Mehdi Ghesmati; Farid Moradinezhad
Abstract
Introduction: Sour cherry is one of the most strategically important horticultural products in the Khorasan Razavi province that proper nutrition can improve the performance of the plant. This fruit is rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and soluble fiber, which is very useful for lowering blood ...
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Introduction: Sour cherry is one of the most strategically important horticultural products in the Khorasan Razavi province that proper nutrition can improve the performance of the plant. This fruit is rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and soluble fiber, which is very useful for lowering blood pressure. Proper nutrition is one of the important factors in determining the quantity and quality of the fruit. In arid and semi-arid regions, micronutrient elements availability is one of the factors that limits growth, yield, and quality of fruit trees , because absorption of nutrients being limited due to the alkalinity of the soil. So, the use of an appropriate method to provide the required nutrients by plants is necessary. Foliar application of nutrient is one of the important ways in the food supply for plants. Hence, spraying is an effective way to reduce nutritional disorders in plants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of iron and zinc micronutrients on the yield and physicochemical properties of sour cherry fruit.
Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of spraying of iron chelate and zinc sulfate on yield and qualitative characteristics of the sour cherry fruit, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications in the commercial orchard of Astan Quds Razavi, Mashhad, Iran. The first factor was spraying iron 6% Fe-EDDHA at 3 levels (0, 2 and 4 g l-1) and the second factor was spraying zinc sulfate at 3 levels (0, 2 and 4 g l-1). The treatments were applied in two stages, 20 days after the whole flowering stage and 20 days after the first spraying. Spraying chemicals was done in the morning when temperature and humidity were not high.. Fruit and leaves samples were collected, at the commercial maturity stage of fruit, from each tree include one kilogram of fruit and half kilogram leaves. Thereafter, healthy fruits and leaves of the same shape, size, and color were selected to determine the biochemical properties of fruit and chlorophyll leaves. In this experiment, 36 grilled cherry trees of 10 years old with a spacing of 3×4 m were used. The general conditions of the selected trees were similar to other garden trees, and irrigation (dripping), pest and disease control were applied uniformly to all treated trees. The studied traits included the fresh weight of fruit, dry matter percentage, fruit yield, fruit juice acidity, soluble solids, total antioxidant, trace related to chlorophyll content, iron and zinc concentration in leaves.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that different levels of iron chelate, zinc sulfate, and their interaction increased fruit fresh weight, dry matter percentage, fruit yield and chlorophyll traits. An individual application of 4 g l-1 of iron or zinc, and also their combination application showed the greatest values on evaluated traits In addition, the soluble solids, total antioxidant, and iron leaf values were only affected by different levels of chelate iron, which improved with increasing spraying levels of the studied traits. Sprayed with zinc sulfate could increase the concentration of zinc in the leaves but the acidity of juice was not affected by the treatments. The results showed that different levels of zinc significantly affected all quantitative traits of sour cherry fruit than iron chelate. However, spraying with iron chelate had a significant effect on the quality traits of fruit, including total soluble solids and total antioxidants. Moreover, the combination effect of chelate iron and zinc sulfate in comparison to their individual application had a better effect on the quantitative and chlorophyll traits of the cherry leaf. The highest increase in both zinc and iron content of leaf samples were obtained in trees that were treated with 4 g l-1 of zinc or iron solutions, respectively. The results show that foliar application of high concentrations of both chemicals increased zinc or iron content of leaf samples about 30% compared to the control. Thus, not only higher yield but also quality improvement of sourcherry fruit occurred in treated trees. Our results was in accordance with the findings of previous studies on different fruit tress like grapes, pistachio and orange. According to the results, it can be concluded that spraying with zinc sulfate and iron chelate during plant growth season can increase yield and improve the physical and chemical properties of the sour cherry fruit.
Maryam Kamali; Mahmood Shoor; Seyyed Hossein Nemati; Amir Lakzian; Hamidreza Khazaie
Abstract
Introduction: Water deficiency is one of important abiotic stresses that severely effects on plant growth. The effects of drought range from morphological to molecular levels and are evident at all phenological stages of plant growth at whatever stage the water deficit takes place. Growth is accomplished ...
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Introduction: Water deficiency is one of important abiotic stresses that severely effects on plant growth. The effects of drought range from morphological to molecular levels and are evident at all phenological stages of plant growth at whatever stage the water deficit takes place. Growth is accomplished through cell division, cell enlargement and differentiation, and involves genetic, physiological, ecological and morphological events and their complex interactions. The quality and quantity of plant growth depend on these events, which are affected by water deficit. Cell growth is one of the most drought-sensitive physiological processes due to the reduction in turgor pressure. Under severe water deficiency, cell elongation of higher plants can be inhibited by interruption of water flow from the xylem to the surrounding elongating cells. Impaired mitosis, cell elongation and expansion result in reduced plant height, leaf area and crop growth under drought. Chlorophyll content is one of the major factors affecting photosynthetic capacity changing in chlorophyll content of plant under drought stress has been observed in different plant species and its intensity depends on stress rate and duration. Chlorophyll content of leaf is indicator of photosynthetic capability of plant tissues. In the mid-80s, RWC was introduced as a best criterion for plant water status which, afterwards was used instead of plant water potential as RWC referring to its relation with cell volume, accurately can indicate the balance between absorbed water by plant and consumed through transpiration.
