Pomology
Mahmud Hasanabadi; Majid Azizi; Gholamhossein Davarinejad; Hojatollah Bodaghi; Hossein Hokmabadi
Abstract
Introduction Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important fruits cultivated in many areas with different climates all over the world. Grape, which is rich in antioxidants, flavonoids, anthocyanins and phenolic acids, is highly regarded in terms of economic value. Salicylic acid is one ...
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Introduction Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important fruits cultivated in many areas with different climates all over the world. Grape, which is rich in antioxidants, flavonoids, anthocyanins and phenolic acids, is highly regarded in terms of economic value. Salicylic acid is one of the compounds which have been used in recent years for improving the physicochemical properties of many fruits. The application of salicylic acid increases the shelf life of crops by inhibiting ethylene production and respiration, as well as by reducing the activity of some enzymes which are responsible for softening the cell wall. Furthermore, salicylic acid results in the enhancement of phenolic compound production by increasing the activity of some enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase.Materials and Methods The present study was conducted in 2014 on 13-year-old Shahroodi grapes that were grown using a head-training system with a spacing of 2m × 2m in "Shahrood" County, Semnan Province. A total of 60 grapevines with uniform age and growth characteristics were selected for the experiment. Salicylic acid was obtained from Merck and solutions were prepared using a small amount of organic solvent and surfactant to reduce the surface tension of the solutions. For the purpose, the Salicylic acid powder was dissolved in a few drops of ethanol and a few drops of Tween 20 for improving solution penetration to the plants, The solution was prepared at concentrations of 0 (control), 1, 2, 3 mM. Then the plants were sprayed two weeks after the fruit set stage (when berries were at the pea-sized stage with a diameter of 4 to 5 mm). The experimental design used in this experiment was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. After harvesting and transporting of fruits to the laboratory, different characteristics were measured:Chlorophyll and carotenoid ContentChlorophyll a, b, and total Chlorophyll and carotenoid content measured according to Arnon (1967) method in grape leaves. The extraction steps were carried out with full precision to minimize contact with heat and light. In order to stabilize the pigments, the samples taken from the central part of the mature leaves were immediately ground in liquid nitrogen. The samples were vortexed two times with an interval of one minute and stored for 1.5 hours at a temperature of 4 degrees Celsius in order to dissolve the pigments in cold acetone solvent. After that, they were centrifuged for 15 minutes at a speed of 6000 rpm. The supernatant after centrifugation of the samples was used to measure chlorophyll and total carotenoids. The absorbance of the samples was read at three wavelengths of 470, 645, and 663 nm using a Shimadzu UV (160) spectrophotometer. Using the absorbance of the samples in these three wavelengths and the equations below, the amounts of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids were calculated in terms of milligrams per gram of tissue sample weight.Fruit characteristics Fruit characteristics such as fruit yield, fruit firmness (with magnets-Taylor device), sugar and acid content, and content of phenolic compounds were also measured. The fruit tissue firmness was measured using a firmness tester (model FDKA 32, Wagner) and expressed in Newtons per square centimeter. The characteristics of soluble solids (TSS) were expressed using a handheld refractometer (Ataga, Japan) and expressed in terms of Brix, the pH of the extract was measured using a digital pH meter (Sartorius PP-20, Germany). Titratable acidity or TA was done through the titration of the extract using 0.1 normal sodium until pH 1.8-2.8 and its results were reported using the following formula and under the title of tartaric acid percentage.Total phenol content The amount of total phenol was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu method and spectrophotometry. The absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured after 120 minutes of storage in the absence of light at a wavelength of 765 nm using a Shimadzu UV spectrophotometer (160). The amount of total phenol was expressed from the standard curve in terms of mg of gallic acid per 100 grams of extract in three replicates for each sample and standard.Total flavonoid The amount of total flavonoid was measured by aluminum chloride calorimetric method. In this experiment, 50 microliters of methanolic extract from the flesh and fruit skin were combined with 10 microliters of 10% aluminum chloride and 10 microliters of 1 M potassium acetate. Then, 280 microliters of double distilled water were added to the mixture. After the samples were mixed, they were left at room temperature for 40 minutes. The absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at a wavelength of 415 nm using a Shimadzu UV spectrophotometer (160) in three replicates. A blank containing double distilled water was used for comparison. The amount of total flavonoids was determined based on the standard curve of quercetin and the