Breeding and Biotechnology of Plant and Flower
M. Rezaei; M. Rahmati; A.R. Kavand; M. Hemati; S.R. Kazemi
Abstract
Introduction: Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) as an important fruit crop belongs to the Amygdaloideae in the Rosacea family and is grown in regions with Mediterranean climates in the world. Apricot species were classified into six eco-geographical groups including: Central Asian, East Chinese, North Chinese, ...
Read More
Introduction: Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) as an important fruit crop belongs to the Amygdaloideae in the Rosacea family and is grown in regions with Mediterranean climates in the world. Apricot species were classified into six eco-geographical groups including: Central Asian, East Chinese, North Chinese, Dzhungar-Zailij, Irano-Caucasian and European. Iranian genotypes which belong to the Irano-Caucasian group are mostly self-incompatible with low chill requirement. The high level of genetic diversity in Iranian apricots is due to sexual reproduction by seeds during the years. In Iran, many of apricot local varieties have been relocated between provinces and subsequently, in some cases their names, have been changed over the years. Hence, to determine the genetically different cultivars and detection of synonyms, screening of apricot germplasm seems necessary in Iran.Materials and Methods: Thirty eight commercial genotypes of apricot with five biological replications were collected from 14 nurseries in West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Esfahan, Semnan, Alborz, and Tehran Provinces in Iran. Additionally Orang Red apricot (Porteghali) included in the study as an outgroup sample. Also DNA sample of previously registered apricots in national list were used in this study. Young and healthy leaves of each cultivar were sampled and stored at -70 °C. Samples were powdered using mortar and pestle in presence of liquid nitrogen. CTAB extraction buffer was used for nucleic acid extraction. Quantity and quality of extracted DNA were measured by spectrophotometry and agarose gel electrophoresis.Thermal cycles were done in Eppendorf thermocycler and the cycling program were set on one cycle of 94°C for 4 minute, 30 cycles of 94°C for 30 seconds, annealing temperature of each primer for 30 seconds and 72°C for 30 seconds followed by one cycle of 72°C for 5 minutes. PCR products were resolved on 10% polyacrylamide gels in 1x TBE buffer. GelRed (Biotium) was applied for gel staining and amplified bands were revealed by UV (300 nm). Eight SSR markers which showed more diversity were selected and scored. Polymorphic alleles were scored as one for presence and zero for absence. For detection of off types, samples were classified by Paired Group method and Euclidean algorithm in PAST software. Then the data of off-types were removed from the dataset and samples were reclassified by the method. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) was carried out using PAST software. Genetic diversity indices were evaluated in Popgene 32 software. Results and Discussion: Eight SSR loci produced 124 alleles with the average 15.5 allele per locus. Nei’s gene diversity and Shannon’s information index were 0.32 and 0.48, respectively which showed high level of diversity in this collection. Distance matrix based on Nei’s gene diversity showed that the most genetic distance (0.74) was between Askar Abadi and Zodras, Mahali Goushti Zodras and Nasiri cultivars. Clustering of samples indicated that some samples including 19 (Shahroudi), 59 (Nakhjavan), 107 (Shahroudi), 127 (Soltani), 137 (Ghavami), 144 (Tabraze) and 156 (Daneshkade) were off-types.For identification of synonyms the off-type samples were disregarded. Cluster analysis illustrated that some local cultivars with different names had same genetic backgrounds. Thus, the names of these samples should be unified in the germplasm. Depicted graph based on first and second coordinates in PCoA demonstrated that the 38 collected groups of apricots are genetically 26 distinct cultivars and there are some duplicates in the germplasm. Results showed that three loci including UDP98-021, UDP98-409 and UDP98-411 were able to distinguish all 26 genotypes. To check the genetic identity of saplings with the same name, some cultivars including Jahangiri, Askar Abadi, Shamlou, Saltanati, Shahroudi, Shams, Tabarze and Rajab Ali were collected from two different nurseries. Surprisingly, the results showed that Nasiri, Tabraze and Shahroudi which were sampled twice from distinct nurseries and provinces, despite of identical names, had different genetic backgrounds.Conclusion: Detected off-types among five biological replications of local varieties propagated asexually by nurseries showed that there was not sufficient attention in the selection of propagating material in the nurseries. In this context, establishment of foundation blocks by public sector and mother orchards by private sector of economy from Iranian apricot local varieties can be an effective solution so that nursery operators can provide certified propagating material for production of certified nursery stocks. Moreover, seed and plant certification and registration institute should made inspection and testing procedures in mother orchards and nurseries to ensure that propagated trees are healthy, genetically uniform and original.
