Pomology
Marziyeh Nezami; Mohammad Reza Fatahi Moghadam; Ali Ebadi; Zabihollah Zamani
Abstract
IntroductionStrawberry is known as one of the most important temperate small fruits which is cultivated in the field, greenhouse and high tunnels in the most regions of the world. The role of gibberellin and auxin in increasing fruit size of strawberries have been reported. One of the major problems ...
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IntroductionStrawberry is known as one of the most important temperate small fruits which is cultivated in the field, greenhouse and high tunnels in the most regions of the world. The role of gibberellin and auxin in increasing fruit size of strawberries have been reported. One of the major problems of strawberry production in greenhouse is the fruits malformation which has reduced the market value of the fruit. Gibberellin and auxin have been different effects in vegetative and reproductive of growth stages. The purpose of this research was to improve the vegetative and reproductive indices of the fruit and to control the malformation problem by stimulating the development of seeds on the fruit and stimulating the growth of the fruit receptacle by gibberellin GA3. Materials and MethodsExperiments were conducted in a commercial greenhouse in Karaj, Hashtgerd New City, Phase 7 during 2017-2019. Two separate experiments (spraying hormones on whole plant or immersing individual fruitlets on hormone solution) were designed and implemented in a commercial greenhouse unit. In the first experiment: GA3 was at concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 ppm and IBA at concentrations of 20, 40 and 60 ppm in growth stages of 60 and 65 according to BBCH worldwide model. In the second experiment, fruits were immersed in NAA with concentrations of 20, 40 and 60 ppm and GA3 with concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 ppm at fruit growth stages 70 and 73 according to BBCH procedure. After reaching the red stage, the fruits were manually harvested and transferred to the laboratories for additional tests. Vegetative and reproductive traits were evaluated including leaf area, number of leaves, crown circumference, plant height, number of flowers and fruit dimensions. Fruit biochemical characteristics include: total soluble solids, titratable acid content of fruit, anthocyanin and antioxidant capacity, total phenolics, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes activities and content of vitamin C were evaluated. The experiments were designed and implemented in the frame of a randomized complete block design. The data were analyzed by SAS ver.9.4 and SPSS ver. 22 software, the mean data were compared based on Duncan's multi-range test, and the graphs were drawn by Excel 2013 software. Results and DiscussionFoliar spraying with gibberellin had a significant effect on several characteristics, including leaf area, crown circumference, number of flowers, and plant height at the 1% level of significance. However, it did not yield a significant impact on the attribute of leaf number. The increase in vegetative growth could be due to the synthesis of more amino acids in the stimulation of gibberellin treatment. Gibberellin treatments increased the vegetative growth of the plant and increased the number of flowers, but their growth was stopped after fruit formation and no fruits were formed in gibberellin spraying. This can be due to the existence of an antagonistic relationship between vegetative parts and fruit developments. Auxin hormone treatments had a significant effect on increasing fruit size and reducing the percentage of malformed fruits. GA3 at concentration of 50 ppm improved plant vegetative characteristics such as: plant leaf area, plant crown circumference, plant height and number of flowers, while IBA reduced fruit deformity by 40% and also increased the amount of total soluble solids, the titratable acid content of the fruit and the antioxidant content of the fruit. In general, gibberellin at a concentration of 50 ppm in order to increase plant vegetative indices and auxin at a concentration of 60 ppm were statistically effective. In second experiment, it seems that three levels of gibberellin treatment have increased all traits related to fruit compared to auxin and control. GA3 at a concentration of 100 ppm, causing an increase in fruit size, fruit weight and the biochemical properties of the fruit and the deformity decreased by 37/5% while NAA at a concentration of 60 ppm increased the amount of fruit anthocyanin as well as total fruit phenolics and vitamin C content. ConclusionIn the first experiment, gibberellin foliar application at a concentration of 50 ppm had the greatest effect on vegetative growth indicators. Also, in the same experiment, it was found that the use of GA3 in high concentrations has the negative effects on flowering and fruit growth., while it increases the amount of runner production. Also, IBA at a concentration of 60 ppm was the most effective treatment in fruit indices. In the second experiment, gibberellin at a concentration of 100 ppm was the most effective treatment in fruit and its biochemical traits, while NAA auxin in the second experiment showed a lower response to fruit than IBA auxin in the first experiment.