results were expressed in micrograms of quercetin per gram of fruit skin and flesh weight.Total anthocyanin The amount of total anthocyanin was measured using the difference in pH method. In this method, the absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 520 and 700 nm along with potassium chloride and sodium acetate buffers with different pH values of 1 and 4.5.Results The results of the data analysis of variance showed that the application of salicylic acid resulted in significant differences in the measured characteristics. Therefore, the use of this compound improved the physical and biochemical quality of the treated grape clusters.Comparison of treatments means showed that using 2 mM salicylic acid brought about a significant effect on the amount of chlorophyll (a, b and total) and carotenoids compared to other treatments, especially control. Salicylic acid application caused a reduction in pH and soluble solids, and an increase in firmness, 100-berry weight and yield. The results of the study indicated a significant increase in organic acids and a decrease in reducing sugars in the grape clusters treated with salicylic acid. The highest amount of tartaric acid was found in the treatment with 2 mM salicylic acid, with an average of 0.66, while the control treatment had the lowest amount of tartaric acid, with an average of 0.52. This suggests that the use of salicylic acid led to a reduction in transpiration and consumption of organic acids. In terms of reducing sugars, the highest and lowest amounts were observed in the control treatment (14%/74) and the treatment with 2 mM salicylic acid (13%/60), respectively. Increasing the concentration of salicylic acid up to 2 mM resulted in the enhancement of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds contents, but higher concentrations (more than 2 mM) reduced the amounts of these compounds in treated fruits.Conclusion Pre-harvest use of salicylic acid could have a positive effect on the improvement of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of grape cv. Shahroodi. However, further comprehensive studies are needed to be conducted to recommend this compound to the growers of fruit trees.
Pomology
Leila Jafari Burki; Bijan Kavoosi; Hamid Zare
Abstract
Introduction
Table grape is one of the most important horticultural crops in Fars province however in recent years climate change has caused negative effects on phenology and reduced the quantity and quality of its product. Around the world, shade net is used for a different of crops, from fruits ...
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Introduction
Table grape is one of the most important horticultural crops in Fars province however in recent years climate change has caused negative effects on phenology and reduced the quantity and quality of its product. Around the world, shade net is used for a different of crops, from fruits and vegetables to nursery plants to protect against strong sunlight, wind, hail and bird injury. Shade net are commonly used in vineyards for early, late harvest, protection from hail, snow, storms, and the prevention of the negative effects of pests and diseases in many countries such as Japan, Thailand, Australia, Chile, the United States and Turkey. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of color type and shading percentage on some characteristics of grapes of Rishbaba cultivar in one of the vineyards of Kavar city in 2019.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications with canopy color factors (green, red and white) and shading percentage (30% and 50%) and without canopy (control). Kavar city is located 45 km southeast of the center of the province and has a longitude of 250 and 42 and a latitude of 290 and 11 ". The altitude is 1510 meters above sea level and the average rainfall is 290 mm, the average annual temperature is 22, the maximum temperature is 44 and the minimum temperature is minus 4 degrees Celsius. In this study, some characteristics of vegetative and biochemical traits such as shoot length, number of nodes, internode distance, leaf area and chlorophyll, some environmental indicators (leaf temperature, light intensity and some characteristics of quantitative traits berry and cluster weight and some qualitative traits Similar soluble solids, taste index and vitamin C were examined.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that green cover with 50% shading had the highest vegetative growth in terms of shoot length (20.87 cm), internode distance (3.80 cm) and leaf area (188.33 cm2) and the lowest shoot length (42 cm) and (48.25 cm2), internode distance (2.97 and 2.58 cm) and leaf area (133.07 and 139.68 cm2) were related to control and white canopy treatments, respectively. Shade net with red color has the highest number of nods (22.77) and with 50% shading the highest amount of total chlorophyll (30.47 mg / g fresh weight), cluster weight (691.67 g) and vitamin C (4.10 mg per 100 ml juice). The white color of the shade caused the highest leaf temperature (29.17 ° C) and light intensity (538.67 watts per square meter). In general, shading reduced the temperature of grape leaves and increasing the percentage of shade had a decreasing effect on light intensity. The shade net also reduces the amount of sunlight reaching the trees and lowers the level of evapotranspiration, which reduces the symptoms of plant water stress and thus increases photosynthesis, plant yield and fruit size.
