Pomology
Mansour Jalali; Norollah Moallemi; Esmaeil Khaleghi; Shoreh Zivdar; Mostafa Rahmati-Joneidabad
Abstract
IntroductionThe date palm tree tolerate high temperatures, drought and salinity more than other fruit crop, that is why date palm tree is named the tree of life in the desert. Date palm (Phoenix dactiylifera) is one of the fruit tree crops that is cultivated in arid region of Middle East and North Africa ...
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IntroductionThe date palm tree tolerate high temperatures, drought and salinity more than other fruit crop, that is why date palm tree is named the tree of life in the desert. Date palm (Phoenix dactiylifera) is one of the fruit tree crops that is cultivated in arid region of Middle East and North Africa having a significant role on the economy of many countries in these regions. Fruit thinning is one of the major operation for improving the quality of dates as also for other fruit trees. Quality of dates is improved by increasing fruit weight and size and regulating date palm production by reducing the magnitude of year to year production affecting the date palm. Date palm orchard operations include all operations that are repeated annually to produce date fruit. Alternate bearing is common phenomenon in date palms. The thinning is one of the main methods that often helps to solve this problem. The main purpose of thinning is to create a suitable balance and often to increase the leaf to cluster ratio. It is creating a balance between vegetative growth and flowering and reducing the possibility of aging in the Alternate bearing. Fruit thinning is one of the necessary operations that affects the growth, quality, fruit yield and regulation of the Alternate bearing of the tree. The thinning process is performed manually, mechanically and chemically. Therefore, choosing a thinning method that saves time and money is necessary for date palms, especially in critical situations. The purpose of this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of manual and chemical thinning on qualitative characteristics in different stages of date fruit development of the Khadrawi cultivarMaterials and MethodsAn experiment was carried out as factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2022 and 2023. The Experimental factors included: hand thinning (No hand thinning, removal of 33%, removal of 25% of the total number of strands) and chemical thinning (zero, 50 and 100 mg per liter of naphthalene acetic acid). Chemical and strand thinning were done in the Hubabok stage (about 4 weeks after pollination) and the Kimri stage (12 to 13 weeks after pollination), respectively. In two consecutive years, the fruits were transferred to the plant physiology laboratory of the Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The qualitative traits such as total soluble solids (%), pH, total acidity (%), taste index, antioxidant activity (%), total phenol (mg/gr FW), total soluble tannin (mg/gr FW), ascorbic acid (mg/gr FW), poly-galacturonase enzymes (U/gr FW), methyl pectin esterase (U/gr FW), cellulase (U/gr FW) and invertase (U/gr FW) and the percentage of reducing (%), non-reducing (%) and total sugars (%) were measured. Results and DiscussionThe results of this experiment showed that in the Tamar Stage, the interaction of hand and chemical thinning improved the qualitative characteristics of the fruit and on the characteristics of soluble total tannin, polygalactronase activity, pectin-methylesterase and reducing and total sugars, and the effect of hand thinning on total and percentage phenol and Non-reducing sugar and chemical thinning had a significant effect on ascorbic acid and cellulase enzyme. The results showed that there was upward trend in amount of total soluble solids, pH, total acidity, taste index, poly-galactronase, pectin-methyl-esterase, cellulase and invertase enzymes and the reducing and total sugars from the Kimri to Tamar stage. Also, there was downward trend in amount of total phenol, total soluble tannin content, ascorbic acid, and non-reducing sugar percentage from the Kimri stage to the Tamar.ConclusionsThe Khadrawi date variety has short strands, which results in a significant density of fruits on the strands of a cluster, which leads to large changes between fruits in most of the biochemical properties and has a negative effect on marketability. Fruit thinning is one of the most important agronomic works in the groves, which improves the quality characteristics of the fruit. In general, the although, hand thinning is more expensive, time-consuming and relatively more difficult than chemical thinning, but our finding showed that the quality of date fruit of Khazrawi cultivar improved by removing 25% of the total number of strands and chemical thinning with 100 mg/liter naphthalene acetic acid and these treatments is recommended for palm growers.
Pomology
Esmaeil Khaleghi; Masumeh Zamani Dehbari; Norollah Moallemi
Abstract
IntroductionCitrus fruits are one of the most commercial fruit products in the world, whose growth and production are affected by abiotic stresses. Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that affects all the vital processes of the plant. One of the ways to moderate the negative ...