Materials and Methods: To study the effects of drought stress on three varieties of petunia, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted. The treatments consisted of four irrigation levels ((100% control), 80%, 60% and 40% of field capacity) and three varieties of petunia (Supercascade, Tango blue and Tango white). After planting and transplanting and after full deployment in the pot, water stress treatments were applied on three varieties of petunias. At the end of each week fully blossomed flowers were counted, flower diameter, peduncle length and corolla length were measured. In order to determine the stability of the cell membrane electrolyte leakage index was measured. Specific leaf area (SLA) was determined. The amount of chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoid and relative water content in the leaves were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using the software MSTAT-C. EXCEL was used for diagramming software. Means were compared using LSD test with a 0.05 significance level.
Results and Discussion: Results indicated that interaction impacts of variety and irrigation on dry weight, leaf area, flower number, flower diameter, length Corolla, chlorophyll content, electrolyte leakage, relative water content and proline content was significant. The most shoot dry weight (76/1 g) was in control stress (100% FC) and Tango White variety. Also the most leaf dry weight (07/2 g) and root dry weight (g 43/0) were in Tango Blue variety. With increasing drought stress from 100% FC to 40% FC, leaf area decreased in Supercascade from 314 to 49, in Tango Blue from 405 to 44 and in Tango White from 459 to 69 cm2. In 80% FC, electrolyte leakage increased in all varieties (Supercascade variety 2%, Tango Blue 10% and in Tango White 3%) compared to control. Also electrolyte leakage increased in Supercascade 17%, in Tango Blue 9% and in Tango White10% in 40% FC compared to control. Comparison of interaction effects of drought stress and variety also showed the most proline had accumulated in Tango White and drought 40% of field capacity and then in Tango Blue and stress 40% of field capacity. Generally two varieties of Tango Blue and Tango White in control irrigation had better growth and also in low irrigation were more resistant.
Maryam Kamali; Mahmood Shoor; Hassan Feizi
Abstract
Introduction: Titanium is the ninth most abundant element and the second most transition metal found in the earth’s crust (about 6.320 ppm). There has been a rising demand for nanotechnology-based products in recent years, particularly in areas directly related to humans. Nanotechnology has many applications ...
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Introduction: Titanium is the ninth most abundant element and the second most transition metal found in the earth’s crust (about 6.320 ppm). There has been a rising demand for nanotechnology-based products in recent years, particularly in areas directly related to humans. Nanotechnology has many applications in agricultural research, such as in reproductive science and technology, the transfer of agricultural and food waste to energy and other helpful by-products through enzymatic nanobioprocessing.
An important effect of titanium compounds on plants used for improvement of yield (about 10–20%) in various crops. Other effects of titanium on plants are increasing contents of some essential elements in plant tissue; an increase in enzyme activity such as peroxidase, catalase, and nitrate reductase activities in plant tissue, and research has shown increased chlorophyll content in paprika (Capsicum anuum L.) and green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa). Nanotechnologyapplication is now widely distributed throughout life, and especially in agricultural systems. Nano particles, because of their physicochemical characteristics, have been considered the potential candidates for modulating the redox status and changing in seed germination, growth, performance, and quality of plants.nano-TiO2 has shown to be potential for agricultural application because of its photocatalytic disinfection and photobiological effects. Also,stalinizationof soils or waters is one of the world’s most serious environmental problemsin agriculture. During initial exposure to salinity, plants experience water stress, which in return reduces leaf expansion. during long-term exposure to salinity, plants experience to ionic stress, which can lead to premature senescence of adult leaves, which led to a reduction in the photosynthetic area available to support plants growth.However,a few studies have been done on the effects of nanoparticles on ornamental plants. Nanosized TiO2 is a frequently used nanoparticle, consequently there has been an exponential increase in data collection on the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on different species. There is much less information on the effects of nanoparticles on plants compared to animals. Studies of the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on plants provide information about the positive and stimulating effects as well as any negative impact. In this study, weaimedto findout the phytotoxicity or positive effects of different concentrations of Bulk TiO2 and nanosized TiO2 on plant growth of Petunia hybridain salinity stress.