Conclusion
Among the different net colors, the highest leaf temperature (29.17 ° C) was related to white color and the lowest (26.92 °C) was related to red and green colors. Among the different colors of the nets, white color had the highest intensity of light (538.67 watts per square meter) and the lowest intensity of light (540.67 watts per square meter) related to green color. The white color of the shade net had an increasing effect on the taste index and the green color had a decreasing effect compared to other colors. Uncoated vines (control) had the highest amount of soluble solids, while green cover with 50% shading had the lowest amount of soluble solids. According to the results of this study, the red canopy had an increasing role in increasing the quantity and quality of bearded grapes, the green canopy caused vegetative growth and the increase in vegetative growth with the percentage of shade had a direct effect. The shade net protected the vines and the crop from sunlight and prevented sunburn. The green canopy with 50% shading had the most positive effect. All treatments had a positive effect on the vegetative growth of vines and among them, green canopy with 50% shading had the greatest effect. All treatments had a positive effect on crop uniformity in terms of size and color and red canopy with 50% shading had the most positive effect on quantity and quality of Rishbaba grapes compared to other treatments.
Shadab Faramarzi
Abstract
Introduction: Ziziphus mauritiana is a plant from the family of Rhamnaceae. The fruits of Indian jujube contain high amounts of soluble sugars, non-volatile acids and phenolic compounds. Antioxidant properties and cytotoxic effects of the fruit, bark and seed of the Indian jujube has been reported. Also, ...
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Introduction: Ziziphus mauritiana is a plant from the family of Rhamnaceae. The fruits of Indian jujube contain high amounts of soluble sugars, non-volatile acids and phenolic compounds. Antioxidant properties and cytotoxic effects of the fruit, bark and seed of the Indian jujube has been reported. Also, it have been proven the effects of Indian jujube seed on insomnia and anxiety. Several studies have been conducted on genetic diversity based on morphological traits and molecular markers. This research was conducted to investigate the morphological traits including fresh weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, length and diameter of seed, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), total phenol content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity of 11 Indian jujube varieties are located in Minab agricultural research station (longitude 57˚ 05, latitude 27˚ 06).
