Medicinal Plants
Samaneh Samavat; Mahdiyeh Salehi Vozhdehnazari; Mehdi Yahyazadeh Balalami; Mahshid Rahimifard
Abstract
Introduction
So far, more than 40 different types of alkaloids have been known in poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) as a valuable medicinal plant, the most important of which are morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, and papaverine. The biosynthesis of these alkaloids may be strongly influenced by a variety ...
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Introduction
So far, more than 40 different types of alkaloids have been known in poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) as a valuable medicinal plant, the most important of which are morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, and papaverine. The biosynthesis of these alkaloids may be strongly influenced by a variety of biotic and abiotic elicitors. In fact, microbes as biotic elicitors can affect the production of poppy alkaloids. Among them, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be noticed, which stimulate and improve plant growth through various mechanisms such as mineral phosphate solubilization, plant hormone production, siderophores secretion, nitrogen fixation, etc. The use of PGPR agents can not only lead to an increase in plant biomass, but simultaneously, due to their role as biotic elicitors, they cause to an increase in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. These biotic elicitors target plants’ defense mechanisms and result in triggering a series of metabolic changes throughout the plant. The use of PGPR agents to stimulate the plant to produce secondary metabolites has several advantages: First, in some plants, defensive metabolites are active biological compounds that lead to the induction of food production with high added-value in the plants. Secondly, physiologically, with the increase in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, the resistance of the plant against pathogens also increases. Accordingly, the present study was performed with the aim of investigating the effects of bacterial strains with the ability to solubilize inorganic phosphate as biotic elicitors on the amount of morphine, papaverine, and noscapine alkaloids in P. somniferum.
Materials and Methods
In this research, the solubility of inorganic phosphate by four bacterial strains including Enterobacter xiangfangensis S2, Pantoea dispersa S7, Pantoea stewartii S25, and Pseudomonas canadensis S36 was evaluated quantitatively using Sperber broth medium. Under greenhouse conditions, the effect of foliar spraying of P. somniferum plants with a suspension of the bacterial strains (108 CFU.ml-1) on the amount of morphine, papaverine, and noscapine in the plants’ capsules, stems, and leaves was investigated. About three weeks after the appearance of capsules in poppy plants, the aerial parts of the plants (stems, leaves, and capsules) were sprayed with the bacterial suspensions. One week after foliar spraying, poppy plants were harvested in order to determine the amount of the desired alkaloids. Three pots were considered for each treatment and there were three poppy plants in each pot. Alkaloids were extracted based on an alcoholic method and detected using HPLC. Morphine and noscapine standards were prepared at a concentration of 1000 μg.ml-1 and papaverine standard at a concentration of 250 μg/ml. Then the mixture was prepared in proportions of 1, 1:50, 1:10, 1:50 and 1:100 and injected into the HPLC set to draw the calibration curve. All the experiments were conducted in a form of completely randomized design with three replications for each treatment (P<0.05).
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the highest (458.67 µg.ml-1) and the lowest (130.47 µg.ml-1) phosphate solubility were related to S2 and S36 strains, respectively. S7 and S25 strains were not statistically significantly different from each other and after S2 strain, they were placed in the second statistical position. In the bacterial strains’ treatments, the level of morphine in the stems and leaves as well as the capsules increased significantly in most cases compared to the control. The amount of papaverine in the stems and leaves decreased significantly, but it had no significant changes in the capsule. Also, noscapine showed a significant increase in the stems and leaves and reached from 0.8 mg.g-1 DW in the control to 8.12 in the S2 treatment. While, the amount of noscapine increased significantly in the capsules, only in the S2 and S36 treatments. Other strains did not show significant differences with the control for noscapine content in the capsules. The results showed that the interaction effects of the type of the alkaloids and the use of phosphate solubilizing bacterial strains on the concentration of the studied alkaloids in poppy stems, leaves and capsules are significant (P<0.01).
Conclusion
It can be concluded that there is no need to apply genetic engineering to increase the production of valuable secondary metabolites by medicinal plants. Rather, this goal can be achieved much cheaper by using bacterial elicitors. Accordingly, by selecting compatible and efficient bacterial strains with phosphate solubilizing activity, the amounts of morphine, papaverine, and noscapine alkaloids in the aerial parts of P. somniferum as a valuable medicinal plant can be noticeably increased.
