Atefeh Ghoochani Khorasani; Iman Roohollahi; Porandokht Golkar
Abstract
Introduction: Zamifolia, Zamioculcas zamiifolia, belongs to the family Araceae, In vitro propagation is suggested for increase the propagation rate and disease-free production of explants because of vegetative propagation of Zamifolia. Micropropagation is one of the commercial aspects of indoor cultivation ...
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Introduction: Zamifolia, Zamioculcas zamiifolia, belongs to the family Araceae, In vitro propagation is suggested for increase the propagation rate and disease-free production of explants because of vegetative propagation of Zamifolia. Micropropagation is one of the commercial aspects of indoor cultivation and has many advantages over conventional methods of vegetative propagation. Nitrogen is an important component in the structure of molecules and metabolic compounds in plant cells. It is also a major constituent of amino acids in the structure of proteins. Therefore, nitrogen source and its type are important factors in the application of nutrient solutions, controlling the amount of nitrogen, which is divided into two factors: concentration and type of nitrogen source. In this study, the effects of 2.4, D as plant growth regulator, different concentrations of total nitrogen and nitrate to ammonium ratios on growth of Zamifolia were investigated in separate experiments. Materials and Methods: According to the results of previous studies, the best explants for achieving full callus and seedling are petiole and main vein leaf. The leaves were rinsed with running water for 20 minutes. The leaves were then immersed in 3.5% sodium hypochlorite under laminar hood for 20 minutes. Next, they were rinsed with sterile distilled water three times and then immersed in 70% alcohol for 60 seconds. Finally, the samples were extracted from alcohol and cultured in a suitable culture medium vertically. In the first experiment, callus production from whole leaf of Zamifolia was studied in MS and 1/2 MS medium with two concentrations of 2,4-D )9.05 and 18.1 M(. In the second experiment, the effect of two concentrations of total nitrogen at 60 and 30 μM and two nitrate to ammonium ratio (1: 3 and 1: 1 ) in presence of naphthalene acetic acid (2.69 μM ) and benzyl amino purine (2.22 μM) were studied on whole plantlet production in the shortest growth period. After 16 weeks of continuous culture in the subculture medium, entire explants with tubers, roots and 1-2 expanded leaves were transferred to ex vitro condition, in peat, peat: perlite (1:1) and sand and then on a shaded greenhouse bench. Statistical analysis of the results was factorial based on completely randomized design with 20 replications, and plantlet production acclimatization test, factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications, were performed and analyzed with SAS software version 9.3 Results and Discussion: The results of the first experiment showed that the largest calli were produced in MS 1.2 and 2,4-D 9.5 μM. After 16 weeks, largest embryo-like size (4.5 cm2) can be seen in the same treatment under nitrogen concentration (30 μM) and nitrate to ammonium ratio (1: 3). On the other hand, the smallest embryo-like structure size (3.5 cm2) is related to interaction of nitrogen concentration (30 μM) and nitrate to ammonium ratio (1: 1). Overall, the results of the first part of this study showed the best callus induction and growth of Zamifolia callus under culture conditions under modified M.S. 1.2 and 2, 4-D 9.5 μM. Secondly, culture medium NAA 2.69 μM + BAP 2.22 μM and modified M.S. media and nitrogen concentration of 30 μM and nitrate to ammonium ratio (1: 3). The best medium for embryo like structure growth in the early regeneration and seedling production weeks, increased leaf number in the last weeks compared to other treatments. According to this protocol, small number of leaves can be propagated to over a period of about 16 weeks to a large number of Zamifolia plants, which is comparable to other methods of reproduction of this plant, and similar studies that it has been economically justified to do this for about 30 weeks. Conclusion: Based on our results, we can conclude Zamifolia tissue culture can be an effective way to improve it growth conditions which can get acclimatized in ex vitro conditions on peat medium.
Mehdi Bagheri; Iman Roohollahi; Sasan Aliniaeifard
Abstract
Introduction: Management of rose plant structure plays an important role in flower production throughout the year and determines the amount of rose plant life span and influence plant development and quality of cut flowers (length, diameter and weight). In the past, roses were planted in a row, and their ...