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Fruits were selected from trees in Minab agricultural research station and transferred to the laboratory of Minab education center. Some of fruits were also transferred to the laboratory of TarbiatModarres University and were liophylized in the Freeze-Dayer. The traits included fruit weight, length and diameter of the fruit, total soluble solids (TSS), tissue firmness and length and diameter of the seed were measured. Due to the abundant sugar content of the fruit, extraction was carried out using liquid-liquid method and with two solvents: ethyl acetate and distilled water. Total phenol content (TPC) was measured by Folinciocalteu in terms of mg of equivalent gallic acid/g of fruit dry weight. The phenolic compounds extracted was used to determine the antioxidant properties of the fruit. Scavenging of ABTS radical was calculated by spectrophotometry method at 734 nm wavelength.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the fresh weight of the fruit was between 10.57 (Z3) and 23.66 (Z11) grams. In a study on 22 genotypes in Pakistan, fruit weight varied from 6.8 to 37.64 grams. The highest amount of fruit length to diameter ratio was seen in the genotype Z11 with a value of 5.76. For firmness parameter, the highest value was related to Z2. The highest amount of TSS was found in Z6 and Z9 genotypes (20.69 and 20.01 ˚Brix, respectively). The results of using two solvents for TPC extraction, had different results in studied genotypes. TPC extracted with ethyl acetate solution was highest in Z11 with 80 mg equivalent gallic acid / g of fruit dry weight, and then Z10 (70), Z5 (65), Z7 (60) and Z1 (55) genotypes were in order. The lowest amount of TPC was observed in Z2 with 38 mg equivalent gallic acid / g of fruit dry weight. The highest amount (45) of TPC extracted with water solvent was observed in Z10. In previous studies, it has been shown that the fruit of Indian jujube has high soluble sugars and high phenolic compounds. 12 phenolic compounds have been identified by HPLC from Indian jujube’s fruit, including caffeic, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferrolic acid and p-cumaric acid. The total phenol content and total flavonoid content was between 453.3 to 1298 mg equivalent gallic acid / 100 g of dry weight for seven Z. jujube species. Radical scavenging of ABTS˚ was different in ethyl acetate extracted solution in the studied Indian jujubes. The highest amount of ABTS˚ absorption was observed in the concentration of 40 ug of ethyl acetate extracted solution, in Z7 and Z11 genotypes, and the lowest radical inhibitory was seen in Z8. The highest IC50 in water and ethyl acetate solvents was related to Z6 and Z8 genotypes, respectively.
Conclusions: We can conclude that there was a significant morphological diversity in fruits of studied genotypes. In this study, genotype Z11 had the larger fruit than others (23.66 g), with the highest ratio of length to diameter. In a study on Indian jujubes in Pakistan, the highest fruit weight was 37.64 g. TSS in Z6 and Z9 genotypes was the highest amount (20 ˚Brix), and TSS in previous studies has been reported between 11 to 18. TPC and antioxidant capacity were different in all genotypes based on the used solvent (water and ethyl acetate). Therefore, different solvents can effect on the amount of phenolic content and radical scavenging properties. But, the highest TPC extracted with ethyl acetate solvent was observed in Z11 with 80 mg equivalent gallic acid / g of fruit dry weight, and the lowest amount was observed in Z2 with 38 mg equivalent gallic acid / g of fruit dry weight. From antioxidant capacity point of view, the highest amount of ABTS˚ absorption was observed in ethyl acetate extracted solution of Z7 and Z11 genotypes.
Elyas Aryakia; Hamid Reza Roosta; Nahid Rahmizade
Abstract
Introduction: Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the most important fruit species grown in Iran. This plant is mainly grown in the south of the country, where pH of soil is high, resulting in poor nutrient uptake. Furthermore, because of high yield and annual pruning of date palm, large amounts ...
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Introduction: Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the most important fruit species grown in Iran. This plant is mainly grown in the south of the country, where pH of soil is high, resulting in poor nutrient uptake. Furthermore, because of high yield and annual pruning of date palm, large amounts of macro and micronutrients are removed from soil. So, annual fertilizing should be applied for good performance. Research shows that use of manure alone or in combination with mineral fertilizers improves physico-chemical indices of fruits and leaves of palm trees. Regarding to high nutrition dependency of date palm, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of different fertilizers on physico-chemical indices of its leaf and fruit. The main objectives of this study were thus to evaluate the effect of cow manure, ammonium sulfate and potassium sulfate on physico-chemical indices in fruit and leaf of Mazafati date.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in bam zone, Kerman, Iran, in 2011- 2012. The area was located at 28°53′40′′N latitude, 58°37′18′′E longitude and 1050 m above sea level. A factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design was performed during month of March. Factors included ammonium sulfate (0, 500 and 1000 g/tree), potassium sulfate (0, 750 and 1500 g/tree) accompanied by cow manure (5 kg/tree). For leaf and fruit analysis, sampling was performed during month of June. Physico-chemical indices including nitrogen, potassium, iron, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoid, fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, TSS and TSS/TA were evaluated. Chlorophyll was measured by using the method of Lichtenthaler (1987). Total soluble solid (TSS) was measured by using refractometer. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and the treatment means were separated by Duncan’s multiple range tests.