Pomology
Zohreh Abbasi; Iman Zamani; Mohsen Shafieirad; Amir Hossein Amiri Mehra; Seyyed Mehdi Hosseinifarahi
Abstract
Introduction Strawberry is a significant fruit due to its rich sources of vitamins and plenty of antioxidants and grows worldwide. Thus, studies that provide information on topics in strawberry growth are momentous. Strawberry production is often threatened by various pests. Therefore, pest management ...
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Introduction Strawberry is a significant fruit due to its rich sources of vitamins and plenty of antioxidants and grows worldwide. Thus, studies that provide information on topics in strawberry growth are momentous. Strawberry production is often threatened by various pests. Therefore, pest management is one of the most critical points in strawberry cultivation and production that have to be considered. There are several pests that can have detrimental effects on strawberry production. For example, thrips is an important pest for strawberry in a greenhouse condition. There are many ways to deal with greenhouse pests; one of the best ways is to observe greenhouse hygiene and sanitation and use the proper chemical pesticides. Yet, it is impossible to predict the plant's growth stages in the usual ways to predict the time of using chemical pesticides. The time of each growth stage's occurrence can be predicted only by using simulation models and considering the factors affecting plant growth, such as environmental factors, pests, disease, and nutrition. To this end, this study aims to model the growth process of strawberry plants by considering pests and diseases' impact.Materials and Methods Monitoring the growth stages is a critical component of a successful strawberry growth program. To harvest more, it is vital to develop effective predicting tools. There are several approaches to investigate the change in the size and form of planets based on some growth conditions over time. The best-known mechanism of analyzing the growth process mathematically is simulation modeling. Models can be used as an alternative for statistical analysis of harvest of crops. They enhance the inferences about productive behavior and can be used to evaluate experiments. To introduce a desirable model, it is required to identify the essential features of the growth process, such as environment and climate. In this work, the dynamics of growing strawberry, the evolution of their size in time and their forms are modeled. Meanwhile, the plant's reaction to environmental factors such as pests and effective management factors on the environment and climate created for plant growth is investigated.Results and Discussion The use of growth models increases the analysis that can be made about the productive behavior of strawberry plants. Moreover, the proposed model has efficiency in predicting plant growth. This model, including simple relationships and the general concept of growth, is useful for teaching, learning, and researching to analyze plant growth factors. Furthermore, the proposed model can study how plants react to environmental factors such as pests and significant management factors on the environment and climate of plant growth. Besides, the model can help scholars, researchers, and plant producers with the ability to predict the amount and manner of plant growth and the effect of changing the number of pests. In this paper, the amount of disease and pests' damage for different rates in the growth stages is shown by using the plant growth process's modeling to reduce the amount of damage caused by pests by predicting the amount of damage and provide applicable, low cost and practical solutions. According to the results obtained in this study, since the lack of pest control causes only four out of ten healthy fruits to reach the full growth stage, control and repel pests are essential.Conclusion From the results of this study, it can be concluded that greenhouse owners and producers can simulate several growing seasons in a matter of seconds and predict the amount of harvest and loss of their crop by considering the environmental information of the area of study in which they decide to plant and knowing the effective rates in the process of plant growth and having a model. The greenhouse owners can predict the number of healthy and infected plants using the desired model before harvest by using the help of horticultural experts, collecting information about their environment, climate, soil, etc., and using different aspects affecting plant growth in the desired area. This approach can be extended to other crops to investigate the treatment effects and the production behavior throughout the crop cycle. Using this method predicts the crop cycle and leads to fruit production in a shorter period because the producer can use pesticides at the right time of production to decrease the damages to pests.
Pomology
Mohammadreza Safari Motlagh; Behzad Kaviani; Jaleh Ashegh
Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, applying humic acid has been common in enhancing the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of crops. The use of biofertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers has an effective role in increasing the health of plants, animals, and humans, and reducing environmental ...
