Journal of Horticultural Science

Abstract Introduction
 Cyclamen persicum is a genus of Primulaceae family and is a winter pot plant that can be marketed within seven months under proper growing conditions. In recent years, the rapid development of lighting technology has increased the use of several types of LED lamps because of their efficient roles to generate visible light via a lot of wavelengths. Application of some plant growth regulators (PGRs) like GA3 is well-known as an environment-friendly growth regulatorwhich is extensively employed to increase the productivity and and changing the phenotypic features of several ornamental plants.
Materials and Methods
 In this experiment, cyclamen large red flower seeds, i.e. the Halios series, were planted in early May, and then kept in a dark and cool greenhouse for one month. After germination and the emergence of cotyledonary leaves, transplants exposed to two levels of the LED light spectrum for 4 months consisting of the ratios of 70:20:10 and 40:40:20 via white:red and blue with the same intensity 100 µmol/m²/s subjected to a 16-hour photoperiodic conditions. At the end of the third month of growth, GA₃ was sprayed on the leaves at four concentrations of 0, 20, 40, and 60 mg/l three times around the experiment. NPK fertilizer with a ratio of 10-52-10 was then applied once a week and a ratio of 20-19-19 fertilizer until the roots were fully established. Afterwards, the leaf area was measured using Digimizer version 5.4.3 software, in which the flowering date was calculated from of transferring time the plants of each treatment under light. In the following, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were measured using Lichtenthaler and Wellburn method. Leaf soluble sugar was measured using the Oregon method and the chlorophyll fluorescence indices were measured using FluorPen FP 100.
Results and Discussion
 According to the results, the highest leaf number of cyclamen seedlings in the treatment of 40:40:20 was equal to seven, whereas the highest leaf area (9.8 cm²) observed under the light treatment of 70:20:10. the blue LED light can affects on differentiation of leaf mesophilic cells as well as the development of intercellular spaces, and the red light affects the production of a plant hormone so-called Meta-Topolin, which stimulates cell division and leaf expansion. Here, it should be noted that adding white LED light to the composition spectrum increases both growth and photosynthesis because of its deeper penetration into the plant canopy. The maximum root length was achieved at a concentration of 60 mg/l GA₃ equal to 5.1 cm. It should be mentioned that GA₃ is effective to increase the growth of cells in different parts of the plant (such as roots) by stimulating mitotic division. The closest date to cyclamen flowering time (90 days) was obtained in 70:20:10 treatment. . The highest amount of chlorophyll b was achieved from the interaction of light treatment 40:40:20 and concentration of 0 mg/l GA₃ equal to 0.35 mg/g. Results showed that the red light is needed for the photosynthesis, whereas the blue light is needed for chlorophyll and chloroplast synthesis, stomatal opening, and photomorphogenesis. The highest amount of leaf soluble sugar of cyclamen seedlings was achieved from the interaction of 40:40:20 and the concentration of 0 mg/l GA₃ equal to 0.53 mg/ml. Carbohydrates mostly accumulate in the leaves under blue light, whereas the red light can cause them to accumulate by preventing the transferring the photosynthetic products from the leaves. Among chlorophyll fluorescence indices, the highest V_J index was obtained from 40 mg/l GA₃ concentration equal to 0.51. V_J was measured from the first light pulse, in which its increase via increasing the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus reveal the ability of seedlings to make better use of environmental conditions applied to produce more carbohydrates as well as to enhance the growth quality. The highest values of φ-_E0 and Ψ-₀ indices in GA₃ 0 treatment were 0.44 and 0.54, respectively, indicating that increasing them improves the performance index of the photosynthetic apparatus. The external GA₃ increases only the amount of chlorophyll and soluble protein content in the leaves of some plants, and interferes with the greater light reflection, chlorophyll fluorescence and eventually the performance of photosystem II. In this regard, the highest amount of ABS/RC index was observed in the interaction of 40:40:20 and concentration of 60 mg/l GA₃ equal to 2.27, which is equal to increasing the performance index of photosynthetic device. During the plant growth, the use of monochromatic LED light compared to the full visible spectrum or red + blue lights would lead to creating some defects in the electron transport chain.
Conclusion
 An increase in PI (Plant Photosynthetic Performance Index) means that the plant is operating under conditions of normal photosynthesis. In general, an increase in this index indicates the ability of seedlings or mature plants to make better use of environmental conditions to produce more carbohydrates and improve growth quality. The relationship between increasing the amount of chlorophyll b, leaf soluble sugar and ABS / RC index all in 40:40: 20 treatment while confirming this correlation, shows that since most of the light absorption by chlorophyll is in the red and blue light spectrum. 40: 40: 20 is better than 70: 20: 10 with more red and blue light. The effect of light of any quality or GA3 at any concentration on the qualitative traits of seedling or adult plant growth is directly related to plant genotype and no specific effects can be determined for them. The use of complementary LED light may in some respects lead to a further increase in the quality of Cyclamen seedlings, but it is only reasonable to use them if it compensates for other production costs, including electricity consumption. Finally, chlorophyll fluorescence indices are also independent of each other in terms of their effect on the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus.