Material and Method: experiments were done to assess the effect of different concentrationsof bulk and nanosized TiO2 on petunia growthin salinity stress in a factorial test based on completely randomized design with 3 replications in agriculture faculty of Ferdowsi University, Mashhad. There were 3 factors, including1- three concentrations (0, 75 and 150 mM) of NaCl, 2- bulk and Nanosized titanium dioxide and 3- six concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 40 ppm) of TiO2. Titanium dioxide treatments for foliar application was applied 5 times with intervals of seven days (three times before, and twice after starting salinity stress). The experiment was performed at the College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. during the flowering, flower number, corolla length, flower diameter and flower fresh weight were measured. At the end of the flowering phase, parameters such as leaf area, shoot and leaf fresh weight, lateral shoot number, leaf number, chlorophyll a, b, total and cartenoidwere measured. The data were subjected to Analysis of Variance, was done using Mstat-C statistical. The means were separated, using LSD test.
Results and Discussion: Results showed that interaction of salinity, bulk and nanosized titanium dioxide and titanium dioxide concentrationsweresignificanton total chlorophyll, cartenoides, biomass, leaf area and flower number. The highest amount of total chlorophyll concentrations was measured in 20 and 40 ppm TiO2 and 5 ppm Nano treatments, respectively. The highest leaf area (608 cm2) was in 15 ppm Nano treatment. Among levels of nano TiO2,foliar application with 5 ppm had the best flower diameter in general, foliar application of nano titanium dioxide and titanium dioxide have been effective in improving the effects of salinity stress. In addition, the use of titanium dioxide in the highest level (40 ppm) and use of nano titanium dioxide in less concentration in Petunia plant had better effect on morphological traits. An important effect of titanium compounds on plants used for various crops is yield improvement. The positive effects of TiO2 could be probably due to the antimicrobial properties of engineered nanoparticles, which can enhance strength andresistance of plants to stress.
Ara Alinejad Elahshah; Hossein Moradi; Hossein Sadeghi
Abstract
Introduction: Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassaDuch.,Rosaceae). fruitis rich of fiber, vitamin C, potassium and antioxidants. Since the balance of nutrients at the appropriate time for commercial fruit production, yield improvement and fruit quality is essential, so foliar application at key stages could ...
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Introduction: Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassaDuch.,Rosaceae). fruitis rich of fiber, vitamin C, potassium and antioxidants. Since the balance of nutrients at the appropriate time for commercial fruit production, yield improvement and fruit quality is essential, so foliar application at key stages could have a positive effect on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of perennial crop fruits. Among essential mineral nutrients that are involved on plant physiology, micronutrients of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) because of their association with synthetic hormones are particularly important. In a study by Lolaei et al. (2012) conducted showed that the foliar application at flowering stage increased fruit quality and yield of strawberrycultivar ʻCamarosa’. The results of Rafeii and Pakkish(2014) indicated that spraying of strawberry cultivar ʻCamarosa’ with boric acid had a significant effect on yield, fruit weight, chlorophyll and leaf area. So according to the importance of micronutrients on horticultural yield improving and environmental protection, this investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar application of zinc and boron and combination of them on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of strawberry cultivar ʻAromas’ in hydroponic system.
Material and Methods: The experiment was arranged in factorial based on a complete randomized block design with 9 treatments and 9 replications in 2015 and 2016 in greenhouse and laboratory of Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT), Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran. Experimental treatments were included: zinc at three levels (0, 100 and 200 mg l-1) of fertilizer source zinc sulfate and boron at three levels (0, 500 and 1000 mg l-1) of fertilizer source boric acid as alone or combined. Spraying of strawberry cultivar ʻAromas’ at 3 stages in hydroponic system were applied after the chilling requirement treatment. When Fruits were stained 75-80% and have appropriate size, were harvested. Traits that were evaluated include: vitamin C, antioxidant activity, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), taste index (TSS/TA), pH of fruit juice, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, leaf number, petiole length and plant height. The data collected were statistically analyzed using the computer software using SAS 9.1 and MSTATC, Analysis of variance techniques were employed to test the overall significance of the data, while the least significant difference (LSD) test (P ≤ 0.05) was used to compare the treatment means.
