Medicinal Plants
Faezeh Soleimani; Davood Samsampour; Abdolnabi Bagheri
Abstract
Introduction
Medicinal plants have reservoirs rich in the active ingredients of many medicines. Medicinal plants have rich reservoirs of essential active ingredients of many drugs. Considering the importance of medicinal plants, especially in the pharmaceutical industry and their scarcity in nature, ...
Read More
Introduction
Medicinal plants have reservoirs rich in the active ingredients of many medicines. Medicinal plants have rich reservoirs of essential active ingredients of many drugs. Considering the importance of medicinal plants, especially in the pharmaceutical industry and their scarcity in nature, it is very important to study the various agricultural aspects of these plants, considering the increasing spread of saline soils, to find a solution. It seems necessary to prevent living and non-living environmental stresses or at least reduce them. One of these methods is the use of symbiotic relationships between mycorrhizal fungi and host plants, which reduces the stress caused by salinity. Due to the increasing expansion of saline soils, it seems necessary to find solutions that can prevent or at least reduce the living and non-living environmental stresses. There are different ways to overcome these tensions in different situations. Water salinization is one of the most important environmental limiting factors for crop production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, since Iran is located in the arid region of the world, given that salinity is one of the environmental factors. Are that have a strong effect on the growth and activity of lemongrass; There are also vast resources of saline and semi-saline groundwater, although not currently used and likely to be used in the future. Solutions to address abiotic stresses include the use of biofertilizers. One of these methods is to use the symbiosis of fungi with host plants, which leads to a reduction in salinity stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. On vegetative and biochemical traits of lemongrass under salinity stress. Salinity is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and production of crops. Fungi as a biological fertilizer can be useful in meeting the nutritional needs of plants and reducing the effects of environmental stresses on plants.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with two factors of four salinity levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 ds.m-1 NaCl) and fungi (no inoculation and fungal inoculation). For inoculation of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with mixed potting soil was applied to the lemongrass. Plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of leaves, relative water content, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were measured.
Results and Discussion
The results indicate that all studied traits were significantly affected by the interaction of mycorrhiza and salinity stress. The application of mycorrhizal fungi in the presence of salinity stress due to the absorption of nutrients and water led to improved growth of lemongrass. The results showed that under salinity stress of 150 mM plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of leaves, relative water content, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes in lemongrass inoculated with arbuscular fungus at 23.05, 32.69, 25.31, 48.14, 31.83, 30.33, 52.72 and 33.41% respectively, increased compared to the control (no inoculation). In general, based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the use of mycorrhizal fungi can increase the salinity tolerance of lemongrass and cultivate it in saline soil.
Conclusion
In summary, the results of the present study showed that inoculation of the fungi can protect the lemongrass plant against salinity stress. In addition, the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on lemongrass under salinity stress has been investigated for the first time. According to the results obtained in this study, salinity reduced morphological parameters and lemongrass as a reaction to salinity to maintain its status to increase the amount of enzyme activity through the mechanism of osmotic regulation to stress conditions. Compromise and to some extent deal with salinity. In the study, it was observed that inoculation with Arbuscular had a positive effect on all measured traits. The application of mycorrhizal fungi in the presence of salinity stress due to the absorption of nutrients and water led to improved growth of lemongrass. By examining all the measured traits, it can be concluded that by using mycorrhizal fungi, the salinity resistance of lemongrass can be increased and cultivated in saline soil. Arbuscular species seems to be more suitable for improving the growth of lemongrass in all conditions.
Medicinal Plants
Maumeh Sohrabei; Davood Samsampoor; Abdolnabi Bagheri
Abstract
Introduction Medicinal plants have historically been one of the main sources of medicine and pharmacy in most parts of the world, that among these plants, we can mention the species Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrad. Cell suspension culture is a widely used method to increase the rate of secondary ...