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Introduction: Management of rose plant structure plays an important role in flower production throughout the year and determines the amount of rose plant life span and influence plant development and quality of cut flowers (length, diameter and weight). In the past, roses were planted in a row, and their structure was in the form of long vertical hedges, with annual pruning often involving, disbudding and pinching. Rose growers tend to bend non-producing shoots to increase light absorption and build more photosynthetic assimilates and increases the quality of the produced cut flowers. In this study was investigated for proper management of pruning of cut rose bud with an emphasis on degrees of shoot bending. Materials and Methods: The cutting's media were prepared from a combination of Cocopeat and Perlite at 50% equilibrium. The cuttings were planted in two-meter-long boxes 18 cm apart. From day 4, nutrient solution was injected into the substrates. Nutrient solution volume per plant was 550 ml per day, which was injected 11 times into the culture medium. In order to select the best plant structure architecture for producing the highest quality of the cut flowers, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with two shoot pruning and bending treatments. During the bending process to increase the accuracy of the experiment, two bent shoots were counted for all cuttings, six days after bending treatment the dormant buds were activated in the primitive part of the stem and began to grow. Pruning of the buds was done in two levels of 50% pruning and without pruning. 45 days after bud removal, flower shoots were harvested, and samples were transferred to the laboratory for post-harvest evaluation. Chlorophyll and carbohydrate concentration, photosynthesis index, physiological, morphological and photosynthetic parameters were measured as well as vase life trait. Results and Discussion: Pruning of buds at 1% probability level was important on carbohydrate content and bending at 5% probability level on carbohydrate and vase life. Furthermore, the interaction between the two pruning treatment and bending at 1% probability level was significant on the carbohydrate content and vase life. In general, it could be concluded that by bending the shoots, the light penetrates into the plant structure, which ultimately increased photosynthesis and the amount of carbohydrates in flower buds. It could be concluded from the observations that bent shoots with appropriate angles could consume their carbohydrates for bud flower production. In other words, bending branches plays the role of factories which task is to deliver the photosynthetic production in the bending branches to the flower branches that are the most important consumer. The results showed that bending of branches (45 and 90 degree), with increasing light absorption and making more photosynthetic assimilates and changing their flow from bent branches to shoots, caused their proper growth and 30% increasing in the fresh and dry weight traits. The diameter of the bud and the length of the flower shoot increased post-harvest quality of the cut flower. Furthermore, the interaction of bud pruning and bending had a positive effect on carbohydrate content of flower shoots. On the other hand, the vase life were evaluated, which showed that the bending 45 degree had the highest vase life (22.5) and 120 degree had the lowest vase life. At treatment 120 degree (lowest postharvest survival), non-pruned treatments showed longer vase life (16 days) and lower pruned treatments after harvest (13.5 days). It also showed the highest fresh weight, dry weight, peduncle diameter and flower length are 45 degree. No significant difference was observed in the photosynthesis rate of a bent branch near the bed and vertical branches above the bed. By bending the branch at the right angle, it made the bent light branch more efficiently utilized and maintained its photosynthetic rate, although bending stress, at the high levels and in the manufacture of carbohydrates and other products. Photosynthesis for helping the plant eventually gained more carbohydrates from its vertical branches (flowering), and increasing carbohydrates will lead to a relative increase in quality, bud diameter and flower length and eventually vase life of the cut flower. Conclusion: The results of the bending treatment showed that the accuracy of the bending time and degree of 45° and 90° subsequently resulted in an increase in the quality of production.
Abdolreza Ramezan Ghanbari; Iman Rohollahi
Abstract
Introduction: The genus Muscari has 47 species according to the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. M. armeniacum, belonging to the family Asparagaceae, is cultivated in pots and gardens in the temperate regions. Muscari armeniacum is commonly known as grape hyacinth owing to its clusters of ...
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Introduction: The genus Muscari has 47 species according to the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. M. armeniacum, belonging to the family Asparagaceae, is cultivated in pots and gardens in the temperate regions. Muscari armeniacum is commonly known as grape hyacinth owing to its clusters of small, bell-shaped, cobalt-blue flowers that look like clusters of upside-down grapes. Traditional methods of propagation of Muscari species are rather slow, since the bulblet production from the mother bulbs is extremely low. Muscari as a cold resistance, bulbous flower with blue color and tendency to flowering many times can be used in many prospects. On the other hand, the color of M. neglectum is precious as natural pigment, and it has many beneficial and useful compounds that may support human health. Traditionally, scoring facilitated the in vitro and ex-situ propagation of bulbous flower. The manipulation of ploidy is a valuable tool in improving crops. Out of many applicable methods, the use of chemicals to induce changes in chromosome number has been well established. Colchicine has been successfully applied to induce polyploidy in a series of crop species. The chromosome reduplication of Muscari armeniacum can be induced with mixed and soaked colchicine.