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IntroductionCitrus fruits are one of the most commercial fruit products in the world, whose growth and production are affected by abiotic stresses. Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that affects all the vital processes of the plant. One of the ways to moderate the negative effects of drought stress is the use of polyamines. Polyamines are a group of biochemical compounds that are used as one of the most effective compounds to resist environmental stresses. Polyamines have a wide role in various plant growth processes, such that they play a significant role in modulating various types of biotic and abiotic stresses. Studies have shown that application of putrescine increases the fresh and dry weight of the shoot and root parts, leaf relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, leaf surface, and photosynthesis in plants under drought stress. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of putrescine (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) and different levels of irrigation (100, 75 and 50% of evotranspiration potential) on morpho-physical traits of lime seedlings as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications.Two-year-old lime seedlings were obtained from a commercial nursery located in Dezful city (approved by the Khuzestan Agricultural Jihad Organization). Then, they were located in 15-kilogram pots and kept for 2 months in the greenhouse to adapting to the environmental conditions. In order to apply the irrigation regime, 4 pots were considered as reference plants and the amount of irrigation water was determined by weighing these pots. First, the weight of reference pots was calculated in field capacity mode. Then, after 7 days, the pots were weighed again and the difference between the primary and secondary weights was considered as the amount of irrigation water of 100% plant evaporation and transpiration, and according to that, 75% irrigation and 50% evaporation and transpiration potential were applied. The first foliar spraying with putrescine was done at first of March in Field capacity (foliar spraying was done once every month for 4 months from March to June). At the end of the experiment, the fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, number of leaves, relative water content, leaf water potential, photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, were measured. Statistical data analysis was done using MSTATC software and, Duncan's multi-range test was used to mean comparation at the 5% probability level. Results and DiscussionResults showed that the rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, relative water content of leaves, fresh and dry weight of aerial part and root decreased by reducing the amount of irrigation from 100 to 75 and 50%, of ETcrop. The reduction of growth parameters under drought stress can be due to the closing of the stomata and the reduction of carbon dioxide emission into the leaves, which can lead to lower levels of chlorophyll and photosynthesis, induction of oxidative stress, and finally less growth in plants. It has also been stated that the decrease in growth caused by drought stress in the initial stages of the stress can be due to the decrease in cell growth and development due to the decrease in turgor pressure and the decrease in the intensity of photosynthesis due to the closing of stomata. Also, the results showed that foliar spraying with 2 mM putrescine increased photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, relative water content of leaves, wet and dry weight of aerial parts and roots at all irrigation levels. The researchers believed that the increase in growth parameters, relative water content and photosynthetic pigments with putrescine foliar spraying can be related to the antioxidant properties of putrescine and its osmolality role in dry conditions. Other researches have shown that putrescine may modulate certain ion channels and increase the permeability of the membrane to calcium and cause a decrease in the entry of potassium into the membrane, which causes a decrease in the exit of water from the cell. Also, putrescine may increase leaf water potential and leaf content through osmotic regulation of the plant by increasing proline. ConclusionIn general, the results showed that foliar spraying of putrescine, especially at 2 mM concentration has the greatest effect on increasing growth parameters, including fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, leaf area, increasing the relative water content, leaf water potential and Gas exchanges and reducing the amount of ion leakage under drought stress conditions.
Pomology
Fatemeh Karamnezhad; Norollah Moallemi; Esmaeil Khaleghi
Abstract
Introduction
Nitrogen plays an important role in the uniformity and quality of citrus trees. Several studies previously reported that a low level of nitrogen in citrus trees is generally caused a reduction in yield and fruit quality (Aziz, 1997; Khan et al., 2009). In this regard, applying urea is recommended ...
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Introduction
Nitrogen plays an important role in the uniformity and quality of citrus trees. Several studies previously reported that a low level of nitrogen in citrus trees is generally caused a reduction in yield and fruit quality (Aziz, 1997; Khan et al., 2009). In this regard, applying urea is recommended as the most suitable form of nitrogen for foliar application. The polyamines are included; putrescine, spermidine, and spermine which have been considered as plant growth regulators (Alcazar et al., 2010; Khezri et al., 2010). The role of nitrogen in vegetative and reproductive growth and yield, as well as the correlation between polyamines, flower induction and fruit set in other plants, were proved in previous studies. In this regard, the results of the current study will increase our understanding about the role of polyamines in the morphology of the tree and also the mechanism of regulating the alternate bearing of Kinnow mandarin leading to an approach method to address this problem.