Read More
Introduction Medicinal plants have historically been one of the main sources of medicine and pharmacy in most parts of the world, that among these plants, we can mention the species Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrad. Cell suspension culture is a widely used method to increase the rate of secondary metabolites. The secondary metabolites of plants, are species compounds often produced during a certain period of growth and development and have important ecological functions in plants. They induce the ability of plants to cope with herbivores, microbial pathogens, adsorbents, and seed-spreading organisms. Also, due to the role of fungal elicitors to increase the rate of secondary metabolites in plants, in this study, we studied the role of the endophytes Alternaria solani. Fusarium sp. and Setosphaeria rostrata extracted from Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrad were collected from different regions of Hormozgan province as bio-elicitors in a cell suspension culture medium.Materials and Methods The study was performed based on a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with two factors (the first factor had two levels of different hormonal composition and the second factor had eight levels of endophytic fungal extracts) with three replications in the biotechnology laboratory of Hormozgan University and the results were analyzed statistically using SAS 9.4 software. To produce the callus and culture of cell suspension under hormone treatment, watermelon seeds were first disinfected for a period of time and then the seeds were transferred to a culture medium containing MS and placed in a suitable incubator for seed germination. After germination and leaflet production, pieces with an area of approximately 1 mm2 were separated from the primary leaves and for callus formation were transferred to Petri dishes containing MS medium (3% sucrose, 0.8% agar), with two levels of 1mg 2,4-D + 1mg BA and 1mg 2,4-D + 1mg kin and placed in a suitable incubator for three weeks. Three fungal endophytes Alternaria solani, Setosphaeria rostrata, and Fusarium sp. were transferred separately to PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) culture medium to prepare the bio elicitor and placed at 30 ° C for 7 days. From 7-day cultures, 1 cm2 of mycelium was isolated and inoculated into 150 ml of PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth) culture medium. The cultured cells were stored at 30 ° C in a 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask and placed on a shaker for 7 days at 120 rpm. The fungal cells were isolated and dried at 65 ° C for 24 hours. The powder from the dried cells was dissolved in water (10 g / l) and autoclaved for 20 minutes at 121 ° C. The extracts of these cells were finally used as a bio elicitorto study the change in the number of secondary metabolites. After that, the growth rate of cells in cell suspension culture was measured before and after the application of fungal extract. Parameters such as total phenol content, antioxidant activity, and flavonoids were also studied.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the treatment combinations of 1mg 2,4-D + 1mg BA and inoculation of the plant with three fungi, the amount of phenol and flavonoids increased by 62.11% and 49.18%, respectively, compared to the control and at the levels of 1% and 5% probability were significant and was observed in the combination of hormonal treatment 1mg 2.4-D + 1mg Kin and inoculation of three fungi, the amount of antioxidant production increased by 62.78% compared to the control and at the levels of 1% probability was significant. The results indicated that the cell extraction of the fungal endophyte Alternaria solani, Fusarium sp., and Setosphaeria rostrata under condition hormonal treatment can be used as an effective stimulant in increasing the amount of secondary metabolites (phenol, flavonoids and antioxidant) of Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrad. Conclusion It was revealed that by adding the elicitor to the culture medium, cell growth was increased. The results showed that the combination of three types of endophytic fungi Alteynaria solani, Setosphaeria rostrata and Fusarium sp. led to a significant increase in cell dry weight compared with the control treatment. Also, an increase in cell growth was observed even when a fungal extract was used alone. The amount of metabolites in cells treated with fungal extracts (fungal elicitors) was significantly higher than metabolites produced in the control. According to the results of this experiment, using a combination of three fungal extracts was the best treatment to increase the metabolite production in the culture of cell suspension of Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrad.
Breeding and Biotechnology of Plant and Flower
Leila Baghazadeh Daryaii; Davood Samsampoor; Abdolnabi Bagheri; Jelveh Sohrabipour
Abstract
Introduction
Fungal Endophytes have symbiosis life within the plant tissues without causing any obvious negative effects. Seaweeds are one of the large and diverse groups of marine plants that play an essential role in marine and oceans ecosystems. Seaweeds show rich diversity of ...