Material and Methods: Mature bulbs of Muscari armeniacum were bought online (www.flowerbulbsholland.com). After treatments in first and second experiment, bulbs were cultivated in experiment garden. Polyploidy induction and viability percentage by colchicine and scoring in Muscari were evaluated separately in tow factorial experiment based on the completely randomized design with three replications for two years. In the first experiment colchicine, 0.05% by 12, 24 and 32 hours of soaking time under scoring (with scoring and without scoring) treatment were evaluated. Finally, morphological traits such as raceme length, leaf length, leaf number, leaf width, and peduncle length were evaluated and in second year morphological traits, as well as microscopic traits including stomata numbers, stomata densities, stomata length and width were evaluated. In the second experiment, colchicine 0.05 and 0.1% with 24 h soaking time and scoring (with scoring and without scoring) treatment in three replications were examined according to the first experiment details. Five well expanded leaves of each plant were selected to measurement and scoring the size and density of stomata. Three samples of epidermal cells were obtained from lower surface by nail varnish technique. A small area of abaxial side of leaves was covered with thin layer of clear nail polish and left to dry. After drying the polish, it was removed with a tip forceps then placed on a glass slide and observed through the light microscope at 400 x magnification and studided bu=y digital image processing and analysis. Stomatal density, length and width were measured for each image. Stomatal elongation was counted as the ratio of stomatal length and stomatal width.
Results and Discussion: Results of the first experiment showed the heights viability (100%) and flowering (55%) in non-scoring bulbs and 12 hours colchicine treatments. Also the lowest viability (55%) and flowering displayed in 32 hours colchicine and scoring treatments. At the second year of first experiment the highest viability percentage (75%) and flowering (10%) indicated in non-scoring bulbs and 32 hours colchicine treatment. The lowest viability (30%) and flowering (0%) percentage showed in 12 hours colchicine treatment with scoring bulbs. At the second year of first experiment 12 hours colchicine 0.05% significantly increased leaf width (0.63) and stomata width (0.015). Based on our results in the first experiment, in second experiment only 24 hours colchicine 0.1% treatment was evaluated. At the second year of second experiment colchicine and scoring interaction treatments had significant effects on stomata numbers. Bulbs that were scored and treated with colchicine 0.1% didn’t germinate and colchicine 0.05% decreased stomata density significantly compared to control.
Conclusions: The results of the experiment showed that colchicine 0.05% in 12 h of soaking time is one of the best treatment for Muscari polyploidy induction. Whereas, 32 h colchicine 0.05% treatment showed the highest flower percentage and viability in second year. Also, scoring and colchicine 0.1% had a negative effect on the viability and the flowering percentage. High colchicine concentration and scoring treatment decrease viability and flowering. Finally, colchicine 0.05% for 24 h without scoring could increase the possibility to induce ploidy.
Azimeh Hajisadeghian Najafabadi; Iman Roohollahi
Abstract
Introduction: Natanzi, a native pear cultivar of Iran, is one of the Iranian high quality and commercial pear. True plant type can be produced with in vitro micropropagation. Micropropagation used for species that have long generation time, low levels of seed production, or seeds that do not readily ...
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Introduction: Natanzi, a native pear cultivar of Iran, is one of the Iranian high quality and commercial pear. True plant type can be produced with in vitro micropropagation. Micropropagation used for species that have long generation time, low levels of seed production, or seeds that do not readily germinate. Auxins in various concentrations are used for rooting depending on the different conditions of the tissue and culture medium. After propagation one of the problems with the production of plants through micropropagation is acclimatization. Low survival and poor growth of rooted seedlings in in vitro conditions after transferring to the environment, limits the use of tissue culture. The fungi symbiosis with root can enhance the success of this method. Natanzi pear propagation in Murashige and Skoog (MS) and propagated seedling acclimatization with mycorrhiza treatment were not reported. The aim of this study is evaluation the effects of various concentrations of BAP, IBA and GA3 on shooting, and NAA and IBA on rooting of Natanzi pear. In the second part of this experiment, the effects of mycorrhizal fungi on root development and absorption of phosphorus were evaluated.