Results and Discussion: Results indicated that foliar application of Zn and B significantly affected on the vitamin C, antioxidant activity, TSS, TA, TSS/TA, pH of fruit juice, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, leaf number and plant height (1% or 5% of probably level), while the Petiole length was not significantly affected. Between the different nutrient levels of zinc sulfate application at the concentrations of 100 and 200 mg l-1, boric acid application at the concentration of 500 mg l-1, the combination of zinc sulfate at 100 and 200 mg l-1 with boric acid at 500 mg l-1 play a significant role at increasing studying characteristicsexcept the content of TA. Zinc is effective at the formation of growth hormones and chloroplasts, it is also necessary for chlorophyll biosynthesis and also plays a very important role at cell division and the protein synthesis and carbohydrates metabolism. It seems this subject caused increased plant height, leaf number, petiole length, diameter, length and weight of the fruit and chlorophyll by foliar application. Boron is an element which increases weight by effect of reproductive growth and help to material production, production and transfer of carbohydrate, and nutrient by boron is necessary for fruit set and fruit retention. The results showed that zinc sulfate is effective on TSS, TA, taste index and pH, the increase may be attributed to their effects on different enzymes which are involved in the formation of proteins, acids and sugars, also enough amounts of boron in the plant, increased carbohydrate transport to fruit and areas of active growth and its effect is evident in increasing the amount of fruit sugar. Because of increased vitamin C and antioxidant capacity of plants had been sprayed with boron and zinc can be attributed to zinc that plays an active role in auxin production in plants, and vitamin C increases the production of auxin. Similarly, Kazemi (2014) reported the highest pH of fruit juice, TSS and TA at 150 mg l-1 of Zn for strawberry cultivar ʻPajaro’ and the lowest of these parameters was recorded in control. The results of our study is in accordance with Mashayekhi and Atashi(2012) who reported a significant positive correlation between chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content of strawberry cultivar ʻCamarosa’ leaves that had been sprayed by B and sucrose. As Khan et al. (2015) simultaneously combined application of Zn and B in the ʻKinnow’ mandarin fruit increased vitamin C, tree height and fruit weight, diameter and length significantly that was consistent with our results.
Conclusions: Since the foliar application of zinc sulfate at 100 and 200 mg l-1 with boric acid at 500 mg l-1 showed significant effect on quantitative and qualitative properties of strawberry, so to reduce the environmental effects caused by the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers, foliar application of micronutrients is recommended as an effective management solution in the production of strawberry cultivar ʻAromas’ under hydroponic culture.
Mehri Mahdavi-Fard; Abdolhossein Rezaei Nejad; Sadegh Mousavi-Frad
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Marigold species(Tagetes spp.) are ornamental plants which belong to Asteraceaefamily and their geographical dispersal occur mainly in temperate regions. Climate conditions, soil nutritional properties and water are considered as three important factors for plant growth. The ...
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Background and Objectives: Marigold species(Tagetes spp.) are ornamental plants which belong to Asteraceaefamily and their geographical dispersal occur mainly in temperate regions. Climate conditions, soil nutritional properties and water are considered as three important factors for plant growth. The majority of these plants are cultivated as bedding plant, flowerbed edging and mass planting from January through May in spring and early summer. During this period, plants are exposed to a wide range of temperature and light conditions. Light is an absolute requirement for plant growth and development. However, different plants have optimum requirements and both deficient and excessive light intensities are injurious. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different light intensity on the growth and flowering of two species of the Marigold under the late season planting dates, conditions in which young plants have to grow under high light intensity.
Material and Methods: In order to evaluate the effect of light intensity on the growth and flowering of two species of marigold (Tagetes erectaandTagetes patula), an experiment was conducted at the research station of Lorestan University (Khorramabad, Iran) in 2016. The experimental design was a split plot based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were consisted of three light intensity levels (600, 1200 and 1800 μmol m-2 s-1) as main factor and two species of marigold as a sub-plot factor. F1 seeds were growninto the pots containing equal amount of soil, sand and manure. Different levels of light intensities (1200 and 600 μmol m-2 s-1) were achieved by shading with one or two thin layers of green screen (Saran), respectively. Control plants were grown under natural light condition (no shading) with light intensity of about 1800 μmol m-2 s-1. The shading was applied at the two leaf stage until the end of the experiment. Plant height, stem diameter, numbers of axillary shoots, root length, internode length, leaf number, flower diameter, flower vase life, peduncle diameter, root, shoot and total dry and fresh weights, relative water content, chlorophyll and carotenoid content were measured at the flowering stage.
Results: The result of the present study showed that the effects of light intensity, species and their interaction effects were significant for plant height, leaf number, root length, flower diameter, leaf fresh weight, flower fresh weight, total fresh weight, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, root dry weight, flower dry weight, chlorophyll a, carotenoids and total chlorophyll.The main effects of light intensity and species had also significant effects on stem diameter, flower vase life, stem fresh weight, root fresh weight, total dry weight and chlorophyll b. The highest mean of the most traits was found in plants grown under 600 μmol m-2 s-1, followed by that in 1200 μmol m-2 s-1. The mean comparison revealed that with increasing light intensity, plant height decreased in both cultivars. With decreasing light intensity, flower fresh and dry weight increased in T. erecta, while no differences were found in those of T. patula. The highest flower fresh and dry weight was found in T. erecta plants grown under 600 μmol m-2 s-1.In the present study, high light intensity had a detrimental effect on T.erecta as all plants died under the 1800 μmol m-2 s-1 level. However, under 600 or 1200 μmol m-2 s-1T. erecta performed much better than T. patulain most studied traits.