Read More
Introduction
Fungal Endophytes have symbiosis life within the plant tissues without causing any obvious negative effects. Seaweeds are one of the large and diverse groups of marine plants that play an essential role in marine and oceans ecosystems. Seaweeds show rich diversity of associated microorganisms compare with the other multicellular organisms. Citrus species, are amongst the most important evergreen fruit trees, cultivated in many countries worldwide. There are several obstacles for citrus production in southern of Iran that limiting continuity of citrus production. Lack of suitable soil, is one of the main challenges threatening citrus industry in southern of Iran. Similar to other citrus species, the production of Mexican lime is threatened by certain biological stresses (such as pests, plant diseases and weeds) and non-biological stresses (such as salinity, drought, floods, cold and heat stress). Here, we have evaluated the potential of inoculating Mexican lime seedlings with seaweeds fungi endophyte, Aspergillus niger, to improve morphological, biochemical, antioxidant and photosynthesis pigments characterizes. Endophytes are advantageous group of microorganisms that protect plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. One of the alternative ways to restore normal plant growth may be to use plant growth to stimulate endophytes. Endophytes can play an important role in plant growth. Endophytes from marine environment are gaining special interest because of their existence in the harsh conditions of marines and ocean ecosystem such as temperature, light availability, high salinity and osmotic stress. Fungi have already been isolated from various marine habitat, including marine plants, marine invertebrates and vertebrates. Among these organisms, seaweeds are one of the most prevalent sources of marine-derived fungi for chemical studies. The purpose of this study was the isolation of associated fungi with seaweed species in Persian Gulf to investigate morphological and molecular characterization by using PCR amplifications ITS1-5.8S-ITS4 regions and primitive assessment of their potential as bio-fertilizer.
Materials and Methods
The main aim of this study was investigation the role of endophytic fungi (Aspergillus niger), in improving the growth of Mexican lime seedlings. Cladophoropsis membranacea, green seaweed, was collected from coastal region of Bushehr province. Fungal endophytes were isolated and identified based on morphological and molecular methods. Molecular characteristic was investigated using PCR amplification of ITS1-5.8S-ITS4 regions. Mexican lime seeds were sterilized with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes and then completely distilled three times with distilled water. Seedlings pots containing autoclaved soil were placed in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hormozan University. Isolated fungi by MT420720 accession number was used as bio-fertilizing agents in eight months old Mexican lime seedlings. The suspension was adjusted to a concentration of 1×106 cell per ml. For better contact of seedlings with fungi, inoculation was performed three times. After three months, morphological (trunk diameter, stem length, root length and width, leaf and branch number, leaf, stem and root dry and fresh weight), biochemical (Protein, MDA and SPAD), antioxidant (CAT, POD, SOD, APX and Gr enzymes activity) and photosynthesis pigments (Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Total Chlorophyll and Carotenoids) characterizes in treated Mexican lime seedlings were analyzed. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete design with three replications. Analysis of variance of traits was performed using SAS software version 9.4 and the means were compared using LSD method with a probability level of P≤0.05.
Results and Discussion
The genera of Aspergillus was the most frequent isolates of the isolated fungi. The results show that most traits were significant compared with control. For example, leaf number (144.42%), root fresh weight (144.13%), stem fresh weight (94.85%) and root width (105.55%) were significantly higher compared with control (P>0.001). Fungal inoculation can significantly improve the photosynthesis pigments such as chlorophyll a (10.98%) and carotenoids (40.62%) (P>0.001) compared with control. In antioxidant capacity of seedling, CAT, POD, SOD, Gr and APX enzymes were analyzed. Fungal inoculation can increase the enzymes activity. For biochemical traits, fungal inoculation can significantly increase SPAD number and decrease MDA in inoculated seedlings compare with control (P>0.001).
Conclusion
The results showed that the use of entophytic fungi increased the growth of Mexican lime seedlings. Thereby it can be used as an effective tool for growing salinity-sensitive plants such as Mexican lime in saline conditions.
Postharvest physiology
Soheila Aghaei Dargiri; Davood Samsampour; Majid Askari Seyahooei; Abdolnabi Bagheri
Abstract
Introduction: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a common vegetable that is widely cultivated and consumed worldwide in the Solanaceae family (global tomato production is estimated at approximately 182 million tons in 2017). Tomato, because of its elevated nutritional value, is the second most common ...