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Introduction: In recent years, applying humic acid has been common in enhancing the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of crops. The use of biofertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers has an effective role in increasing the health of plants, animals, and humans, and reducing environmental pollution. Chemical fertilizers are gradually being replaced by biofertilizers. Strawberry is a fruit with high nutritional value. Choosing the right nutritional conditions such as fertilizers and suitable cultivation beds to achieve high quantitative and qualitative yield in this plant is inevitable. In recent years, the use of humic acid has been common in enhancing the vegetative and generative characteristics of crops. Humic acid is a rich source of potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen. The method of application of humic acid has an effective role in improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of plants. Combining some cultivation beds such as perlite, composts, and fertilizers including agricultural waste (such as rice bran and tea wastes) into soil cultivation beds have had an effective role for improving the quantity and quality of plants. Materials and Methods: A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of foliar application of humic acid and different cultivation beds on morphology, flowering and fruiting of two strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cultivars ‘Local’ and ‘Selva’ in Islamic Azad University, Rasht Unit, on 2016. Different concentrations of humic acid (0, 300, 600, and 1000 mg l−1) were applied as foliar application in two steps (late March containing three leaves and late April containing five leaves) on strawberries cultivated in different beds (usual soil and usual soil with rice bran, or perlite, or tea wastes). The experiment was carried out as factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Some traits including plant height, root number, root length, leaf length, shoot number, shoot length, shoot diameter, leaf number, node number, flowering time, flower diameter, flower number, fruit number and fruit weight were measured. Results and Discussion: Analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of humic acid × cultivation bed ×cultivar on plant height, shoot length, shoot number, leaf number, root length, root number, flower diameter (p≤0.01), fruit weight, and fruit number (p≤0.05) was significant. The interaction effect of these three factors on shoot or stolon diameter, leaf length, flowering time and flower number was not significant. Results of mean comparison showed that the highest shoot or stolon number (14.82) were obtained in ‘Selva’ cultivar treated with 1000 mg l−1 humic acidcultivatedin usual soil with tea wastes. The highest fruit weight (35.45 g) and fruit number (15.41 per plant) were obtained in ‘Selva’ cultivar treated with 1000 mg l−1 humic acidcultivatedin usual soil with perlite. The maximum leaf number (16.03 per plant) was obtained in the treatment of 300 mg l−1 humic acid and the cultivation bed of usual soil and rice bran in ‘Local’ cultivar. Minimum fruit number (3.58) and fruit weight (8.23 g) were obtained in ‘Local’ cultivar cultivated in usual soil bed without humic acid. The highest number of root (19.56) was obtained in the treatment of 600 mg l−1 humic acid and the cultivation bed of usual soil with perlite in ‘Local’ cultivar. The highest amount of flower diameter (7.85 mm) was calculated in the treatment of 1000 mg l−1 humic acid and the cultivation bed of usual soil with tea wastes on ‘Selva’ cultivar. These results suggest that humic acid foliar application might be benefit to enhance fruit characteristics of strawberry. Totally, humic acid application increased growth and yield of strawberry. Since the most important parameters for increasing the quality of strawberry fruit is fruit characteristics, it is recommended to use 1000 mg l−1 of humic acid cultivated in the usual soil mixture with tea wastes. Strawberries are widely cultivated worldwide due to their high nutritional value. Chemical fertilizers have been used as a way to increase crop yields, but have led to problems such as nitrate accumulation, pot life, and poor quality and environmental pollution. Therefore, organic fertilizers have been used. Humic acid can improve quantitative and qualitative production by having properties such as providing more available essential elements and increasing plant resistance to various biological and non-biological stresses. A positive association has been reported between the use of humic acid and the increases in growth, yield and product quality in strawberries and other plants. Proper cultivation bed plays an important role in the optimal growth and development of plants. Salinity increases osmotic stress, ion toxicity, oxidative stress and food imbalance. The use of compost fertilizer and foliar application of humic acid increased the growth, yield and quality of strawberry fruit.
Mohammad Reza Asghari; Farhad Asghari
Abstract
The effect of different concentration of salicylic acid (0, 1 and 2 mmolL-1) and chitosan (0, 0.5 and 1 percent) on postharvest life and quality of Selva strawberry fruit during storage at 2.5±0.5°C with 85-95% RH for 7 and 14 days was studied. Decay incidence, marketability, total soluble solids, ...
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The effect of different concentration of salicylic acid (0, 1 and 2 mmolL-1) and chitosan (0, 0.5 and 1 percent) on postharvest life and quality of Selva strawberry fruit during storage at 2.5±0.5°C with 85-95% RH for 7 and 14 days was studied. Decay incidence, marketability, total soluble solids, total acidity, vitamin C content and total antioxidant activity were evaluated during storage. chitosan 1% significantly decreased decay incidence and maintained fruit marketability. 1mmolL-1 of salicylic acid in combination with 1% chitosan significantly retained fruit soluble solids, vitamin C content and total antioxidant activity and was more effective on total antioxidant activity during first week of cold storage. 1 and 2 mmolL-1 salicylic acid retained total acidity.