Discussions: The obtained results showed that by decreasing light intensity, plant height, internode length, stem diameter, leaf number, root length, number of axillary shoots, flower vase life and flower diameter increased which revealed that marigold is a sensitive plant to light intensity in late planting date, and so suitable planting date is very important for good performance of this plant. The responses of various species of marigold were different to light intensity and also toplanting date. Although the mean of most traits in T. erectawas higher compared to T. patula, T. erecta was more sensitive to light intensity compared to T. patulasince high light intensity could kill the T. erecta. Considering all the investigated traits, there is a possibility that high light intensity can affect marigold growth and development through oxidative stress. The results of present study suggest that, in late season planting conditions, T. patula and T. erectaare recommended for sunny and shaded area, respectively.
Ali Akbar Shokouhian; Shahriyar Einizadeh
Abstract
Introduction: Insemination combined Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the plant ecosystem can improve photosynthesis and yield of fruit plants. The useful microorganisms contained in effective microorganisms (EM) mix include photosynthetic bacteria (Rhodopseudomonaspalustris, Rhodobactersphacrodes), lactic ...
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Introduction: Insemination combined Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the plant ecosystem can improve photosynthesis and yield of fruit plants. The useful microorganisms contained in effective microorganisms (EM) mix include photosynthetic bacteria (Rhodopseudomonaspalustris, Rhodobactersphacrodes), lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus), yeasts (Saccharomyces spp.), actinomycetes (Streptomyces spp.) and fermentation fungi (Aspergillus, Penicillium).When EM applied with the soil or sprayed on the plant will be expanded, the population of photosynthetic bacteria and nitrogen stabilizer. Optimal nitrogen consumption not only causes delays old age it will also change the appearance of the plant. The availability of nitrogen to the roots especially in the early stages of growth causes elongation of the aerial parts of the plant. Proper use of nitrogen has a positive effect on flower number and the beginning of flowering in pepper but high consumption of this element has caused a delay in the formation of flowers and increase plant growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Effective Microorganisms by two methods of soil application and foliar application in different nitrogen levels on yield and morphological characteristics of strawberry cv. Paros
Materials and Methods: In order to study the impact of effective microorganisms (EM) on morphological characteristics and yield of strawberry cv. Paros a split-split-plots experiment was conducted based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with foliar and soil treatments of effective microorganisms, each in four levels (control, one, two and three percent) and nitrogen treatment in the form of urea fertilizer in three levels (50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1of the net nitrogen) with three replications in University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2014-2015 years. Land was prepared in late August and potassium and phosphorous fertilizers were added as 150 and 50 kgha-1, respectively. Strawberries were planted in early November 2014 in double rows on beds covered with black polyethylene foil.Nitrogen levels in the main plots, methods of application of EM in the subplots, the concentration of effective microorganisms in the sub-sub plots were placed.Half of the amount of nitrogen at planting time, 25 percent in the April and 25 percent in the May was given with irrigation water to plants.Treatments of EM, after the start of growth seedlings weekly basis a period of two months, were applied. In soil treatment with irrigation water and foliar Treatments be applied after the irrigation (control plants with distilled water). In this study were measured traits leaf and root dry weight, root length, number of runner, chlorophyll a, band total leaf and yield. Data were analyzed by SAS ver9.3 software and means were compared by LSD test (P≤0.05).
Results: Analysis of variance showed that the effect of different levels of effective microorganisms at the level of 1% probability were observed significant difference in the characters fresh and dry weight of root, root length, number of runner, total chlorophyll, leaf area and yield and in the probability level 5% is significant on the characters fresh and dry weight of leaves, chlorophyll aand b. Based on the results the effect of different methods of application of EM and interaction effects were not significant differences in any of the studied indicators.According to the analysis of variance,using of nitrogen had significant effect on the fresh weight yield root, root length, number of runner, chlorophyll A, B and total leaf area and yield at1% probability. The treatments had also significant effect on fresh and dry weight of leaf and root traitsat 5%,probability. Based on the results of this study the concentration of 1% and 3%of effective microorganisms and 100 kgNha-1 have positive effects on the parameters compared to the control.The results indicated that 2% EM was treated with a maximum of 185 g, and control treatment with 136 g had the lowest yield per plant.Fruit yield in plant with nitrogen application at 100 kg ha-1had the highest production (188 g) among nitrogen levels.
Conclusion: According to the results of this review, the best result was in treatment 2% of EM and 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. Method used of EM in this study had no significant difference; accordingly method of consumption has no impact on the traits mentioned.