Results and Discussion: Results showed that because of supplying nitrogen, sulfur and potassium and their significant effects on noted physico-chemical indices, the highest nitrogen and iron content, photosynthetic pigments of carotenoid and chlorophyll (a and total) of leaf, and fruit weight were obtained in treatments of ammonium sulfate (1000 g/tree) and potassium sulfate (1500 g/tree) combination with cow manure (5 kg/tree). The highest potassium content of leaf, TSS and TSS/TA ratio of fruit were obtained by using ammonium sulfate (500 g/tree) and potassium sulfate (1500 g/tree) in combination with cow manure. The general increase in physico-chemical indices of fruits and leaves of date palm by the application of cow manure plus mineral fertilizer might be due to the increase in the availability of nutrients especially available N, P and K in the soil. In many reports, the effects of mineral fertilizers on nitrogen, potassium and iron content of the plant tissues were discussed. For example, date palm (two cultivars including Zaghloul and Samany) treated by ammonium nitrate and nitrobean (a bio-fertilizer) had the highest amount of leaf nitrogen and potassium. The highest rates of nitrogen, iron and potassium in palm fruit were obtained from cow manure in combination with NPK. Nitrogen, iron and potassium contents of the date and pistachio were increased by using ammonium sulfate fertilizer. Fruit weight, length, diameter and dry weight increased, while fruit moisture content decreased by organic manures either alone or in combination with mineral NPK as compared to the mineral N. Higher fruit TSS was obtained by the application of organic manures alone or in combination with mineral NPK as compared with mineral fertilization alone. Nitrogen concentration can be increased by using nitrogen fertilizer, for example ammonium increased leaf nitrogen concentration more than nitrate. Mineral nutrient, especially sulfur and nitrogen supplied by ammonium sulphate and potassium sulphate, increased the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid due to their roles in the synthesis of these compounds. Higher potassium content of leaves promotes photosynthetic rate of chloroplast, phloem transport of photosynthates to sink tissues and finally improves quality and yield of the fruit, which is associated with high sugar content.
Conclusions: For feeding of date palm tree, cow manure fertilization alone is insufficient. Ammonium sulfate and potassium sulfate alone or in combination with cow manure could improve physico-chemical indices of leaves and fruits. This mixed fertilizer, supplying nitrogen, potassium and sulfur macronutrients, had significant effect on physico-chemical parameters, and subsequently improved the content of nitrogen, iron, potassium, photosynthetic pigments (a, b and total, carotenoid), TSS, TSS/TA ratio and the fruit weight.
Javad Fattahi Moghadam; Mohammad Fazel Halajisani
Abstract
The harvest date more influenced on postharvest quality during storage. In present study, fruits were harvested at four date base on total soluble solids content (5.5, 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5%) and then stored at 0.5 ºC and 80-90% RH, for 18 weeks. The samples were taken in 6th, 12th and 18th interval weeks ...
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The harvest date more influenced on postharvest quality during storage. In present study, fruits were harvested at four date base on total soluble solids content (5.5, 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5%) and then stored at 0.5 ºC and 80-90% RH, for 18 weeks. The samples were taken in 6th, 12th and 18th interval weeks and evaluated some parameters including weightless, losses, firmness, TSS, TA, TSS/TA, ascorbic acid, pH, EC, Skin and pulp lightness and sensory analysis. Results showed that different harvesting time had not significant effect on wieghtloss and pH parameters during storage. Also, we observed that fruits which were harvested at brix of 5.5 had high firmness specialy during primery 6 weeks storage. The skin of fruits picked with 5.5 and 6.5 % brix was a little darker than other treatments. EC showed reverse relationship with storage period during storage. With TSS increasing, TA level decreased during storage. Although, ascorbic acid content was higher during 6 weeks of storage but it was lower in fruits which picked with 5.5 % brix than other times of harvest. Finally sensory analysis revealed that fruits which harvested at least 6.5 oBrix content, would have excellent quality after storage and handling.