Mohammad Gerdakaneh
Abstract
The present investigation was conducted to study the effects of type and concentration of auxin and cytokinin on callus induction of three strawberry (Kurdistan, Parose and Camarosa) cultivars. For this purpose, leaf blade, nodal, petiole, receptacle, stamen and flower bud explants were cultured on Murashige ...
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The present investigation was conducted to study the effects of type and concentration of auxin and cytokinin on callus induction of three strawberry (Kurdistan, Parose and Camarosa) cultivars. For this purpose, leaf blade, nodal, petiole, receptacle, stamen and flower bud explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium at three separate experiments included 2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mg/L, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mg/L and different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/L) of benzyl adenine (BA) combination with 4 mg/L NAA. The concentration and type of growth regulators, cultivar and explant type were found critical to the callus induction and callus physical appearance. All explants exception of receptacle incubated on medium formed callus. The leaf and nodal were the most responsive explant to produce callus. MS medium supplemented with combination of auxin and cytokinin were evidently higher than those in the single auxin treatments. 4.0 mg/L NAA + 1 mg/L BA yielded the highest percentage of callus in all types of explants. In this medium, the highest callus induction (98.50%) was recorded in nodal explants of Kurdistan cultivar.
Mehri Yusefi; Seyyed Jalal Tabatabaie; Jafar Hajilou; Naser Mahna
Abstract
Salinity affects the yield and quality of fruits crops as result of modifying water and nutrient uptake. In split root system, it should be possible to reduce the deleterious effect of salinity on the plant growth. Therefore, an experiment was conducted on strawberry with different concentration of NaCl ...
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Salinity affects the yield and quality of fruits crops as result of modifying water and nutrient uptake. In split root system, it should be possible to reduce the deleterious effect of salinity on the plant growth. Therefore, an experiment was conducted on strawberry with different concentration of NaCl (0, 30, 60 and 90 mM) in a completely randomized blocks design in studding hydroponic greenhouse. The roots were divided into two portions and either even or uneven salinity was applied to the root portions. The treatments consist of 0:0, 0:30, 0:60, 0:90, 30:30, 60:60 and 90:90 with three replications. In general, the increased salinity reduced photosynthesis rate but in uneven salinity the photosynthesis rate was increased. Proline concentration was reduced in 0:0 treatments but increased in 0:30 and 30:30 treatments. Ca, N, P and K concentrations were reduced by increasing salinity, but were increase in uneven salinity. The highest concentrations of Cl and Na were observed in 60:60 and 90:90 salinity treatments. Na and Cl concentrations were reduced in uneven salinity in the root zone so that in 0:30 treatments, the concentration of Na were 20% lower than that in 30:30 treatments. Based on the results of this study the application of uneven salinity in a concentration of 30 mM could be recommended for growing strawberry in salinity stress conditions.
Mohammad Gerdakaneh; Ali Akbar Mozafari; Abolmohsen Hajiamiri
Abstract
Present study was conducted to consider the effects of different concentrations of 2,4-D and BA on somatic embryogenesis induction, development and maturation of three strawberry cultivars (Kurdistan, Parose and Camarosa). For this purpose, leaf blade, nodal, petiole, stamen and flower bud calli were ...
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Present study was conducted to consider the effects of different concentrations of 2,4-D and BA on somatic embryogenesis induction, development and maturation of three strawberry cultivars (Kurdistan, Parose and Camarosa). For this purpose, leaf blade, nodal, petiole, stamen and flower bud calli were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D at 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/l ) as well as the combination with different concentrations (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/l) of benzyl adenine (BA). The concentration and kind of growth regulators, cultivar and explant had great importants on strawberry somatic embryogenesis induction, development and maturation. Results obtained from the studies revealed that all explants with the exception of petiole and stamen incubated on medium formed embryonic calli. MS medium supplemented with combination of auxin and cytokinins were evidently higher than those in the single auxin treatments. 1 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.25 mg/l BA yielded the highest percentage of embryonic calli and number of globular embryo stage and 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.25 mg/l BA yielded the highest number of embryo cotyledonary in all types explants. The leaf explant calli and Parose cultivar were the most responsive to produce to somatic embryogenesis induction, development and maturation.