Morteza Goldani; Maryam Kamali; Mohammad Ghiasabadi
Abstract
Introduction: Salinity tolerance in plants can increase the importance of it as a result of the decreasing availability of high-quality irrigation water. Saline irrigation water can have many negative effects on crops. When irrigation water has high salinity, the salt may precipitate on the leaves as ...
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Introduction: Salinity tolerance in plants can increase the importance of it as a result of the decreasing availability of high-quality irrigation water. Saline irrigation water can have many negative effects on crops. When irrigation water has high salinity, the salt may precipitate on the leaves as the water evaporates. Thus it can result in foliar uptake and phytotoxicity. The irrigation water may also cause accumulation of salt in the substrate, which may lead to salt uptake by the plants. Salt injury occurs when too much NaCl accumulates in the substrate. When excessive concentrations of NaCl are present in the soil, water uptake may be inhibited and it causing a physiological drought stress. However, potassium is required by plants in amounts (in kg unit) of similar or greater than nitrogen (N). K Uptake by the plant is highly selective and closely coupled to metabolic activity. At all levels in plants, within individual cells, tissues and in long-distance transport via the xylem and phloem, K exists as a free ion in solution or electrostatically bound cation. Potassium takes part in many essential processes such as enzyme activation, protein synthesis, photosynthesis, phloem transport, osmoregulation, cation-anion balance, stomatal movement and light-driven nastic movements. Potassium Chloride (KCl) is used as a source of nutrients in agricultural development and also used as relieve salinity stress.
Materials and Methods: In order to study the mitigation effects of KCl on salinity (NaCl) in mustard plant (Parkland and Goldrush), an experiment was carried out at the Research Greenhouse, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The experiment was managed as a factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design in three replications. Treatments were included NaCl (0, 30, 60 and 90 mM) and KCl (0 and 20 mM) and two cultivars.
Relative water content was calculated by the following formula using leaf disc obtained from a young leaf of each plant.
(DW+ FW/ DW+ TW)*100FW=fresh weight, DW=dry weight, and TW=turgid weight
Electrolytic leakage was calculated by the following formula:
EL=L1/L2 where L1 is electric conduction of leaf after putting in the deionized water in 25°C and L2 is the electric conduction of the autoclaved samples.
Leaf area was measured by Leaf area meter. Shoot and root dry weights were determined after drying the samples in 75°C for 48 h.
Chlorophyll concentration was calculated by the fallowing formula:
Chla (μg/ml) = 15.65A666 – 7.340 A653
Chlb (μg/mml) = 27.05A653 – 11.21 A666
Analysis of variance was calculated using MSTAT-C.1software and means were compared by LSD test at probability level of 5%.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the treatments of NaCl, KCl and interactions with cultivars were significantly different on dry weight, leaf area, photosynthesis, stoma conductivity and chlorophyll rate. The maximum shoot dry weight (3.44 g/plant) and photosynthesis rate was obtained from T2 (20 mMKCl and without NaCl). The maximum membrane stability index was obtained in Goldrush cultivar and T2. The minimum of these traits were observed in zero mMKCl and 90 mMNaCl. High level of NaCl (60 and 90 Mm) and increasing application of KCl could not improve all traits. According to the result of the analysis of variance increasing density of sodium chloride in planting areas has a special effect on the size of leaves, weight of dried plant and each leaf and dried root. This effect shows a meaningful variation between the weight of dried leaves and its dried root and shoots. The salty areas have a lot of negative ions like Magnesium, Chlorine, sodium and sulfate. These materials are harmful by themselves or cause affective disorder in plants metabolism. Salinity treatments applied to significant influence (p≤0.01) on the characteristics of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and number of stomata was read out by SPAD. For example, sodium and potassium competition and chlorine and nitrate competition impairs the absorption of nutrients. The result of this reaction is that the plant needs more energy for producing organic matter so it loses most of its energy to resist against salt. This situation causes a low activity of the root and the growing of shoot consequently reduces. Also, weight and length of plant would reduce too. For example, existing potassium in salty lands causes the reduction of sodium in the shoot of plants. This research was done in a pot with the same amount of salt. Potassium causes the reduction of toxicity effects of sodium. This research showed that the potassium can regulate osmotic pressure and permeability of plant cell membranes and also cause to increase plant tolerance to salinity.
Conclusion: In salty condition, increasing the amount of sodium causes the reduction of potassium, compared with sodium. As a matter of fact this kind of reaction causes the reduction of potassium compared with sodium. We know that potassium can cause a suitable osmotic pressure and reduce the destructive effect of oxidation. So, amount of potassium more than sodium in salty lands is known as the standard resistance. In general, increasing the salinity of sodium chloride can decrease morphological and physiological traits of mustard. The use of potassium chloride in T2 treatment showed the best result. However, Goldrush cultivar showed better results compared with Parkland cultivar in salt tolerance.
