Pomology
Mohammad Janali nejad; Hossein Afshari; Behdad Alizadeh; Omid Ghasemi
Abstract
Introduction: Environmental stresses are the most important factors that reduce agricultural yield all over the world. The water stress especially in flowering damages yield and yield quality, however, some studies showed that sometimes it does not have any harmful effect on yield. For instance, some ...
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Introduction: Environmental stresses are the most important factors that reduce agricultural yield all over the world. The water stress especially in flowering damages yield and yield quality, however, some studies showed that sometimes it does not have any harmful effect on yield. For instance, some studies approved that deficit irrigation improves sugar content and then fruit quality. Therefore, in order to evaluate the effects of potassium sulfate, vermicompost and water stress on yield and quality of four years old nectarine (CV Red gold), an experimental study was carried out on a garden which covers 5000 m2 in Eslamdeh (Sari) during 2015 to 2016.
Materials and Methods: A split-split plot experiment based on complete randomized block design (RCBD) with 18 treatments in three replications (totally 54 treatments (trees)) was used in this study. Some complex soil samples were gathered individually from 0-30 and 30-60 cm to determine macro and micro fertilizer demand and were analyzed to determine physicochemical characteristics. Two levels of tree water requirement (50% and 100%) as the main plot, vermicompost in three levels (0, 5 and 10 kg per tree) as subplot, and three levels of potassium sulfate, (0, 200 and 400 g per tree) as sub-sub plothad been applied. The rest fertilizer demand was recommended based on soil analysis. vermicompost, potassium sulfate and other essential fertilizers were applied in late winter and then aeration or digging was carried out. The fruit was picked after ripening and was weighed. Diameter, height and mass weight were measured. Soluble solids, the total sugar content of fruit was measured based on pH-meter, refractometer and Arnon methods. Potassium and chlorophyll were measured by flame photometer and chlorophyll meter.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the effects of different levels of applied treatments were not significant on fruit pH. In addition, effects of different levels of potassium sulfate on TSS, leaf chlorophyll, potassium sulfate levels of leaf, fruit weight and yield, fruit height, and flesh weight, single fruit weight were all significant at 1 % level. The results also showed that levels of vermicompost on K level of leaf and fruit yield was significant at 1% level, and on fruit weight at 5% level. Effects of other treatments were not significant on other studied traits. Results of mean comparison showed that fruit crop was increased with an increase in vermicompost application. The minimum yield (41.44 kg/fruit) obtained from control and application of 10 and 20 kg/h vermicompost resulted in 58.33 and 60.61 kg/h, respectively. Application of potassium sulfate also showed to be effective on fruit yield. The minimum yield obtained from control, applying 200, 400 g of potassium sulfate, resulted in 54.89 and 61.33 kg/tree. Furthermore, potassium sulfate levels resulted in TSS enhancement. The minimum obtained from control plot (8.083) and maximum obtained from 8.864 and 9.612 with applying 200, 400 g of potassium sulfate, respectively. Potassium application also resulted in fruit level volume. The minimum level observed at control plot (116.2), applying 200, 400 g of potassium sulfate, resulted in 131.5 and 141.3 kg/tree. The interaction effects of different levels of potassium sulfate, vermicompost and irrigation showed that maximum fruit yield obtained from 400 g/K, 10 kg of vermicompost and applying 100% tree water requirement with yield of 70.66 g which was not statistically different with triple interaction of 400 g/K, 10 kg of vermicompost and applying 50% of tree water requirement.
Conclusion: In the current research, the effects of the use of potassium sulfate and vermicompost on maintaining plant balance and fruit quality and also decreasing water use in stress conditions were studied. Results showed that the use of potassium sulfate along with vermicomposts had a significant effect of improving morphological and physiological characteristics of nectarine. Furthermore, they increased nutrition availability for the crop and then increased yield and fruit quality. The following conclusion to be drawn is that fruit was increased with an increase in vermicompost application. Application of potassium sulfate also showed to be effective on fruit yield and TSS enhancement. The interaction effects of different levels of potassium sulfate, vermicompost and irrigation showed that maximum fruit yield obtained from 400 g/K, 10 kg of organic matter and applying 100% tree water requirement with yield of 70.66 g which was not statistically different with triple interaction of 400 g/K, 10 kg of vermicompost and applying 50 % tree water requirement.
Hossein Afshari; Sadegh Sajedi; Hossein Hokmabadi
Abstract
In order to study the different concentrations of gibbererlic Acid and girdling on quantity and quality improvement of grape cv, Askari an experiment was carried out in kashmar region on 2012 as factorial in a complete randomized block design.In this experiment the effect of gibberellin at four concentration ...
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In order to study the different concentrations of gibbererlic Acid and girdling on quantity and quality improvement of grape cv, Askari an experiment was carried out in kashmar region on 2012 as factorial in a complete randomized block design.In this experiment the effect of gibberellin at four concentration in two time of flowering and girdling at four time in four replication were performed. Results showed that, gibberellins and girdling treatments increased the pH level relative to control. Highest pH in gibberellin treatments related to 200 ppm with 3.85 mean and in girdling treatments related to 4 weeks after flowering with 3.575 mean. Also the highes content of titratable acidity in gibberellin and girdling was 200 ppm with mean of (% 0/913) and 4 weeks after flowering with mean of (%0/842) and lowest tss belong to control (%0/6107). The highest tss contents belong to 150 ppm gibberellin treatment and in girdling treatment related to 4 weeks after flowering and lowest contest belong to control (%14/75).based on the results of this study we can ve commended gibberellin and treatment in order to enhance the qualitative and quality features of grape cv. askari
M. Mohammadi Moghadam; Hossein Afshari; Ebrahim Mohammadi Goltapeh; Hossein Hokmabadi; Sina Rad
Abstract
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of testa on reduction of fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 producthon, ten cultivars of pistachio were collected from different parts of pistachio belt i-e Rafsanjan, Damghan and Ghazvin of Iran. A section of testa and one mm of endosperm were scraped. 20 gr. of ...
