Rahmatollah Gholami; Mohammad Gerdakaneh; Hojahatollah Gholami
Abstract
Introduction: Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the drought tolerant ever green fruit trees. Olive is an economically important species of the Mediterranean area, so understanding the mechanisms by which olive plants face drought stress under environmental conditions is essential for the improvement ...
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Introduction: Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the drought tolerant ever green fruit trees. Olive is an economically important species of the Mediterranean area, so understanding the mechanisms by which olive plants face drought stress under environmental conditions is essential for the improvement of olive yield and oil quality. Olive is one of the fruit trees which become important in the Iranian fruit industry at the near future. Mulch is an optimizing strategy under which crops are allowed to sustain some degree of water deficit and yield reduction. Increasing crop water-use efficiency (WUE) through water conservation in the soil is an important component of dry land farming. Mulching is among the water management practices for increasing WUE. Mulch is referred to as any material that is spread onto the surface of the soil for protection against solar radiation or evaporation. Different materials, such as wheat straw, rice straw, plastic film, grass, wood, and sand, are used as mulches.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted to study the effect of irrigation interval and mulch on Pomological characteristics and yield of 11-years old Sevillana olive cultivar. A factorial experiment was carried out in Dallaho Olive Research Station at Sarepole located in Kermanshah province. Field experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors (irrigation interval and mulch) were conducted in 2015. Each experiment unit consists of 4 trees and 108 trees were used. Irrigation treatments period for experiment were 3, 6 and 10 days interval and mulch treatments for experiment were polyethylene, organic materials and non-mulch (control). Geographical characters was longitude of 45˚, 51΄ E and latitude of 34˚, 30΄ N and the height of sea level 581m. The measured tree characteristics were: Fruit Weight, Pulp Fresh Weight, Pulp Dry Weight, Dry matter, Pulp/Pit ratio, Pit Length, Pit Diameter, Fruit Yield (kg/ tree) and Fruit Yield (kg/ hectare). Reproductive traits were determined by the methods of I.O.O.C.(2002). Collected data were analyzed using SAS program.
Results and Discussion: Obtained results showed that mulch and interval irrigation treatments had significant differences in Pomological traits so that mulch and 3 days interval irrigation treatments increased fruit weight, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent, fruit yield kg/ tree and kg/ hectare but fruit weight, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent and Fruit yield kg/ tree and kg/ hectare reduced by drought stress. Mulch application increased fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent and fruit yield. Mulch application improved Pomological characteristics such as fruit weight, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent, Fruit yield kg/ tree and kg/ hectare of olive Sevillana cultivar under drought stress and helped to save irrigation water in olive orchards. In the arid and semi arid as well as sub-tropical regions, water shortage is a normal phenomenon and seriously limits the agricultural potential. Therefore, under irrigation or rain-fed conditions, it is important for the available water to be used in the most efficient way. The proper irrigation interval can play a major role in increasing the water use efficiency and the productivity by applying the required amount of water when it is needed. On the other hand, the poor irrigation interval can lead to the development of crop water deficit and result in lower yield due to water and nutrient deficiency. Early in the season when plants are small, it is beneficial to encourage the roots to explore as much of the soil profile as possible. This maximizes nutrient uptake and stress tolerance later in the season. The effect of mulch on yield and its components have been reported in various studies. The effect of mulch on plant yield through changes in soil conditions that can change the soil temperature and soil moisture that influence on the growth and yield. The effect of mulch can be done through weed control, make favorable conditions of temperature and soil moisture, reduce leaching of nutrients and soil fertility, increase the efficiency of water use, increase availability of absorption of nutrients, increased root growth and control of diseases and pests.
Conclusion: According to the results of this research, it can be concluded that mulch and interval irrigation had a significant effect on reproductive characteristics. Using mulch improved Pomological characteristics of olive including fruit weight and yield per tree and hactar, fruit length and diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent Under drought stress and helped to save irrigation water in olive orchards.
Nariman Rashidi; Isa Arji; Mohammad Gerdakaneh; Abdolkarim Kashi
Abstract
In order to investigate effect of organic manure and super absorbent on physiological and biochemical traits of potato (Solanum tubersum, cv Marfona), a split plot experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Farm, Agriculture College, University of ...
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In order to investigate effect of organic manure and super absorbent on physiological and biochemical traits of potato (Solanum tubersum, cv Marfona), a split plot experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Farm, Agriculture College, University of Razi in 2010. Main factor included two levels of super absorbent A200 (0 and 70 Kg/ha,) and split plot included nine levels (0, chemical fertilizer (according to soil test), granule chicken manure (1000 kg/ ha), common chicken manure (12 ton/ha), soil mix (1000 kg/ha), cow manure (20 ton/ha), vermicompost (20 ton/ha), compost (20 ton/ha) and tea compost (soaking tubers and spraying at four times). Investigating physiological traits such as leaf chlorophyll index, chlorophyll florescence and stomata conductance showed that only leaf chlorophyll index was affected by superabsorbent (P < 0.01) and organic manure (P < 0.05), while stomata conductance wad significant under it’s interaction effect at (P < 0.05). Quality and biochemical traits show that phosphorous amount of tuber was significant in superabsorbent treatment in compare to control. Crude oil percentage, protein, fiber, starch, sugar, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content were not affected by organic manure. The highest amount of oil and fiber were obtained under compost and cow manure respectively. Sugar and nitrogen content were high under cow manure treatment. The highest amount of potassium and phosphorous content were belonging to chicken and Khakparvar manure respectively.