Saleh Mohammadi; Hamireza khazaie; Ahmad Nezami; Yahya Tajvar
Abstract
Introduction: Among citrus producing provinces in the country, Mazandaran province ranks first with 1.88 million tons yields. Orange is one of the horticulture crop which is sensitive to low temperature stress. Low temperature stress is one of the abiotic stresses that its negative effects is the disruption ...
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Introduction: Among citrus producing provinces in the country, Mazandaran province ranks first with 1.88 million tons yields. Orange is one of the horticulture crop which is sensitive to low temperature stress. Low temperature stress is one of the abiotic stresses that its negative effects is the disruption of the electron transfer process through the thylacoid membrane. Actived oxygen radicals can be reacted with methyl unsaturated fatty acid groups and produce active fatty acid radicals. Very reactive formed radicals are capable of initiating lipid peroxidation chain reactions, which leads to the accumulation of free oxygen radicals that can lead to degradation of plant chlorophylls and membrane peroxidation and disruption of photosynthesis, accumulation of ROS, damage to cell membranes, destruction of plant pigments and nucleic acids. Plants can resist against low temperature stress by water saving and utilization of antioxidant system. The amount of free proline in many plants increases in response to environmental stresses such as cold and drought stress, and this physiological response can affect the resistance of the herbal substance under stress. Due to the diversity of citrus native genotypes in the country, the aim of this study was to determine the tolerance of native genotypes against low temperature stress in north of the country.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted during the years 2015_2016 at the Citrus and Semi-Traditional Fruit Research Center in Ramsar with the aim of determining the low temperature tolerance of six native pseudo orange genotypes at 4 temperature levels (3, 0,- 3,- 6), compared to The test was carried out by Unsho and Sensitive Persian Lime (low temperature stress). Therefore, in this study, the vulnerability to low-stress conditions in controlled environmental conditions was compared with that of temperature treatments (3, 0, _3 and -6 degrees Celsius) in six genotypes of native pseudo-orange (number 1-6) sensitive cultivar (Persian lime) and resistant cultivars (Unsho) were investigated. This experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design. The results of analysis of variance showed that temperature, genotype and interaction of these two treatments were significant in lipid peroxidation, proline, antioxidant capacity, ion leakage, hydroxylation, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll content. The temperature of the device began to decrease at a temperature of 6 ° C. The temperature of the device was 1 ° C / hour, after which the samples were kept at the specified temperatures for 3 hours and at the end of this period (3 Clock) sampling was performed to measure the traits. Accordingly, the leaf aquaculture was calculated by calculating the leaf area using a leaf surface gauge device. Ionic leakage measurements were also investigated using the method of the conversation and Meg Donald method. The presence of genotypes under cold stress led to an increase in malondialdehyde. In these conditions, due to increased oxidative activity, the accumulation of antioxidant compounds such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase increased. The data obtained from this research were based on factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications of analysis of variance and then averages were compared by Tukey test at 5% level using SAS software.
Results: Orange is a low temperature stress sensitive horticultural plant. Therefore, in this study, the vulnerability to low temperature stress in controlled environment (3, 0, 3- and -6 degrees Celsius) in six native poderotal genotypes (No.1-6) sensitive cultivars (Persian Liam) and resistant cultivars (Unsho) were studied. This experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design. The results of analysis of variance showed that temperature, genotype and interaction of these two treatments were significant in lipid peroxidation, proline, antioxidant capacity, ion leakage, hydroxylation, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll content. Meanwhile, soluble carbohydrate was only affected by the simple factor of genotype. No effects on chlorophyll b and carotenoid pigments were significant. The highest incidences (99.33%), ion leakage (91.63%) and lipid peroxidation reaction (with a mean of 3.33 μg / kg of fresh leaf weight) were recorded in sensitive lambspeed control at 6 °C. In contrast, the highest amount of proline (32.01 mg / g leaf weight) and antioxidant capacity (73.36%) was recorded in the control group at 3 °C. Among the native pseudo-orange genotypes, in this study, different reactions were also observed under low-temperature stress conditions. Accordingly, after the control of the bird, the native pseudo-orange genotype number one was better than the one under temperature decrease. However, in most of the studied orange genotypes, in most of the destructive traits, the native pseudo-orange genotype number 6 was in the same statistical position or close to the sensitive Peninsula. The presence of genotypes under cold stress led to an increase in malondialdehyde. In these conditions, due to increased oxidative activity, the accumulation of antioxidant compounds such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase increased.
Nasibeh Pourghasemian; Mehdi Naghizadeh; Rooholla Moradi; Mohammad Salari
Abstract
Introduction: Successful greenhouse and nursery production of plants is largely dependent on the chemical and physical properties of the growing substrate. An ideal potting substrate should be free of weeds and diseases, heavy enough to avoid frequent tipping over and yet light enough to facilitate handling ...