Abstract Introduction: Insemination combined Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the plant ecosystem can improve photosynthesis and yield of fruit plants. The useful microorganisms contained in effective microorganisms (EM) mix include photosynthetic bacteria (Rhodopseudomonaspalustris, Rhodobactersphacrodes), lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus), yeasts (Saccharomyces spp.), actinomycetes (Streptomyces spp.) and fermentation fungi (Aspergillus, Penicillium).When EM applied with the soil or sprayed on the plant will be expanded, the population of photosynthetic bacteria and nitrogen stabilizer. Optimal nitrogen consumption not only causes delays old age it will also change the appearance of the plant. The availability of nitrogen to the roots especially in the early stages of growth causes elongation of the aerial parts of the plant. Proper use of nitrogen has a positive effect on flower number and the beginning of flowering in pepper but high consumption of this element has caused a delay in the formation of flowers and increase plant growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Effective Microorganisms by two methods of soil application and foliar application in different nitrogen levels on yield and morphological characteristics of strawberry cv. Paros Materials and Methods: In order to study the impact of effective microorganisms (EM) on morphological characteristics and yield of strawberry cv. Paros a split-split-plots experiment was conducted based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with foliar and soil treatments of effective microorganisms, each in four levels (control, one, two and three percent) and nitrogen treatment in the form of urea fertilizer in three levels (50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1of the net nitrogen) with three replications in University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2014-2015 years. Land was prepared in late August and potassium and phosphorous fertilizers were added as 150 and 50 kgha-1, respectively. Strawberries were planted in early November 2014 in double rows on beds covered with black polyethylene foil.Nitrogen levels in the main plots, methods of application of EM in the subplots, the concentration of effective microorganisms in the sub-sub plots were placed.Half of the amount of nitrogen at planting time, 25 percent in the April and 25 percent in the May was given with irrigation water to plants.Treatments of EM, after the start of growth seedlings weekly basis a period of two months, were applied. In soil treatment with irrigation water and foliar Treatments be applied after the irrigation (control plants with distilled water). In this study were measured traits leaf and root dry weight, root length, number of runner, chlorophyll a, band total leaf and yield. Data were analyzed by SAS ver9.3 software and means were compared by LSD test (P≤0.05). Results: Analysis of variance showed that the effect of different levels of effective microorganisms at the level of 1% probability were observed significant difference in the characters fresh and dry weight of root, root length, number of runner, total chlorophyll, leaf area and yield and in the probability level 5% is significant on the characters fresh and dry weight of leaves, chlorophyll aand b. Based on the results the effect of different methods of application of EM and interaction effects were not significant differences in any of the studied indicators.According to the analysis of variance,using of nitrogen had significant effect on the fresh weight yield root, root length, number of runner, chlorophyll A, B and total leaf area and yield at1% probability. The treatments had also significant effect on fresh and dry weight of leaf and root traitsat 5%,probability. Based on the results of this study the concentration of 1% and 3%of effective microorganisms and 100 kgNha-1 have positive effects on the parameters compared to the control.The results indicated that 2% EM was treated with a maximum of 185 g, and control treatment with 136 g had the lowest yield per plant.Fruit yield in plant with nitrogen application at 100 kg ha-1had the highest production (188 g) among nitrogen levels. Conclusion: According to the results of this review, the best result was in treatment 2% of EM and 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. Method used of EM in this study had no significant difference; accordingly method of consumption has no impact on the traits mentioned.

Abstract Introduction: The recognition of salt tolerant plants is important as a result ofincreasing saline lands in Iran and world. Cultivation of plants in hydroponic environment is a reliable and economical method in order to select the salt tolerant plant. Salt stress can effect on plant growth and development by ion toxicity, ionic disturb the balance and osmotic potential. Lettuce is one of the most important vegetable crops. This plant is one of the most important leafy vegetables which is used for salad and fresh marketing, also some types of this vegetable is used in baked type. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of lettuce genotypes undersalt stress in the hydroponic system. Materials and Methods: To assess response of lettuce seedlings to salt stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at Biotechnology Research Institute for hydroponic cultivation of Zabol. In this experiment, the effects of three salinity levels (0, 2 and 4 dS/m) on morphological characteristics of 15 lettuce genotypes were evaluated. The seeds were sterilized for ten seconds in ethanol 96% and then 15% sodium hypochlorite solution for 50 seconds, then rinsed several times with distilled water, then disinfected seeds were cultured in plastic pots containing coco peat and perlite. After …days plants were transferred to hydroponic system containing Hoagland solution. Collected data were analyzed and means comparisons were made using LSD by SAS software. Results and Discussion: The results showed that salinity has a significant effect on seedling growth of lettuce genotypes (p≤0.01). significant difference between salinity levels and genotype were observed for all traits. Interaction of genotype and salinity for all the traits except root length, plant length and leaf were significant at 1%. Based on the results, the greatest root length was belong to Esfahan Varzaneh leafy lettuce and Romaine lettuce long green Teresa genotype, respectivly. Increasing salinity led to significant reduction (p≤0.01) in the plant length lettuce in all genotypes. Root and plant fresh weight lettuce genotypes were significantly (p≤0.01) influenced by different levels of salinity. The greatest amount in root and plant fresh weight lettuce genotypes were obtained in the control treatment and the lowest amount at the level of 4 dS/m. Root and plant dry weight lettuce genotypes were significantly (p≤0.01) influenced by the salinity. Root and plant dry weight decreased with increasing salinity. So that the greatest amount of root and plant dry weight lettuce genotypes were obtained in control treatment and the lowest amount at the level of 4 dS/m.. The results showed that root and plant length ,root fresh and dry weight, plant fresh and dry weight and leaf length and width reduced with increasing salinity. The clustering pattern the genotypes were grouped into 3 clusters based on their charachters at 4 dS/m salinity. The first cluster were placed in salt tolerant groups, while the other genotypes were clustered into moderately tolerant cluster. Romaine lettuce long green Teresa genotype was placed in salt-tolerant group and Lettuce Everest, Lettuce May Queen, Curly endive hair angel, Cabbage Milan Aubervilliers and Romaine lettuce long blonde Galaica were placed in salt-sensitive group.