Read More
Introduction: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a common vegetable that is widely cultivated and consumed worldwide in the Solanaceae family (global tomato production is estimated at approximately 182 million tons in 2017). Tomato, because of its elevated nutritional value, is the second most common vegetable commodity in the world after potatoes. As with other crops, the global production of tomatoes is threatened by certain biological stresses (such as pests, plant diseases and weeds) and non-biological stresses (such as salinity, drought, floods, cold and heat stress). Nowadays, the excessive use of chemical fertilizers in tomato production in order to increase yields, has resulted in environmental pollution and dangers on the health of consumers. The reaction of cultivated plants to these challenges is indicated by numerous morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes, leading to a direct and indirect decrease in plant growth and productivity. Salinity as a non-biological stress can cause osmotic or ionic imbalance in plant cells. Salinity stress also limits growth and germination by affecting water and reducing water availability and affects crop production. Endophytes represent an eco-friendly option for the promotion of plant growth and for serving as sustainable resources of novel bioactive natural products. One of the alternative ways to restore normal plant growth under salinity stress may be to use plant growth to stimulate endophytes. Endophytes can play an important role in plant survival under salinity stress by reducing the adverse effects of sodium ion. Therefore, this work provides strong evidence that endophyte halophyte can be beneficial for tomato that help tolerate the plants stress. Materials and Methods: The main aim of this study was to investigate the role of endophytic bacteria (Exigubacterium aurantiacum), isolated from Salsola imbricate, in improving the growth of Solanum lycopersicum L. (8320) under salinity stress. The salinity tolerance potential of bacterial endophytes was investigated in vitro. The bacterial was cultured in Nutrient Agar with different concentrations of NaCl (1, 2 and 3 M) and its growth dynamics were investigated after 24 and 120 hours. To prepare the bacterial suspension for inoculation with tomato seeds, the bacteria were cultured on NB (Nutrient Broth) medium for 24 hours in an incubator at 28±1 °C at 130 rpm. The OD suspension was adjusted to a concentration of 1×108 ml. Tomato seeds (cultivar 8320) were washed with ethanol (70%) for 30 seconds and then sterilized with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 90 minutes and then completely distilled three times with distilled water. They were autoclaved and washed. For better contact of seeds with bacteria, 1% carboxymethylcellulose was used and then the seeds inoculated with bacterial treatments were placed on a shaker for six hours. Seeds inoculated with bacterial endophytes were planted in seedlings and then placed in pots containing autoclaved soil in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hormoz University. The experiment was arranged in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments included five levels of salinity stress (0, 4, 6, 8 and 10 dS/m-1) and bacterial endophyte inoculation (E. aurantiacum). Analysis of variance of traits was performed using SAS software version 9.4 and the means were compared using LSD method with a probability level of p < /em> Results and Discussion: Analysis of variance showed that among treatments there is significant difference on growth parameters of tomato seedling (p < /em> 0.01), this indicate the positive impact of the bacterial endophyte on the growth parameters of tomato seedling is inoculated with the bacterial than the control plants. In this experiment, stem height, dry weight of stem, leaf and root, percentage of electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, proline and carbohydrate content were examined. The results of mean comparison showed that salinity stress significantly reduced stem height, stem dry weight, leaves and roots, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and increased electrolyte leakage; however, bacterial endophyte reduced the negative effects of salinity stress on tomatoes. Tomato seedling treated with endophytic bacteria showed higher levels of key osmolytes, total soluble carbohydrates and free proline compared to untreated plants under salinity stress. Conclusion: The results also showed that the use of endophytic bacteria increased the growth of tomatoes in saline soil and water, thereby it can be used as an effective tool for growing salinity-sensitive plants such as tomatoes in saline conditions.
Abdolnabi Bagheri; Hamed Hassanzadeh Khankahdani; Vajihe Ghanbari; Majid Askari Seyahooei; Seyyed Saeid Modarres Najafabadi
Abstract
Introduction: Assessment of genetic diversity in Mango can provide a platform to deepen our knowledge about its genetic background and determine the high quality genotypes for involving in the inbreeding programs. The high observed diversity among native landraces of mango can be used in breeding programs ...