Shokrollah Hajivand; Mitra Rahmati
Abstract
Introduction: Nowadays, horticultural products especially in our country are damaged by the climate change events (rising temperatures, water shortage associated by drought and extreme temperature fluctuations). The greatest economic damage to horticultural crops are caused by winter chilling and / or ...
Read More
Introduction: Nowadays, horticultural products especially in our country are damaged by the climate change events (rising temperatures, water shortage associated by drought and extreme temperature fluctuations). The greatest economic damage to horticultural crops are caused by winter chilling and / or spring frosts, in which has been increased by seventimes during the last 10 years. Indeed, just during 9 months of 2016-2017 year, the chilling/frost damages were reached to 140 million euro of the total damage value of 240 million euro to agriculture (about 60%). According to the Agricultural Insurance Fund, maximum amount of compensation to farmers of the country was paid to apples, walnuts, grapes, almonds, pomegranates, oranges and pistachios orchardists, respectively. Grape (Vitisvinifera), a member of the Vitaceae family, is the most important horticultural crop in Takestan region, ranking top in producing raisins in Iran. Yearly, horticultural practices in order to reduce the severity of chilling damages to crops cost a lot under orchard conditions. Some of these practices are included burying vines under soil, winter ice-watering, flood irrigation, and turning the heaters on. Nowadays, cheap and fast alternative methods such as anti-freezes spraying havebeen considered to reduce the freeze injuries under orchards. These compounds as mechanical barriers either prevent the ice crystals formation on the sensitive plant tissues or activate the freezing tolerance mechanisms in the plants. Salicylic acid (SA), a type of phenolic acid, is one of the most secondary metabolites in the grape. SA not only plays an important role on the determination of the quality, color and taste of fruit, but also influences on the plant responses into environmental stresses such as drought, chilling, salinity and heavy metals. Natural osmolites such as soluble sugars, amino-acids and ammonium compounds are accumulated inside the plants under natural conditions. Commercial anti-freeze/anti-transpiration compounds on the basis of the mentioned natural osmolites are used to increase the freezing tolerance or postponing the bud break of horticultural crops. For example, Bio-bloom, Tiofer®, Cropaid® and Fosnutren® were used as anti-freeze compounds under almond, cherry, pistachio and apple orchards in Iran. The efficiency of this method to reduce the chilling injuries in vineyards is not well known. Therefore, to consider the effects of plant basis anti-freeze compounds on the freezing tolerance of red seedless grape under Takestan climate conditions, the current experimentation was conducted. In this regard, the important freezing tolerance determining osmolites as well as some of the qualitative and quantitative characters of vines in response to these compounds were evaluated.
Materials and Methods: In order to study the likely increase in grape spring freezing tolerance using the anti-freeze compounds under the orchard, an experiment was conducted as randomized completeblock design (RCBD) with anti-freeze compounds in Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Qazvin during 2012-2013. Minimum monthly temperature during the autumn and winter months was -12.2 °C. The treatments including the spray of SA, Tiofer®, Cropaid®, Bio-Bloom® and water (control) were used on vines during fourphonological stages: before plant dormancy, during bud swelling, start of clustering and during the final clustering on the three red seedless vines per plot. Quantitative and qualitative characters such as cluster weight, yield and total soluble solids (TSS) were measured. Leaves osmolites contents such as proline (Bates et al.,1973) and glycin-betain (Grieve and Grattan.,1983) as well as the status of the freezing resistance index enzymes activities such as Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) (Updhyaya et al.,), Ascorbateperoxidase (APX) (Nakano and Asada,1981) and Catalase (CAT) (Aebi, 1984) were evaluated. All statistical analyses were made using SAS software. The comparison of mean values for the different treatments was made by ANOVA, followed by the Duncan’s test at the significant level of 0.05.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the anti-freeze compounds resulted in an significant increase in the TSS, cluster weight and yield by 22%, 17% and 26%, respectively and the most effectswas observed in Bio-bloom. Our results regarding the effect of SA on the TSS was in accordance with other researchers (ShokrollahFaam, 2011; Sedighi et al., 2011; Champa et al., 2014;Marzouk and Kasm, 2011). However the effect of other anti-freeze compounds on the quantitative characteristics has not studied yet. Tiofer and Cropaid had no significant effect on the grape cluster weight. Proline content increased significantly using anti-freeze compounds compared to control during 2012-2013. But there was no significant difference between the different anti-freeze compounds for proline content. The most important content of betaine-glysine was observed in SA and Bio-bloom treatments. A decrease in air temperature during 2013 dormancy period resulted in higher amount of osmolytes contents (betaine glycine) and freezing resistance index enzymes activities compared to those of 2012. The most important contents of these enzymes activities were obtained in SA, Tiofer, Cropaid and Bio-Bloom treatments, respectively and the less important content was observed in control.