Mohammad Gerdakaneh
Abstract
The present investigation was conducted to study the effects of type and concentration of auxin and cytokinin on callus induction of three strawberry (Kurdistan, Parose and Camarosa) cultivars. For this purpose, leaf blade, nodal, petiole, receptacle, stamen and flower bud explants were cultured on Murashige ...
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The present investigation was conducted to study the effects of type and concentration of auxin and cytokinin on callus induction of three strawberry (Kurdistan, Parose and Camarosa) cultivars. For this purpose, leaf blade, nodal, petiole, receptacle, stamen and flower bud explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium at three separate experiments included 2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mg/L, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mg/L and different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/L) of benzyl adenine (BA) combination with 4 mg/L NAA. The concentration and type of growth regulators, cultivar and explant type were found critical to the callus induction and callus physical appearance. All explants exception of receptacle incubated on medium formed callus. The leaf and nodal were the most responsive explant to produce callus. MS medium supplemented with combination of auxin and cytokinin were evidently higher than those in the single auxin treatments. 4.0 mg/L NAA + 1 mg/L BA yielded the highest percentage of callus in all types of explants. In this medium, the highest callus induction (98.50%) was recorded in nodal explants of Kurdistan cultivar.
Abolmohsen Hajiamiri; Hooshmand Safari; Mohammad Gardakaneh; Marzban Najafi
Abstract
In order to study adaptation ability of 15 commercial olive cultivars, this experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design with three replication during the period from 2007 to 2009 in dry-warm climate of Sar-pol-e-Zehab Dallaho olive station of Kermanshah province. In this experiment, ...
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In order to study adaptation ability of 15 commercial olive cultivars, this experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design with three replication during the period from 2007 to 2009 in dry-warm climate of Sar-pol-e-Zehab Dallaho olive station of Kermanshah province. In this experiment, vegetative and reproductive traits were measured according to I.O.O.C. descriptors. Flora emergence was significantly different over years and among cultivars and flowering period appeared from end March to early May. Korneiki, as the late ripening cultivar, produced the smallest fruits (0.59 gr/fruit) among other cultivars. The highest fruit set, dry matter and content of oil accumulation (12.1%, 12.2%) in fresh matter were recorded in Amphisis and Korneiki cultivars, respectively. Mary was early ripening cultivar and it had the least dry matter and oil in fresh matter (5.2%). Conservalla cultivar had the most fruit weight (4.2 gr/fruit), flesh and yield per hectare (6700 kg/ha). On the other hand, the least percentage of fruit set and yield was obtained in Gorgan1 genotype (720 kg/ha) and Roghani Roodbar cultivar (637 kg/ha). The results indicated that temperature played a major role in delay of flowering by affecting phonological statue and development of flowers. It also oil content in olive affected by environmental condition and genetic background of cultivars. Finally, Olive Table cultivars (Conservalia, Manznilla and Sivillano), Zard-e- ziton (Dual-Purpose) and Oil Amphisis cultivar were better than the others for Sar-e-Pol-e- Zehab weather conditions.
Rahmatollah Gholami; Isa Arji; Mohammad Grdkanh
Abstract
In order to determine the effect of irrigation interval and mulch on growth of olive an experiment was carried out in Dallaho Olive Research Station at Sarepole. A split plot experiment was used based on a completely randomized design with three replications and two factors (mulch and irrigation interval). ...
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In order to determine the effect of irrigation interval and mulch on growth of olive an experiment was carried out in Dallaho Olive Research Station at Sarepole. A split plot experiment was used based on a completely randomized design with three replications and two factors (mulch and irrigation interval). Each experiment unit consists of 4 trees. Land preparation was done in February 2005 in a 6048 squared meter area then tree planted. Pruning operation was done in next year. Mulch treatments for experiment were control, polyethylene and organic materials and irrigation treatments period for experiment were 3, 6 and10 days interval. Some growth traits including height, trunk diameter and current season growth were measured at the end of growth season. Collected data were analyzed with MSTATC program. Results showed that organic materials mulch and interval irrigation treatments had significant differences in height, trunk diameter and current season growth so that organic materials mulch and 3 days interval irrigation treatments increased height, trunk diameter and current season growth of olive trees. The interaction effect between mulch and irrigation treatments was significance. So that 3 days interval irrigation and organic materials mulch had the highest height, trunk diameter and current season growth. 6 days interval irrigation supplemented with mulch treatment had more significant effect on these traits compared to 3 days interval irrigation alone.
Mohammad Gerdakaneh; Ali Akbar Mozafari; Abolmohsen Hajiamiri
Abstract
Present study was conducted to consider the effects of different concentrations of 2,4-D and BA on somatic embryogenesis induction, development and maturation of three strawberry cultivars (Kurdistan, Parose and Camarosa). For this purpose, leaf blade, nodal, petiole, stamen and flower bud calli were ...
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Present study was conducted to consider the effects of different concentrations of 2,4-D and BA on somatic embryogenesis induction, development and maturation of three strawberry cultivars (Kurdistan, Parose and Camarosa). For this purpose, leaf blade, nodal, petiole, stamen and flower bud calli were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D at 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/l ) as well as the combination with different concentrations (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/l) of benzyl adenine (BA). The concentration and kind of growth regulators, cultivar and explant had great importants on strawberry somatic embryogenesis induction, development and maturation. Results obtained from the studies revealed that all explants with the exception of petiole and stamen incubated on medium formed embryonic calli. MS medium supplemented with combination of auxin and cytokinins were evidently higher than those in the single auxin treatments. 1 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.25 mg/l BA yielded the highest percentage of embryonic calli and number of globular embryo stage and 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.25 mg/l BA yielded the highest number of embryo cotyledonary in all types explants. The leaf explant calli and Parose cultivar were the most responsive to produce to somatic embryogenesis induction, development and maturation.