Read More
Introduction: Assessment of genetic diversity in Mango can provide a platform to deepen our knowledge about its genetic background and determine the high quality genotypes for involving in the inbreeding programs. The high observed diversity among native landraces of mango can be used in breeding programs to produce better cultivars and utilization of these cultivars as donor parent to transfer desirable characteristics to high-bearing cultivars. Suitable mango cultivars to prepare rootstock and scion and resistant cultivars against diseases and the high yielding cultivars (with regards to alternate bearing in mango) can be recognized by better understanding of available germplasms. In the past two decades in southern Iran, the process of producing the grafted mango trees via seed culturing and grafting suitable cultivars (What has been registered such as Sindary and Langra and what has not been registered) on the seedlings has been accelerated. Therefore, studying the diversity of mango germplasms in these regions can be a good way to identify and distinguish these genotypes. In the present study, native genotypes of mango from Minab and Rudan counties (Hormozgan Province) were collected, which are mainly produced through seed and over time they have been propagated by vegetative methods based on the quality and taste and their diversity, was evaluated using morphological attributes and molecular markers.
Materials and Methods: In this experiment, we studied genetic and morphological diversity of 39 mango genotypes collected from Minab and Rudan counties (Hormozgan province) using ISSR markers and morphological attributes. Morphological characteristics were assessed using IBPGR descriptor. DNA extraction was done using modified CTAB method. Similarity coefficient of ISSR markers was calculated by Jaccard’s procedure. Polymorphism information content (PIC) was calculated using PIC=2fi(1-fi) formula, where fi was frequency of the amplified bands and 1-fi was frequency of the null bands. In order to analyze morphological data SAS 9.1 software was used and the means were compared using LSD test. In addition, it was prepared a 0 and 1 matrix from morphological data and dendrogram of morphological attributes was designed using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient.
Results and Discussion: The dendrogram inferred from morphological characters grouped all genotypes in eight main clades in which similarity of the dendrogram ranged from 0.12 to 0.83 with mean value of 0.54. The least similarity was observed between Almehtari and Charak, and the most similarity was observed among Moshk, AnaMG, Noghal and HalMG. Analysis of 21 morphological parameters in the studied genotypes demonstrated being of significant differences among these genotypes in terms of morphological attributes (except flower density and inflorescence shape). The ISSR primers produced totally 145 scorable bands that the highest and lowest polymorphism band were observed in MI808 (20 bands) and MI827 (6 bands) primers, respectively. Average of PIC was 0.450. The similarity for ISSR markers ranged from 0.31 to 0.90, in which the least similarity was observed between Majlesi and Charak. However, the highest similarity was observed between Gilasi and KalanMB genotypes. It was observed the differences among same genotypes grown in the various regions. In Rudan region in due to better quality of irrigation water as well as sufficient and proper availability to irrigation water, growth conditions for mango trees is better than Minab region. These differences between Rudan and Minab regions in viewpoint of growth conditions can be reason of morphological diversity among mango similar genotypes in both regions, which it has been caused to incompatibility of morphological and molecular markers. For this reason, the genotypes that are genetically similar to each other may have different morphological differences and/or two homonymous genotypes in two regions have significant genetic differences. For example, Clanfar Baziari genotype, which had high genetic similarity (0.90) with Gilasi genotype, had morphological similarity coefficient equal 0.37 together. However Gilasi genotype collected from Ahmadabad Minab had same ecological similarity with Baziari region. In other instant, genetic similarity coefficient of AnaMG genotype was 0.85 with ShozMD, while in these genotypes had 38% morphological similarity. Correlation coefficient between similarity matrix of ISSR and morphological markers was 0.336 and not significant.
Conclusion: It seems that the observed high diversity among morphological attributes is intrinsically and stemming from mango propagation procedure in which mango genotypes highly diverged due to seed propagation. The high genetic diversity showed by morphological attributes was also corroborated by ISSR markers, indicating low environmentally influence-ability of the attributes.