Materials and Methods: In this study one-year branch buds of P.communis cv. Natanz from a wild mature tree native in village Tame, Natanz city, Isfahan Province, were used as plant material. Natanzi pear cutting were propagated supplemented with MS media under factorial experimental designs with three replications. Shoot proliferation in MS and MS with half concentration by BAP, IBA and GA3 were studied. Four different levels of IBA and NAA under light and dark condition for rooting were studied. After rooting plants were transplanted into 10 cm×12 cm plastic pots. Transplant was made in conditions of high ambient humidity to reduce damage to the plantlets. At transplant, pots were filled with different sterilized substrates, composed of mixtures of a coco peat:perlit and peat moss:perlit at a 1:1 (v/v) ratio. Substrates were wetted before filling the pots. At transplant, plants were inoculated with the AM fungus Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices, in the form of a mixture of spores, soil, and infected clover roots. Ten grams of inoculum were placed in each planting hole about 1 cm below the roots, for a total treatment. 10 g of the autoclaved mixed soil used for inoculated control treatment. Acclimatization, seedling survival, colonization, phosphorus concentrations and some morphological characteristics of root such as root characteristic were evaluated under G. mosseae and G. intraradices infection. Also two different bed, coco peat:perlite and peat moss:perlite at a 1:1 (v/v) ratio were examined. At the end of the experiment, Roots plants were stained to assess mycorrhiza colonization using Phillips and Hayman method (????). Colonization percentages of colonization were measured using Giovannetti and Mosse method. The total P concentration of plants was assessed using standard analytical techniques.
Results and Discussions: BAP (3 mg L-1) with IBA (0.5 mg L-1) is suitable of Natanzi pear proliferation under micropropagation condition. The highest rooting of Natanzi pear under in vitro condition were reported in MS and ½MS and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA under light and dark conditions, respectively. The results of experiments on Natanzi pear showed a positive effect of mycorhiza on the growth of infected seedlings compared to control treatments. Finally 100% of seedling were survived after acclimatization with mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza increased the seedling length and root growth characteristics. No significant differences were observed in colonization of different mycorrhiza infection. Peat moss with no treatment (control) showed the most phosphorus concentrations and peat moss with G. mosseae mycorrhiza showed the most average root diameter.
Conclusions: BAP and IBA (3 × 0.5 mg L-1) showed significant effect on proliferation and NAA (0.5 mg L-1) on rooting in MS respectively. Peat moss with G. mosseae is suitable to increase the acclimatization of Natanzi pear seedlings. Mycorrhiza increased the length of seedling and root growth characteristics during eight weeks of acclimatization. Natanzi pear seedlings showed the highest growth under G. intraradices treatment in peat moss. G. mosseae showed a significant effect on the average root diameter in peat moss. Results of leaf phosphorus concentration and root colonization percentage showed that there was no significant correlation between phosphorus concentration and colonization percentage.
Iman Roohollahi; Mohsen Kafi
Abstract
Abstract
Little information is available concerning morphological responses of Lolium perenne cultivars (Numan and Speedy green) to salinity and trinexapac-ethyl treatment in initial growth. In order to evaluate the effect of salinity treatment (0, 2000, 4000 and 6000 mg/lit) and trinexapac-ethyl levels ...
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Abstract
Little information is available concerning morphological responses of Lolium perenne cultivars (Numan and Speedy green) to salinity and trinexapac-ethyl treatment in initial growth. In order to evaluate the effect of salinity treatment (0, 2000, 4000 and 6000 mg/lit) and trinexapac-ethyl levels (0, 50, 100 gr/ha) on morphological responses of 'Numan' and 'Speedy green' in initial growth stage, an experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Sodium chloride levels significantly affected shoot and root length, but no significant trinexapac-ethyl treatment was found in initial growth of Lolium perenne cultivars. Trinexapac-ethyl and salinity treatment has no intraction effect in initial growth of this two cultivars. Lolium perenne performance was not affected by trinexapac-ethyl in all concentration in initial growth of this experiment when irrigated by salinity water.
Keywords: Lolium perenne, Cultivar, Salinity Stress, Trinexapac-ethyl
Iman Roohollahi; Mohsen Kafi
Abstract
Abstract
Several root measuring methods have been developed until now but there is no single method of root measurement applicable for all situations. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a single trinexapac-ethyl (TE) and paclobutrazol application on Kentucky bluegrass root growth under ...
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Abstract
Several root measuring methods have been developed until now but there is no single method of root measurement applicable for all situations. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a single trinexapac-ethyl (TE) and paclobutrazol application on Kentucky bluegrass root growth under three irrigation treatments. Evaluating of root length density (RLD), root surface area (RS) and average root diameter were measured using two methods: Newman and Bohm method, and leaf area meter model (Delta-T-Scan Image Analysis System). The experiment was a split-plot factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Irrigation treatment had no effect on root length density. Paclobutrazol reduced root length density in the second method but had no significant effect on the first. The results of two methods are different and both of them are acceptable in certain situation. In order to reliable study on root, we ought to find the acceptable method performance with due attention to the root characteristic and the type of factor that we evaluate. Finally with high density of roots in turf grass the second method is recommended.
Keywords: Root, Plant growth regulators, Irrigation treatment, Poa pratensis