Materials and Methods
To conduct this study a 17-year-old uniform of Kinnow Mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco) grafted onto Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) rootstock, which grown in a commercial orchard, located in Dezful (Khuzestan Province in Iran). For sampling, the branches which possess leaves and nodes were selected from four sides of each tree, then leaves and nodes were collected at three different time points (one, three, and five weeks post-treatment). Samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen after excision and transported to the Physiology Laboratory of fruit trees within 2h for determining the N fractions and polyamines. The concentration of N in dried leaves and nodes was determined using the colorimetry technique as described by Walling et al. (1989). The experiment was set up as a factorial treatment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications to investigate the effect of different concentrations of urea foliar application (0, 0.75%, 1.5%) on nitrogen and polyamines contents at different time points (Dec 22, Jan 5, Jan 20) followed by evaluating flower characteristics and yield in Kinnow mandarin plant. Data analysis including variance was carried out using MSTATC and SAS software. To compare the mean of polyamines and nitrogen in leaves and nodes, the cut-out method was used, and also for comparison of pistil dimensions, number of flowers, and yields, Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) was performed.
Results and Discussion
Results indicated that polyamines concentration and nitrogen decreased during the period of time and also, in most cases, polyamines concentration was lower in the nodes than the leaves. High levels of polyamines and nitrogen were obtained in leaves and nodes which were treated with the foliar application of 1.5 % urea concentration after Jan 20. The polyamines content in leaves and nodes was greatly dependent on the spraying time and urea concentration used. Spermine (Spm) was the dominant polyamines in leaves and nodes with the highest values of 44.01 nmol/gF.W, 34.41 nmol/gF.W, respectively. Regarding the fact that flower density was higher in trees that treated with urea concentration of 1.5 % after Jan 5 y than other treatments, however, their yield was lower than the trees that treated on Dec 22 with the same urea concentration. This was probably due to the flower abscission as well as the fruit abscission in June. The results of this study showed that the highest yield was obtained with 1.5 % urea concentration after foliar application on Dec 22 compared with other treatments. Regarding the fact that flower differentiation in mandarin occurs during the late January until late February (in Dezful conditions), it can be explained that the foliar application on Dec 22 was performed before differentiation and consequently, the trees have received their required nitrogen. Also, the low-temperature is considered as natural inducer of citrus flowering in the Dezful, likewise, foliar fertilizer application in winter along with the natural factor (low temperature) stimulates flowering in a larger number of buds resulting in increasing the flowering. As nitrogen promotes vegetative and reproductive growth, it can be said that increasing the nitrogen content of leaves followed by transfering to the nodes, increases the number of buds, especially reproductive buds, which leads to an increase in flowering and yield. According to this study, the foliar application of urea in winter with 1.5% concentration can increase yield in Kinnow mandarin trees. Therefore, polyamines can play an important physiological role in flower development of Kinnow mandarin.
Conclusion
In this study, we focused on the effect of the foliar application urea during winter on leaves and nodes of Kinnow mandarin trees and investigated the polyamines, Put, Spm, and Spd contents upon treatments. In conclusion, the application of foliar urea in winter resulted in the significant endogenous increase of polyamines and N in the leaves and nodes of Kinnow mandarin trees. Also, yield, flower density, and pistil diameter were increased by spraying urea. There is a possibility that free polyamines affect on physiological processes.
Norollah Moallemi; Esmaeil Khaleghi; Zeinab Jafari zadeh
Abstract
Introduction: Plant establishment is difficult in some arid and semi-arid regions of Iran because of lacking rainfall and inadequate distribution and extreme heat. Previous studies stated that plant water parameters and growth characteristics such as plant height, fresh and dry weight of root, stem and ...
