Medicinal Plants
M. Amani; M. Sabzi-Nojadeh; S. Alizadeh Salteh; M. Younessi Hamzekhanlu; B. Farmani; H. Hatef Heris; Sh. Mohammadian; S. Piretarighat
Abstract
Introduction
Medicinal plants have long had a special role in the traditional agricultural system of Iran and the use of these plants as medicine to prevent and treat diseases has been considered by traditional medicine experts since ancient times. Medicinal plants with rich sources ...
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Introduction
Medicinal plants have long had a special role in the traditional agricultural system of Iran and the use of these plants as medicine to prevent and treat diseases has been considered by traditional medicine experts since ancient times. Medicinal plants with rich sources of secondary metabolites provide the basic active ingredients of many medicines. Although the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites is genetically controlled, but their construction is strongly influenced by environmental factors. One of the important climatic factors that affect the distribution of plants around the world and can cause morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in the plant is the lack of available water. Basil seems to show little resistance to water stress. For this reason, there is a need for protective mechanisms for the basil plant against stress due to water shortage. Plants are able to reduce or eliminate the effects of water shortage stress by coexisting with a number of soil microorganisms. Inoculation of the plants with Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has been exploited as an applicable strategy for reducing detrimental effects of water deficit stress. Present study was performed to evaluate the effects of three AMF on some physiological responses of Ocimum basilicum under water deficit stress.
Materials and Methods
The pot experiments were conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design blocks with three replications. The experimental factors were three AMF namely Glomus etunicatum, Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices and various soil moisture including severe stress, moderate stress, mild stress. Water stress was applied from the beginning to the end of flowering stage. After flowering stage, plants were harvested and traits such as total phenols and flavonoids, antioxidant capacity (DPPH), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase and peroxidase enzymes were measured. To analyze the data, first the test of data normality and uniformity of variance within the treatment was performed and confirmed. The mean of treatments was compared by Duncan test at the level of 5% probability. SAS software (Ver. 9.3) was used to analyze the data and Excel software was used to draw the graphs.
Results and Discussion
The results of analysis of variance of the effect of mycorrhiza fungus and soil moisture on the studied parameters show that the effect of different levels of soil moisture on all traits was significant. The results of analysis of variance also showed that the effect of mycorrhiza on phenol and total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, catalase and peroxidase and malondialdehyde was significant at the level of one percent probability. According to the results of analysis of variance, the interaction effect of mycorrhiza on soil moisture on antioxidant activity was significant at 5% probability level and on total phenols and flavonoids, malondialdehyde, catalase and peroxidase at 1% probability level. Results showed that AMFs improve activity of catalase and peroxidase, antioxidant capacity and total phenols which led to decrease malondialdehyde content. Antioxidants as physiologically active compounds play an important role in plant resistance to stress. Increased oxygen species due to dehydration stress are a warning sign for plants and increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The plant's defense system increases the production of antioxidant enzymes to neutralize toxic oxygen forms, and fungi improve the intensity of this increase, which may be due to the chemical structure of the metal isoenzymes copper, zinc, and manganese. Factors sent to make antioxidant enzymes also contain the elements zinc and calcium. Mycorrhizal fungi increase the absorption of nutrients by sending more hormonal factors and increasing the activity of enzymes, all of which can be effective in increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes.
Conclusion
When plants are exposed to dehydration stress, reactive oxygen species in them increase. The expression of antioxidant genes and the activity of antioxidants to eliminate reactive oxygen species are increased and the antioxidant defense system is improved and the tolerance to dehydration stress in the plant is increased. Scientists believe that peroxidase is involved in metabolic processes such as hormone catabolism, defense against pathogens, phenol oxidation, binding to cell structural proteins and cell wall polysaccharides. Present study revealed that application of AMFs can be good strategy for reducing harmful effects of water deficit stress in plants. Research has also shown that impregnating seeds with mycorrhiza increases antioxidants and reduces the amount of reactive oxygen species, a characteristic of resistance induction that occurs by this antagonist.
Fariborz Habibi; Mohammad Esmaeil Amiri
Abstract
In this experiment, physiological responses of two citrus rootstocks [sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.)] were investigated under in vitro salt stress conditions. This study was conducted on a completely randomized factorial design. Explants (Nucellar seedling ...
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In this experiment, physiological responses of two citrus rootstocks [sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.)] were investigated under in vitro salt stress conditions. This study was conducted on a completely randomized factorial design. Explants (Nucellar seedling obtained from seeds) of both rootstocks were transferred to Murashige and Skoog (MS) solid proliferation medium containing 8.9 µM BA and 0.5 µM NAA with different concentrations 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM of sodium chloride (NaCl) whit six replicates. Results show that leaf chlorophyll index, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration (Ci), total protein content decreased in both rootstocks by increasing salinity levels, although there was no significant difference for above-mentioned characteristics in the interaction of salinity and rootstock. The amounts of reduction in total protein content, chlorophyll loss and internal CO2 concentration (Ci), in trifoliate orange genotype were greater than the sour orange. Also, peroxidase enzyme activity increased by increasing salinity level in both rootstocks, but, the rate of increase in the trifoliate orange was higher than the sour orange. By increasing salinity levels in the cultural medium, the uptake of sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) significantly increased in both rootstocks over 6 weeks culture period. Comparison in to trifoliate orange, sour orange less sodium and chlorine were taken up. Based obtained results, can be declared, salt tolerance has a negative correlation with Na+ and Cl- content in plant tissues, and the plant have a less Na+ and Cl- in tissues are more resistant. Thus, sour orange was more tolerant than trifoliate orange to salt stress and could be has more resistant to high concentration salinity.
