Pomology
H. Mohebbi; A. Ebadi; M. Taheri; M. Zarabi; M.R. Bihamta
Abstract
Introduction Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important economic plants in the world including Iran. One of the most basic effective factors of the growth of fruit trees is knowing their nutrition. Micronutrients are as important as Macronutrients for better growth, yield and quantity ...
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Introduction Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important economic plants in the world including Iran. One of the most basic effective factors of the growth of fruit trees is knowing their nutrition. Micronutrients are as important as Macronutrients for better growth, yield and quantity in plants. Garden plants suffer from severe zinc deficiency, followed by boron, manganese, iron and molybdenum. Foliar application of fertilizers is a useful tool to increase the nutritional effects of fertilizers or eliminate nutrient deficiencies during the growing season. The aim of this study was to study the nutritional effects of consumption of different compounds of micronutrient fertilizers of zinc chelate, iron and manganese as foliar consumption on the morpho-physiological traits of grape plant.Materials and Methods Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of micronutrients alone and in combination on growth and fruit yield in grape grown at Iran, Zanjan province during 2016-18. Physical and chemical properties of the soil were evaluated before the experiment. During the two years of the research, no organic or chemical fertilizers were used except for the combination of fertilizer treatments of the relevant design. Treatments consist of foliar consumption of micronutrients fertilizers included two levels of EDDHA-Zn (0.1 and 0.3 %), EDDHA-Fe (0.1 and 0.2 %), and EDDHA-Mn fertilizers (0.1 and 0.2 %) and control levels (0 %) for them. This experiment was implemented in a factorial format based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and repeated for two consecutive ys. The measured traits consist of Length of the First inflorescence (X1), Number of Inflorescences per Branch (X2), Number of clusters per branch (X3), Number of Clusters per Plant (X4), Weight of a Cluster (X5), Cluster Size (X6), Berry Size (X7), Number of Berries per Cluster (X8), Weight of single Barry, X10: Leaf Area Surface. Leaf Dry Matter (X11), TSS (X12), Sugar Fruit Juice (X13), Fruit Juice Acidity (X14), Fruit Dry Matter (X15), Fruit Firmness (X16), Yield per Plant (X17), Yield per Hectare (X18). The experiment was performed in factorial format with three factors, each at three levels, based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in three locations (g; G) and in each location for two consecutive ys (Y). The analysis of each g was analyzed in the form of factorial experiment design and the effect of location factor was analyzed in the form of factorial-split (time) composite analysis in place. In the statistical model used, time and place factor considered as random and treatment was fixed.Results and Discussion Evaluation of morpho-physiological traits showed that the use of these fertilizers individually or in combination has significant positive effects on all measured traits (18 traits) at different stages of development. The simple effect of the factor of the y was significant only on some of the measured traits and the two and three-way interactions between this factor with the levels of treatment in the majority of traits were not significant; which indicates the probability that the factor of the y has no effect on the measured traits. Based on these results, the treatment combination of Fe 0.2 + Zn 0.3 + Mn 0.2 % EDTA was superior to other combinations, and traits of the number of inflorescence and number of clusters per branch and number of clusters per plant showed the best response than other measured traits. Consumption of micronutrients, especially iron, zinc and manganese, has favorable effects on yield indices, better fruit formation and fruit production per unit area, which affects photosynthetic activities and important metabolic pathways in plants, leading to produce higher amounts of primary metabolites such as higher sugar production in fruit, increase in soluble solids, also increase in growth indices such as leaf area, more yield-related traits such as number of inflorescences and number of spikes per branch and per plant, number and the dimensions of the cube are in clusters. On the other hand, these compounds help to absorb the main nutrients and play an active role in initiating metabolic processes such as cell wall development, respiration, photosynthesis, chlorophyll formation, enzymatic activities, production of growth regulators, and nitrogen fixation and reduction. Accordingly, these compounds were able to show better performance compared to the control level by accelerating the absorption of other nutrients, strengthening biochemical pathways and growth indices.Conclusion According to these results, the application of three fertilizers of zinc, iron and manganese EDTA individually or in combinations of two or three of them, especially at high concentrations simultaneously, is superior in comparison. And the treatment composition of 0.3% zinc + 0.2% iron + 0.2% manganese EDTA and then 0.3% zinc + 0.2% iron + 0.1% manganese EDTA has more significant and positive on measured traits and therefore as fertilizer compositions are recommended in vineyards in the form of leaves.