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Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of testa on reduction of fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 producthon, ten cultivars of pistachio were collected from different parts of pistachio belt i-e Rafsanjan, Damghan and Ghazvin of Iran. A section of testa and one mm of endosperm were scraped. 20 gr. of wounded kernels and 20 gr. of unwounded kernels were surface sterilized and then placed in petri dishes separately (completely randomized design in 3 replications). One ml of the spore suspension of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus was added to each petri dish. (spore suspension was adjusted to contain 2×106 spore per ml ). The plates were placed over water in plastic boxes and these were then placed in an incubator at 26ºC for 2.5, 5 and 8 days. After inoculation, growth rate and colonization of A. flavus on wounded and unwounded pistachio kernels in different cultivars were measured. Also aflatoxin content of inoculated kernels was extracted by BF method and estimated by TLC and densitometer. Average of A. flavus growth percentage on surface of wounded and unwounded kernels was compared with t-student test. The results of this research indicated a significant difference in fungus growth rate and aflatoxin B1 production between wounded and unwounded kernels of pistachio cultivars. In other words, testa in unwounded kernels could be considered as a resistant barrier against the fungus penetration into kernels and reduced A. flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 production as compared with wounded kernels.
Keywords: Pistachio, Cultivar, Aspergillus flavus, Aflatoxin, Testa
Hossein Afshari; Ali Reza Talaie; Mehdi Mohammadi Moghadam; Bahman Panahi
Abstract
Abstract
In order to study the effect of elements in early splitting and the effect of phenolic compounds and Gallic acid in control of aflatoxin, an experiment was conducted in Rafsanjan pistachio research station. At harvest, from the trees of 3 pistachio’s varieties( Ahmadaghaii, Kalehghuchi, Ohadi) ...
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Abstract
In order to study the effect of elements in early splitting and the effect of phenolic compounds and Gallic acid in control of aflatoxin, an experiment was conducted in Rafsanjan pistachio research station. At harvest, from the trees of 3 pistachio’s varieties( Ahmadaghaii, Kalehghuchi, Ohadi) 15 clusters in each variety collected as randomized and phenolic compounds and Gallic acid in hulls were determined. From all varieties, many fruits of each type such as early split, cracked and true fruits collected and their hulls examined for macro and micro elements. These experiments were performed in 1385 according to complete randomized design and results analyzed in 3 replications by Duncan test with SAS and Sigma plot soft wares. Highest rate of Nitrogen (2.15%) in the intact fruit hulls and lowest rates was in early split and cracked fruit hulls (1.94 & 1.97%). Highest rate of Mg (0.13%) was in the intact fruit hulls and lowest rates were in early split pistachio hulls (10%). Maximum rates of phenolic compound determined in the fruit hulls of Ohadi variety (1398mg/100gr) and the minimum rates measured in the fruit hulls of Ahmadaghaii 1131 mg/100g. Results showed that increase rates of phenolic compound caused to reduction or prevention of aflatoxin in the pistachio’s fruits.
Key Words: Aflatoxin, Pistachio, Hull, Phenolic compound, Gallic acid
Hossein Afshari; Ali Reza Talaie; Gholamreza Sadeghi
Abstract
Abstract
To study the effects of xenia and methaxenia on the pistachio Nut, 4 male genotypes from among all male genotypes provided by Rafsanjan Pistachio Research Institute were selected. The flowering period of the chosen genotypes was the same as 3 female cultivars of Kalleghoochi, Ohadi, and Ahmadaghaii. ...
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Abstract
To study the effects of xenia and methaxenia on the pistachio Nut, 4 male genotypes from among all male genotypes provided by Rafsanjan Pistachio Research Institute were selected. The flowering period of the chosen genotypes was the same as 3 female cultivars of Kalleghoochi, Ohadi, and Ahmadaghaii. By using Split plot in the Form OF completely randomized blocks design, we conducted various experiments during 2005 and 2006. Only total fruit weight and blankness have Been affected by the pollen type. Highest fruit weight Were related to fruits of kalleghuchi cultivar (3.4gr) and lowest fruit weight belonged to fruits of ohadi(2.2gr). Highest percent of blankness in the first year WAS related to ahmadaghaii fruits (27%) and r27 pollens Had the highest percent of blankness in both years (33%,25%). By the way, highest fruit weight and lowest blankness was established by male genotype’s pollen of N16. The highest percentage of fat was found in the kernels of Ahmadaghaii (52.92%) and the lowest in Kalleghoochi (45.48%). From among different factors and their interacting effects, only the effect of pollen and cultivar type on the fat content of the fruit was significant only at 5% level. Thus R27 and N16 pollen produced the highest fat content in the kernels of Ahmadaghaii (58.7 and 57.7%). The most common simple unsaturated fatty acid found in the kernels of all cultivars was oleic acid and the most important compound unsaturated fatty acid in fruit kernels was lynoleic acid. Pollen type was only effective on the amount of meristoleic and palmitoleic fatty acids. The amount of macro and micro elements measured in kernels and hulls of 3 pistachio cultivars had a significant difference. The interactive effect of pollen and cultivar type affected the content of nitrogen, phosphor, potassium, iron, and bore in fruit kernels at 1% level, but had no effect on hull elements.
Key words: Ahmadaghaii, Ohadi, Kaleghoochi, Xenia,Methaxenia,Fatty acid