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Introduction: Plant establishment is difficult in some arid and semi-arid regions of Iran because of lacking rainfall and inadequate distribution and extreme heat. Previous studies stated that plant water parameters and growth characteristics such as plant height, fresh and dry weight of root, stem and leaf, which is known as the first reaction of plants, were decreased under drought stress. Therefor it is necessary to use practices with objectives to decease the effects of drought stress on plants and increasing water use efficiency. Several studies showed that various morphological and physiological characteristics in plants were influenced by ascorbic acid. In fact, ascorbic acid increased plant resistance to drought stress. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of ascorbic acid application on growth traits of ‘Baghmalek’ olive under 100%, 66% and 33% ETcrop < /sub> by analyzing growth traits and relative water content, stem water potential and stomata resistance. Material and Methods: This research was carried out in order to assess the effects of three levels of water deficit (100, 66 and 33 percent of evapotranspiration (ETcrop < /sub>)) and four concentrations of ascorbic acid (0, 250, 500 and 750 mg l-1) on some growth and physiological parameters of young olive plants cv. ‘Baghmalek’as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Fresh and dry root, stem and leaf weight, leaf number, leaf area, stem diameter, relative water content, stem water potential and stomata resistance were measured in this research. Two years old olive trees (Olea europaea cv. ‘Baghmelak’) were used. Seventy two plants were grown in 10 L pots, containing a mixture of field soil: sand: manure (1:1:1). Plants were sprayed with four concentrations of ascorbic acid and irrigated every 10 days, based on the amount of evapotranspiration of plant (ETcrop < /sub>). Parameters such as relative water content, stem water potential and stomata resistance were measured at last week of the experiment and the other parameters were measured every week. Data analysis were performed using MSTATC software and means comparison were carried out by Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) at 5% and 1% of probability levels. Results and Discussion: The results indicated the growth quality was better in plants treated with 250 mg l-1 ascorbic acid under water stress. Fresh and dry weight of root, stem and leaf growth, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area were higher in plants treated with 250 mgl-1 ascorbic acid than untreated plants. Interaction between water deficit stress ×ascorbic acid revealed information in plant characters such as fresh and dry weight, stem diameter and leaf area simply declined as sources of water (from 100 to 66 and 33 percent) become limited, in particular in the trees which not receiving ascorbic acid treatments. However, application of 250 and 500 mg l-1 ascorbic acid enhanced the amount of relative content of leaf and water potential of stem in trees under water deficit stress. While stomata resistance was decreased in trees receiving ascorbic acid treatments. Some researcher declared that limitation of photosynthesis could be one of the most important factors for decreasing growth under water deficit stress. In addition, relative water content, cell turgor potential, reduced cell division, cell enlargement and growth plant could be affected by water deficit stress. Also the results indicated that leaf area (5952 cm), leaf number (151.7), stem diameter (6.49 mm), stem length (63.33 cm), root dry weight (18.16 g) and leaf fresh weight (9.35 g) were obtained in irrigated plants with 33% ETcrop < /sub> and untreated with ascorbic acid. Our results showed leaf number (158.7), stem length (74 cm), root fresh weight (78.08 g), stem fresh and dry weight (46.45 and 28.43 g, respectively) and leaf fresh and dry weight (13.35 and 8.45 g, respectively) were highest in irrigated plants with 100% ETcrop < /sub> and treated with 250 mg l-1 ascorbic acid. Conclusion: Water deficit stress could affect directly on relative water content, cell turgor potential and reduce cell division, cell enlargement, plants photosynthesis and plant growth. The use of ascorbic acid could effect on plants resistance to drought. In addition, various morphological and physiological traits could be influence by ascorbic acid. The results of this research indicated that 250 mg l-1 ascorbic acid concentration had more effects on water deficit and it seems ascorbic acid can be used to reducing the negative effects of drought in some regions that rainfall shortage and drought is important problems.
Reza Gholami; Norollah Moallemi; Esmaeil Khaleghi; Seyyed Mansour Seyyednejad
Abstract
Introduction: Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important fruit crops that, has a huge economic price. The plant is significant in the Mediterranean countries and Iran for table olive and oil. The nutritional requirements of olive are much lower than those of other fruit trees, but shortfall ...
