthiola cut flower, Rawia Eid et al., (2009) showed that a rise in nitrogen level caused a reduction in the percentage of simultaneous opening of the florets, which is in accordance with our results. After examining the effects of N and P levels on tuberose single cultivar, Patel et al., (2006) reported that an application of 200 kg ha-1 P2O5 fertilizer and 400 kg ha-1 nitrogen resulted in a maximum production of plant biomass. The presence of nitrogen and phosphate solubilizing bacteria in bio fertilizers is crucial for the production of a desirable biomass and for the attainment of maximum economic yield. Sirvastava et al., (2005) conducted a research on the impact of phosphate solubilizing bacteria on gladiolus cut flower and showed that high concentration levels of the bacteria reduced the percentage of simultaneous opening of the florets
Fatemeh Rakhsh; Ahmad Golchin
Abstract
In order to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen and copper on yield and nutrients concentrations and nitrate in broccoli head, an experiment was conducted based on a factorial combinations of five levels of nitrogen (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg/ha) and three levels of copper (0, 2.5 and ...
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In order to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen and copper on yield and nutrients concentrations and nitrate in broccoli head, an experiment was conducted based on a factorial combinations of five levels of nitrogen (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg/ha) and three levels of copper (0, 2.5 and 5 kg/ha) that were applied to soil as ammonium sulfate and copper sulfate respectively, in three replications in greenhouse of Zanjan University in 2010. Results showed that application of nitrogen and copper increased head yield and quality of broccoli. The application of 300 kg N + 2.5 kg Cu/ha resulted in highest yield of broccoli head. The highest concentration of nitrogen in broccoli head was measured in treatment with 400 kg N+ 2.5 kg Cu/ha. The highest concentration of nitrate in broccoli head was measured in treatment with 300 kg N/ha and without use of copper. Also, application of higher amount of copper decreased nitrate concentration in broccoli head. The highest concentrations of potassium and calcium in head were obtained with application 300 kg N + 2.5 kg Cu/ha. The results showed that application of nitrogen and copper in Optimum levels increased head yield and nutrients concentrations in broccoli head.
Morteza Sadeghi Chrori; Ahmad Golchin; Seyyed Najmodin Mortazavi
Abstract
In order the study the effects of cultivar, foliar fertilization and plant density on quantitative and qualitative traits and vase life of cut lilium a split plot factorial experiment with three replications was carried out. Foliar fertilization as the first factor included different concentrations ...
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In order the study the effects of cultivar, foliar fertilization and plant density on quantitative and qualitative traits and vase life of cut lilium a split plot factorial experiment with three replications was carried out. Foliar fertilization as the first factor included different concentrations of a complete fertilizer (Foster fertilization + Ammonium nitrate) and had four levels (0, 2000, 4000 and 6000pm) and was located in main plots. Cultivar and plant density each had two levels and factorial combinations of them were located in sub–plots. Cultivars used in this study were Arcolano and Coca and were planted with densities of (20×15 and 30×25 cm). At the end of growth period, traits such as bulb weight, plant height, chlorophyll content of leaf, vase life of cut flower, number of flower per plant and Macro-and micro nutrients contents of leaf were measured. The result of analysis of variance showed that the effects of foliar fertilization were significant on plant height, vase life of cut flower and N, P and K contents of leaf. Foliar fertilization lilium with concentration of 4000 ppm created the height vase life of cut flower. The effects of cultivar were significant an all measured traits except on vase life of cut flower and P and Zn contents of leaf. The Arcolano cultivar was superior to Conca cultivar in respects to the measured traits. The effects of plant density were significant only on K and Fe contents of leaf. But plant density of 30× 25 had higher bulb and flower yield and quality. The results of this study indicate that for increasing yield and quality of cut lilium planting of Arcolano cultivar, with density of 30×25 cm and foliar fertilization of lilium plant with a complete fertilizer (Foster fertilizer + Ammonium nitrate) with concentration of 4000 ppm is recommended.