H. Doulati Baneh; M. Taheri; A. Majidi; M. Taheri
Abstract
Introduction: Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the oldest and most important perennial crops in the world. Several native grapevine genotypes, highly appreciated for their organoleptic characteristics and commercial potential are still cultivated in Iran. Developing viticulture requires the conservation ...
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Introduction: Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the oldest and most important perennial crops in the world. Several native grapevine genotypes, highly appreciated for their organoleptic characteristics and commercial potential are still cultivated in Iran. Developing viticulture requires the conservation of autochthonous varieties that have evolved several mechanisms enabling them to cope with the local bioclimatic and edaphic conditions. Nutrition is a key component of vineyard management that has the potential to influence various factors in vine production that includes fruit set and quality. To develop suitable nutrient plant growers need to have an understanding of the factors such as cultivars, rootstocks, soil type, irrigation type and nutrients that they are applying in the vineyard. The uptake of nutrients from the soil depends on different factors namely; their soluble content in it, soil pH, plant growth stage, plant genetics and types of soil and fertilizers. Plant species have a variety of capacities in removing and accumulating elements. Vigorous genotypes are more capable of finding the necessary nutrients from the surrounding soil environment. This indicates that it does not require as much nutrient as poor vigor genotypes. So, for sustainable viticulture, it is important to know the interactive influences of cultivars, soil characters, climatic conditions, and irrigation type on vine productivity.
Materials and Methods: To evaluate and compare the amount of macronutrient elements (N, P, K, Mg and Ca) and micronutrient elements (B, Zn and Mn) in petiole of some Iranian grapevine cultivars including Bidanesefid Qazvin- Peikany Kashmar- Khalili Shiraz-Rasha and four foreign cultivars Thompson seedless, Flame seedless, Perlette and Black seedless,This study was carried out as –randomized complete blocks design -with-four replications in the Kahriz Horticulture Research station -.A total of 30 adult leaves per cultivar were taken from lower, middle and upper regions of the vines bulked together and transported directly to the laboratory. They were oven-dried for 48 h at 70 °C and grounded to pass through a 1 mm diameter sieve. The concentrations of the -mineral elements were determined using an atomic absorption and spectrophotometer.
Results and Discussion: The results showed there was significant difference among study cultivars in respect of elements concentration in petiole-. Among 8 cultivars, the highest and the lowest petiole N concentration were recorded in Flame seedless-and Peikany and Rasha cultivars respectively. P -concentration in Bidane sefid Qazvin was significantly higher than all tested cultivars. The highest and the lowest Mg amounts were measured in Peikany and Bidanesefid Qazvin, respectively. In petiole of cultivars B concentration was in the range of toxicity except Rasha that had the concentration less than -other cultivars. Iranian cultivars had lesscap ability to absorb Zn than abroad cultivars. The highest and lowest Zn were recorded in petioles of Thompson seedless and Peikany cultivars, respectively. It was reported that the mineral content of a grapevine is a combined result of the root systems ability to absorb, trans locate and accumulate the different nutrients. Previous investigations had clearly stated the differences in nutrients uptake and content of many grape cultivars. Furthermore, grape cultivars have shown differences in their nutrients uptake and distribution. These differences may be explained in different ways. First, cultivar may have different absorption capability or tendency for some specific minerals. Second, differences exist in translocation and distribution of nutrients and third, hormone synthesis of cultivar roots and their translocation is done. Finally, some nutrients might be assimilated mostly by roots; thus reducing the amount translocated to the shoots. In addition, some grape varieties may alter soil chemical characters and play a role in improving nutrients uptake. The rootstocks of V. labruscaand scions grafted on them achieve a higher ability in uptaking iron, even in markedly alkaline soils. Such tolerant varieties can mobilize iron by reducing soil pH at root level, thanks to their ability to emit H+ and/or organic acids.In the latter case, iron is absorbed and transferred as a complex. Roots of some cultivars can also reduce Fe3+ to Fe2 + encouraging its migration from roots to leaves.
Conclusion: The studied grapevine cultivars displayed a considerable level of variability based on mineral content analysis. The results suggested that significant differences existed in the leaf petioles elemental concentrations among the grapevine cultivars analysis that might be in due part to the ability of the cultivar to accumulate metals. This study could be also used as a reference for grape growers to help them decide the best varieties that might grow under their soil conditions giving the best growth and yield productivity.