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Introduction: Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important fruit crops that, has a huge economic price. The plant is significant in the Mediterranean countries and Iran for table olive and oil. The nutritional requirements of olive are much lower than those of other fruit trees, but shortfall in these needs costs tree important physiological disorder. Fertilization, especially Potassium and micronutrients is a cultivation technique that strongly affects the productivity of olive trees. The amount of oil and fruit quality is effected by the correct nutrition. Leaf spraying is an important tool for correcting food deficiencies and improving the quality of the fruit of the planted olive trees under unsuitable conditions, which provides nutrients directly and as soon as possible to the branches and leaves, or fruit. Studies have shown that leaf feeding with potassium, boron and zinc can be useful for increasing the qualitative and qualities characteristics of fruit in most products, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Thus, the present study was aimed to assessing the effect of zinc sulphate, boric acid and potassium sulphate foliar application on oil content and the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of fruit of three olive, “Caillet”, “Koroneiki” and “Mission” cultivars in unfavorable temperature conditions in Ahwaz.
Materials and Methods: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of Potassium, Boron and Zinc on the oil content and the qualitative characteristics of the fruit of three olive, “Caillet”, “Koroneiki” and “Mission” cultivars in the olive orchard of Shahid Chamran University in 2016. Spray treatments were included T0 (Distilled water as control),T1 (1000 mg/l boric acid + 1000 mg/l potassium sulfate + 1000 mg/l zinc sulfate) and T2 (2000 mg/l boric acid+2000 mg/l potassium sulfate +2000 mg/l zinc sulfate ) which applied on olive cultivars in four time including a week before the full bloom (the second half of March), two weeks after the full bloom (the first half of April), at pit hardening (the first half of June of the month) and at the stage of oil synthesis and accumulation (first half of July). The research was performed in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications thirty fruits from each tree were harvested, then the qualitative characteristics of fruit such as fruit fresh weight, pit fresh weight, fresh weight of the pulp, pulp/pit ratio, length and diameter of fruit and pit and also, to determine the amount of nutrients in the fruit and dry weight of the pulp, the samples were placed an oven for 48 hours at 80°C. After drying, the dry weight of the pulp was calculated, then the samples were completely powdered with the milling machine and the Kjedahl method was used Nitrogen, from a Flame Photo Meter to measure Potassium concentration and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method was used for measuring Zinc and Boron of the available in fruit. Data analysis was performed using SAS software and mean of comparison was done by Duncan's multiple range test at 5% probability level.
Results and Discussion: The results indicated that the foliar spray had a significant effect on fruit fresh weight, fresh and dry weight of pulp, the ratio of Pulp/Pit weight, Oil content and amount of K, N, B and Zn of fruit, also fruit and pit dimension, but no significant difference in pit fresh weight were observed. Maximum oil content was 23.69% in Koroneiki cultivar sprayed with T1 treatment. Minimum oil content was 19.62% in Mission cultivar treated with distilled water. The highest and lowest rates in most of the studied traits were related to ‘Mission’ cultivar sprayed with T2 treatment and ‘Koroneiki’ cultivar treated with distilled water. The highest oil content was 23.69% in Koroneiki cultivar treated with T1 treatment. The highest amount of fresh weight of fruit (2.48 g) and pulp fresh weight (1.83 g) were obtained in ‘Mission’ cultivar treated with T2.It can be argued that food is responsible for activating cell division in addition to photosynthesis and organic matter transfer, Boron. Zinc and Potassium nutrients are treated trees, interfering with cell division and the synthesis of acid nucleic and increasing the formation and transfer of carbohydrates and by activating carbohydrate enzymes during fruit growth and development, improve the trait fruit.
Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that the spraying of the leaves of olive fruit trees, especially with T2 treatment (2000 mg / L of potassium sulfate, zinc sulfate and acid-boric), had the most positive effect on the increase of fruit properties compared to other treatments ,and increased the qualitative and quantitative traits of the fruit. Also, the results indicated that the cultivar had an influence on the characteristics of the fruit and by creating appropriate environmental conditions, especially the supply of nutrients during the growth stage of the fruit. Finally, the Mission cultivar has best response to T2 treatment by spraying of potassium, zinc and boron. There were significant differences between mission cultivar treated with T2 and other cultivars on fresh fruit weight, fresh and dry weight of pulp and fruit oil percentage, as well as the concentration of nutrients in fruit. The improvement in fruit characteristics should be due to the formation of more fruits, larger fruit and more fruit weight due to the role of Zinc and Boron in cell division and prolongation of the cell and increasing the volume of intercellular space in mesocarp cells. Conversely, Koroneiki cultivar showed the least reaction to spraying. Therefore, the characteristics of fruits are different in different cultivars, and the type of cultivars and soluble concentrations are effective on the quality of yield, which implies that leaf application can be used to increase the quality of olive fruit in hot areas.