Esmaeil Chamani; Mohammad Bonyadi; Alireza Ghanbari
Abstract
Introduction: Vinca flower (Catharanthus roseus L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants of Apocynaceae (31, 27). Tropical plant native to a height of 30 to 35 centimeters (9) and a perennial shrub which is grown in cold areas for one year (27).One of the plants in the world today as a medicinal ...
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Introduction: Vinca flower (Catharanthus roseus L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants of Apocynaceae (31, 27). Tropical plant native to a height of 30 to 35 centimeters (9) and a perennial shrub which is grown in cold areas for one year (27).One of the plants in the world today as a medicinal plant used the periwinkle plant. Among the 130 indole – terpenoids alkaloids which have been identified in the plant periwinkle vinca alkaloids vincristine and vinblastin are the most important component is used to treat a variety of cancers. Including therapies that are used for a variety of cancer, chemotherapy to help Vinca alkaloids collection (including vincristine and…). Vinblastin as effective member of this category, due to the low percentage of venom and effects at very low doses, is widely used today. These materials are generally formed as inhibitors of mitotic spindle in dividing cells have been identified. Vinblastin with these structural changes in connection kinotokor - microtubules and centrosomes in a dividing cell, the mitotic spindle stop (45).Salicylic acid belongs to a group of phenolic compounds found in plants, and today is widely regarded as a hormone-like substance. These classes of compounds act as growth regulators. Humic substances are natural organic compounds that contain 50 to 90% of organic matter, peat, charcoal, rotten food and non-living organic materials are aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (2).
Materials and Methods: In this experiment, vinca F2 seeds in the mixed 4: 1 perlite and peat moss to the planting trays were sown. The seedlings at the 6-leaf stage were transfered to the main pot (pot height 30 and 25 cm diameter) The pots bed soil mix consisting of 2 parts soil to one part sand and one part peat moss (v / v) were used and after the establishment of seedlings in pots every two weeks with. Salicylic acid and humic acid concentrations 0 (control), 10, 100, 500 and 1000 mg were treated as a foliar spray. Salicylic acid and humic acid used in the Merck has the solutions according to plant size in proper volume has been prepared and will be sprayed on aerial spraying. According to the bootblack periwinkle flowers and leaves to prevent leaf burn and create the solution at one point, for every cc100 solution, two drops of Tween 20 was added to the solution, then spray on the leaves and leaf fire does not spread. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 10 replicates at the end of the results by the SAS software analysis and comparison of means by Duncan's multiple range tests was performed.
Results and Discussion: According to the results of the data analysis of different treatments significant impact on the level of 1% of the height, number of leaves, chlorophyll, stomatal conductance, pods and stems of the side. Also, the tally was significant at 5%.According to the results of the data analysis of different treatments on stem diameter had no significant effect. Results of comparing the average of the data showed that treatment with 10 and 500 mg/l of salicylic acid per liter respectively in the first and second measurement and control showed lowest height. Treatment of 100 mg/l of humic acid maximum height was measured in two stages. The results of the comparison showed that an average of 500 mg/l of salicylic acid in a two-step measurement and control had the lowest number of leaves. Treatment with 10 mg/l in the first stage of the operation (L1) and treated with 100 mg/l of humic acid in the second vector data (L2) had the highest number of leaves. Treatment with 10 mg/l of salicylic acid and 100 mg/l of humic acid had the highest chlorophyll. The treatment of 10 mg/l of salicylic acid and 100 mg/l of humic acid had the highest stomatal conductance. The results of the comparison average showed that the 500 mg/l of salicylic acid and humic acid had the greatest impact on the number of flowers. As well as 500 mg/l salicylic acid and humic acid had the greatest impact on the number of pods. The results showed that treatment with 1000 mg/l salicylic acid and humic acid had the greatest effect on stem diameter.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that low concentrations of salicylic acid increased plant height, the number of leaves, chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance, which can increase plant resistance against unfavorable environmental conditions.
As a result, the plants treated with salicylic acid can be increased two driven in adverse environmental conditions. The treatment of humic acid by increasing the rate of photosynthesis and increases the amount of material available for plant growth. This increase can accelerate the growth of the main branch and side periwinkle plant medicinal plants and enhances the appearance of the plant.