Conclusions: According to these results the commercial anti-freeze compounds could be useful not only for an increase in the grape spring freeze resistance but also for an improvement in the grape cluster weight, total soluble solids and yield. Osmolytes contents such as such as proline and betaine glycine and enzymes GPX, APX, CAT are significantly higher in anti-freeze treated plants compared to control. Since high levels of soluble solids, mentioned osmolytes and enzymes resulted in an increase in cold resistance in plant, the use of antifreeze as an easy and inexpensive way to increase the cold hardiness of grapes is recommended. These results were obtained with this antifreeze in 5 ppm concentration. Therefore more researches on the other varieties using different concentrations of anti-freeze compounds are recommended.
M. Azizi; F. Oroojalian; H. Orafayi; F. Yazdian; M. Rahmati; F. Haghiroalsadat
Abstract
Plants gums, hydrophilic colloids, hydrocolloids, mucilages and hydrophilic polymers are compounds that can produce gel. Coating materials which applied on food products increased shelf life of food by affecting water loss, gas exchange, oxidation process and decreasing the food spoilage and affect shelf ...
Read More
Plants gums, hydrophilic colloids, hydrocolloids, mucilages and hydrophilic polymers are compounds that can produce gel. Coating materials which applied on food products increased shelf life of food by affecting water loss, gas exchange, oxidation process and decreasing the food spoilage and affect shelf life of food products. Coating material could carry antioxidant, antibacterial and/or other compounds responsible of food color and flavors. Some advantages of edible coating are antibacterial activity, improvement of nutritional values, flavors and also decreasing the environment pollutions. In order to develop biodegradable nanoparticles from plant polymers and study of the effect of nanoparticle application as edible coating on shelf life of cucumber fruits, the experiment was conducted at the research laboratories of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM) and industrial laboratory of School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Science. At the first, some plant mucilage including tragacanth (Astragalus gummifera), marshmallow flower (Malva silvestris) and seeds of plantain (Plantago lanceolata), basil (Ocimum basilicum), psylium (Plantago psylium) and lallemantia (Lallemantia royleana) were extracted by water as natural polymers at room temperature. Ethyl-cellulose™ also used as semi-artificial polymer. Then acetone fraction of the extracts prepared and dispersed in water solution which had different Hydrophile–Lipophile Balance (HLB) values (5-15) during different stirring level (500, 750 and 1000 rpm) by phase dispersion method for production of nanoparticles. Nanoparticle properties and morphological characteristic determined by Particle Size Analyzer and electronic scanning microscopy (SEM) respectively. The solution contained nanoparticles sprayed on fresh cucumber fruits (as a model) as edible coating and the shelf life evaluated. Results showed that mucilage of tragacanth (Astragalus gummifera), marshmallow flower (Malva silvestris), Lallemantia (Lallemantia royleana) and ethyl-cellulose™( as a control) produced particles at nanometer scale (100-200 nm) but plantain (Plantago lanceolata), basil (Ocimum basilicum) and psylium (Plantago psyllium) had no significant acetone fraction. The best solution’s HLB for production of suitable nanoparticles (app. 100 nm in size) in the mentioned natural polymers were 7 at 1000 rpm. The results of the second set of experiment showed that application of the solutions containing nanoparticle as edible coating decreased cucumber spoilage caused by mold and improved shelf life of the commodity in the package. The results of the present study showed that medicinal plants mucilage are valuable source of natural polymeric compounds and could be used as edible coating using nanotechnology.