Esmaeil Khaleghi; Norollah Moallemi
Abstract
Introduction: Iran is located in arid and semi-arid regions, so limitation of precipitation and poor distribution of rainfall with prolonged periods of heat and drought have caused harsh conditions for establishing plants. In general, previous researches have shown that water deficit or drought stress ...
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Introduction: Iran is located in arid and semi-arid regions, so limitation of precipitation and poor distribution of rainfall with prolonged periods of heat and drought have caused harsh conditions for establishing plants. In general, previous researches have shown that water deficit or drought stress had destructive effects on morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of plants. So that, researchers stated that the first reaction of plants to water stress was decline in growth. Growth parameters such as height, fresh and dry weight of root and stem and leaf area could decrease with increasing water stress. Therefore, use of methods for reducing water evaporation from soil, decreasing run-off and improving transport nutrients were considered in recent years. Superabsorbant polymers are one of the most important compounds in reducing negative effects of drought on plants.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of five different levels of super AB A200 polymer (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 g/Kg of soil) and three levels of irrigation [100 as control, 65 and 30 percentage of plant evapotranspiration potential (ETcrop)] on morphological characteristics of two olive cultivars ‘Baghmaleki’ and ‘Dezphol’ as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. In this experiment, ninety 18-month-old olive trees of ‘Baghmaleki’ and ‘Dezphol’ were kept for adaptation in greenhouse for one month.The plants were planted in ninety pots including 1/3 sand, 1/3 manure and 1/3 soil with superabsorbent polymer. Superabsorbent polymers (super AB A200) were prepared from Company Rahab Resin (Licensed by Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute). Then, the plants were irrigated with 100%, 65% and 30% ETcrop, every three days. Finally, morphological parameters such as root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, height, leaf number, leaf Area and leaf area ratio were measured. Data analysis was performed using MSTATC software and mean comparison was done by Duncan's multiple range tests at 5 and 1% probability.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that interaction effect between irrigation and polymer affected shoot fresh weight, leaf fresh weight, shoot dry weight, leaf dry weight, height and leaf area ratio at p
Safdar Pourmombeini; Norollah Moallemi
Abstract
Introduction: Dodonaeaviscosa is an evergreen and perennial shrub which distributed widely in warm regions throughout the world. Untreated seeds germinatewell, but to shorten germination, seeds werefloated in hot water for 30 seconds, then cooled down rapidly. In addition, scarification as pre-treatment ...
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Introduction: Dodonaeaviscosa is an evergreen and perennial shrub which distributed widely in warm regions throughout the world. Untreated seeds germinatewell, but to shorten germination, seeds werefloated in hot water for 30 seconds, then cooled down rapidly. In addition, scarification as pre-treatment and dipping the seed in boiling water improve seed germination. Under salinity,the level of abscisic acid increases more than gibberellic acid which prevents seeds germination. Accumulation of Na+ and Cl- ions can lead to changes in water status in plant tissues and creating a series of second stress, such as oxidative stress. In priming, seeds are authorized to absorb some water, sothat, the early stages of germination are donewithout root emerging. The country of Iran and especiallyKhozestan province is located in arid and semi-arid region of the world, sounder such conditionand dueto high temperature and low rainfall, and salinity of water sources and media, D.viscosasexual reproduction is suffered by serious challenges. Consequently,the objective of this study was to investigate the effectsof hydro and osmo-priming in combining withgibberellic acid and potassium nitrate on seed germination of D.viscosaunder salinity stress.