Anahita Taherkhani; Ahmad Golchin
Abstract
Partial rootzone drying (PRD) is a new irrigation technique which improves water use efficiency without significant yield reduction in grape. To study the effects of partial rootzone drying and green pruning on yield and yield quality of Thompson seedless grape a split plot experiment with randomized ...
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Partial rootzone drying (PRD) is a new irrigation technique which improves water use efficiency without significant yield reduction in grape. To study the effects of partial rootzone drying and green pruning on yield and yield quality of Thompson seedless grape a split plot experiment with randomized complete block design and three replications was conducted. The experiment was performed in Takestan.The experimental treatments were irrigation and pruning and each treatment had three levels. During growing season, half of the root system was maintained in a dry state, while the rest was irrigated (PRD). The irrigation levels were: full irrigation (irrigating both sides of root zone), drying left side of rootzone (irrigating from north direction) and drying right side of rootzone (irrigating from south direction). Pruning levels included light, medium and heavy green pruning. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of data showed that the effects of irrigation were significant on pH and TSS of grape juice at 5% level but there were no significant differences between irrigation treatments with respect to grapevine yield indicating that water requirement of grapevine can be reduced to half without significant yield reduction. The effects of pruning were also significant on grapevine yield, berry weight and diameter, cluster weight and length and sultana production. The interactive effects of pruning and PRD were significant on weight and diameter of berry, weight and length of cluster and Sultana production Full irrigation with medium pruning, irrigation from north with medium pruning and irrigation from south with light pruning had higher grape yield than the other treatments. PRD reduced shoot and lateral shoot growth about 8 and 30% respectively compared with full irrigation.
Fatemeh Sobhi Rostami; Ahmad Golchin
Abstract
Abstract
To study the effects of different levels of N, Mn and Zn on yield and quality of pomegranate fruit a factorial experiment based on complete randomized block design with 18 treatments and three replications was conducted in Behshahr city, Mazandaran province, in 2009.Investigated treatments ...
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Abstract
To study the effects of different levels of N, Mn and Zn on yield and quality of pomegranate fruit a factorial experiment based on complete randomized block design with 18 treatments and three replications was conducted in Behshahr city, Mazandaran province, in 2009.Investigated treatments were include: Nitrogen, Manganese, Zinc. Fertilizer source for nitrogen was urea and three rates (0, 544 and 1088 g/tree) of this fertilizer were used in this experiment. Mn and Zn microelements used as MnSO4 and ZnSO4 and the levels of these fertilizers were 0, 100 and 200 g/tree and 0 and 150 g/tree respectively. Fertilizers containing Mn and Zn micronutrients were applied to soil before bud break in winter but urea used in three split applications. The parameters measured in this experiment were fruit yield, acidity of fruit juice and ratio of flesh to fruit juice.
The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) of data showed that the effects of nitrogen were significant on fruit yield, acidity of fruit juice and ratio of flesh to fruit juice. But the measured traits (except the ratio of flesh to fruit juice) were not affected by the soil application of MnSO4. The effects of Zn were also significant on fruit yield, and acidity of fruit juice. The highest fruit yield (53.93 kg/tree) was obtained from the application of 1088g urea/tree. The highest ratio of flesh to fruit juice (1.3) was measured when 200g MnSO4 was used for each tree.
Keywords: Punica granatum, Urea, Manganese sulfate, Zinc sulfate, Yield and fruit quality
Akbar Nowruzi; Mohsen Khodadadi; Ahmad Golchin; Ahmad Akbari Nia
Abstract
Abstract
Use of organic fertilizer in production of organic products is important. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of poultry manure on some growth characteristics and crop yield of Iranian melons. The design was split plot in a randomized complete block ...
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Abstract
Use of organic fertilizer in production of organic products is important. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of poultry manure on some growth characteristics and crop yield of Iranian melons. The design was split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Levels of poultry manure (PM) included: 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 tons per hectare which allocated in main plots and three Iranian melon Mashhadi, Soski and Yellow Jalali in sub-plots. Seeds were planted in the second half of the May 2009. Stem length, ratio width to length fruit, dry matter, total soluble solid compounds of fruit (TSS), fruit weight and performance were measured. Results showed that the local populations of melon and poultry manure levels were statistically significant (p