m Rahmati; Majid azizi; M. T. Ebadi; Mohammad Hasanzadeh khayat
Abstract
چکیده
به منظور بررسی تأثیر روش های مختلف خشک کردن بر مدت زمان لازم برای خشک کردن و سرعت کاهش وزن، میزان اسانس و درصد کامازولن گل های بابونه ( Matricaria recutita (L.) Rauschert) اصلاح ...
Read More
چکیده
به منظور بررسی تأثیر روش های مختلف خشک کردن بر مدت زمان لازم برای خشک کردن و سرعت کاهش وزن، میزان اسانس و درصد کامازولن گل های بابونه ( Matricaria recutita (L.) Rauschert) اصلاح شده رقم دیپلوئید جرمانیا، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 87-1386 در مزرعه و آزمایشگاه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد به صورت طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. شش توان مختلف میکروویو شامل 100، 180، 300، 450، 600 و 900 وات، سه دمای مختلف آون شامل 50، 60 و 70 درجه سانتیگراد و روش طبیعی (سایه و آفتاب) در این آزمایش مورد مطالعه و مقایسه قرار گرفتند. در روش های مختلف، خشک کردن نمونه ها تا زمانی که وزن آنها به محتوای رطوبتی 10/0 بر پایه وزن خشک (یا 10 درصد بر پایه وزن تر) رسید، ادامه داشت. نتایج حاصل نشان داد که بین روش های مختلف خشک کردن و مدت زمان لازم برای خشک کردن، میزان اسانس و درصد کامازولن گیاه بابونه رابطه معنی داری وجود دارد. کمترین زمان خشک کردن (7 تا 104 دقیقه با توجه به توان مورد نظر) در روش میکروویو و بیشترین آن (120 ساعت) در روش سایه حاصل شد. بالاترین درصد اسانس (72/0 درصد وزنی) در روش سایه به دست آمد و کمترین آن مربوط به خشک کردن در میکروویو و دمای بالای آون بود. بالاترین درصد کامازولن در روش طبیعی و میکروویو و کمترین درصد آن به وسیله خشک کردن در آون به دست آمد.
واژههای کلیدی: آفتاب، آون، بابونه، خشک کردن، سایه، کامازولن، میکروویو
m Rahmati; Majid azizi; Mohammad Hasanzadeh khayat; Seyyed Hosein Nemati
Abstract
Abstract
Field experiment was carried out at the Ferdowsi University research field, Mashhad, Iran during 2006-2007, to determine how much effective the N-fertilization is, to find out the most suitable plant density which could be used in chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L. Asteraceae) to increase ...
Read More
Abstract
Field experiment was carried out at the Ferdowsi University research field, Mashhad, Iran during 2006-2007, to determine how much effective the N-fertilization is, to find out the most suitable plant density which could be used in chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L. Asteraceae) to increase the yield of anthodium flowers and content of essential oil. The experimental design was as two factor factorial completely randomized block design having four plant densities (D1=20pl/m2, D2=25pl/m2, D3=40pl/m2 and D4=50pl/m2) as first factor and three levels of Urea™ fertilizer (%46) (N0=0g/m2, N1=10g/m2 and N2=20g/m2) as second factor, replicated thrice. During the flowering period, growth indexes such as plant height, anthodia diameter, dry flower yield, essential oil content and chamazolene were measured. The results indicate that plant density and urea do not have a significant effect on morphological characters. Plant density had significant effect on dry flower yield and essential oil yield. So, maximum yield of dry flower and oil were obtained at 50 pl/m2. In the other hand, the increasing of Urea up to 20g/m2 caused dry flower yield, essential oil content and yield and chamazolene content to be increased significantly. The significant interaction between plant density and Urea levels had been recorded in the case of yield of dry flower and essential oil of Bodegold.
Key words: Essential oil, Chamomile, Plant density, Chamazolene, Urea