Materials and Methods: Two experiments in 2010 wereconducted separately and consecutively in completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications in the plant propagation laboratory of faculty of Agriculture, ShahidChamran University of Ahvaz (latitude 31.33° N, longitude 48.69° E, altitude 23 m). In the first experiment, 500 seeds were selected from seed lot, and were disinfectedwith sodium hypochlorite 2.5%, afterwards, divided into five categories (each category consisted of 100 seeds in four replicates) and were treated as : 1) Osmo-priming with gibberellic acid 50 and 100 mg.l-1 and potassium nitrate 0.5 and 1 % for 12 h. 2) hydro-primed with distilled water (as control) for 12 h. A week later second experiment wascarried out (with 500 seeds from some initial seedlot) base of the best result obtained in the first experiment to study theeffects of salinityonseed germination. Seeds weretreated withgibberellic acid(50 mg.l-1)for 12 h. During germination, seeds were irrigated with different levels of salinity, including 0.0 (distilled water as control), 3, 6, 9 and 12 ds.m-1using NaCl salt (as halopriming). Analysis of data (ANOVA) wasperformed by procedure within thestatistical software MSTAT-C and means were separated by multiple-rangetest of Duncan’s at (p
Farzaneh Paimard; Mokhtar Heidari; Mohammad Hossein Daneshvar; Norollah Moallemi
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is an important fruit crop cultivated for fruit and processing in the Iran. Delaying fruit harvest of pomegranate may increase fruit losses due to fruit cracking; however, early harvest may influence physical and biochemical indices of fruit. An experiment was carried out ...
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Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is an important fruit crop cultivated for fruit and processing in the Iran. Delaying fruit harvest of pomegranate may increase fruit losses due to fruit cracking; however, early harvest may influence physical and biochemical indices of fruit. An experiment was carried out in 2011 at ‘Baghmalek’ (North West of Ahwaz, Khuzestan province, Iran) to determine the effects of three stages of fruit harvest (fruit maturity) on quality of fruit in three local cultivars of pomegranate. Fruit weight, density, percentage of juice, peel and seed, vitamin C, total soluble solid (TSS), acidity (TA), anthocyanin and maturity index (TSS/TA) were used for fruit quality assessment. A close relationship was observed between fruit quality and time of fruit harvest (fruit maturity). The fruit quality in respect of TSS, maturity index (TSS/TA), fruit juice color intensity and quality, anthocyanin was superior in fruit harvested from fruits harvested at the 2th and 3th harvest time. Results revealed that the aril weight, TSS, fruit juice color quality was high in ‘Poost Sabz’. Also, lowest fruit L/D, fruit juice, anthocyanin/browning substances ratio and fruit juice color intensity was recorded by ‘Poost Sabz’. Percentage of fruit juice, fruit L/D and vitamin C was high for the fruits of ‘Poost Zard’. Overall, pomegranate fruits harvested at the end of summer had significantly lower quality than fruits harvested at the later stages.
Zohre Sedaghat Kish; Norollah Moallemi; Esmaeil Khaleghi
Abstract
The aim of this study was evaluation of two different methods of auxin application for rhizogenesis in stem cutting of Duranta repens shrub with 2 indivijual experiments and in January and February 2008. Two factorial expriment based on RCBD was used and comparison of means was done with duncan multiple ...
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The aim of this study was evaluation of two different methods of auxin application for rhizogenesis in stem cutting of Duranta repens shrub with 2 indivijual experiments and in January and February 2008. Two factorial expriment based on RCBD was used and comparison of means was done with duncan multiple test at p
Sakineh Akbari Chermahini; Norollah Moallemi
Abstract
Abstract
This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) (0.250, 500 and750 mg L-1) on vegetative growth of olive sapling (Olea europaea L) in 2004-05 at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The experiment was a completely randomize design with 4 replications. Parameters ...
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Abstract
This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) (0.250, 500 and750 mg L-1) on vegetative growth of olive sapling (Olea europaea L) in 2004-05 at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The experiment was a completely randomize design with 4 replications. Parameters measured were: shoot height, inter-node length, leaf and root area, fresh and dry weight of shoot, root and leaf. The results showed that GA3 significantly increased root length (157 cm), fresh and dry weight of leaf (15.30 and 6.61g respectively), fresh and dry weight of shoot (31.62 and 17.85 g respectively) and fresh and dry weight of root (15.04 and 6.34 g respectively) compared to control. The highest concentration of GA3 had the highest effect on vegetative growth.
Keywords: Gibberellic Acid, Vegetative growth, Sapling, olive