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Introduction: Successful greenhouse and nursery production of plants is largely dependent on the chemical and physical properties of the growing substrate. An ideal potting substrate should be free of weeds and diseases, heavy enough to avoid frequent tipping over and yet light enough to facilitate handling and shipping. The substrate should also be well drained and yet retain sufficient water to reduce the frequency of watering. Other parameters to consider include cost, availability, consistency between batches and stability in the media over time. Greenhouse crops in general, have higher nutrient demands than field grown crops. Therefore, in order to optimize production it is essential to focus on the growing substrate and fertilization. The physical properties of the growing medium are important parameters for successful plant growth, as these are related to the ability to adequately store and supply air and water to plants. Humic acid is a principal component of humic substances, which are the major organic constituents of soil (humus), peat and coal. It is also a major organic constituent of many upland streams, dystrophic lakes, and ocean water. It is produced by biodegradation of dead organic matter. It is not a single acid, but it is a complex mixture of many different acids containing carboxyl and phenolate groups so that the mixture behaves functionally as a dibasic acid or occasionally as a tribasic acid. Humic acids can form complexes with ions that are commonly found in the environment creating humic colloids. Humic and fulvic acids (fulvic acids are humic acids with lower molecular weight and higher oxygen content than other humic acids) are commonly used as a soil supplement in agriculture. Humic Plus contains humic acid, fulvic acid, macro micro nutrients and proprietary constituents essential for plant growth. Organic matter soil amendments have been known by farmers to be beneficial to plant growth for longer than recorded history. However, the chemistry and function of the organic matter have been a subject of controversy since humans began their postulating about it in the 18th century. Selection of the proper media components is critical to the successful production of plants. So, the objective of this study was to assess the effect of humic acid foliar application and various substrate on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of tomato seedling.
Material and Methods: The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Bardsir Faculty of Agriculture , Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in 2015, as a factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design with five replications. The experimental treatments were substrate in 7 levels (peat, coco-peat, leaf-soil, compost, vermi-compost, manure and clay soil), humic acid in two levels (foliar application and non- foliar application). After preparation of substrates, plastic boxes with 12 cm diameter and 10 cm height were chosen. After extracting gravity water, tomato (cv. Canyon) seeds were sown in pots. Rain irrigation was done daily. Foliar application of humic acid with concentration of 0.001 liter was performed from seedling emergence to transplanting every two days. The germinated seeds was daily counted and number and rate of seed emergence was estimated. Plant height, stem diameter, number of internodes, leaf area, shoot and root dry matter and chlorophyll contents were calculated at transplanting time of seedling.
Results and Discussion: The substrate treatment had a significant effect on rate and percent of germination, plant height, shoot dry matter, leaf area, number of internodes and, chlorophyll a and carotenoid contents. According to the results, the greatest and smallest rate and percent of germination was found in peat and manure treatments, respectively. Also the greatest shoot dry matter (1.17 g), leaf area (125.9 cm plant-1), number of internodes (6.19), plant height (13.51 cm) and chlorophyll a concentration (2.55 µg/ml) were observed for peat substrate. Manure and clay soil substrates showed the smallest of these measurements and carotenoid contents. It seems that physical characteristics of peat was better than other substrates. Plant height, shoot dry matter, leaf area, number of internodes, chlorophyll a and carotenoid contents showed a significant effect by humic acid application. Foliar application of humic acid significantly increased the mentioned traits.
Conclusion: The results illustrated that between substrates in this study, peat was the best for seedling production of tomato. Foliar application of humic acid had a positive effect in improving growth characteristics of tomato seedling.
Roozbeh Farhoudi
Abstract
Introduction: Iran’s climate is mostly arid and semi-arid, where water availability is a major problem. Water stress substantially alters plant metabolism, decreasing plant growth and photosynthesis and profoundly affecting ecosystems and agriculture, as well as human societies. Unfortunately, water ...
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Introduction: Iran’s climate is mostly arid and semi-arid, where water availability is a major problem. Water stress substantially alters plant metabolism, decreasing plant growth and photosynthesis and profoundly affecting ecosystems and agriculture, as well as human societies. Unfortunately, water deficiency is increasingly becoming a serious problem in agriculture in Iran whereas the national average annual precipitation is less than 249 mm. Recently, medicinal and aromatic plants have received much attention in several fields such as agroalimentary, perfumes, pharmaceutical industries and natural cosmetic products. Although, secondary metabolites in the medicinal and aromatic plants impressed conventionally by their genetic makeup; moreover their biosynthesis is strongly influenced by environmental factors. It means biotic and abiotic environmental factors affect growth parameter, essential oil yield and constituents. Abiotic environmental stresses like drought have the most effect on medicinal plants. In arid and semi-arid regions like south of Iran where water availability is a major limitation, using plants with low water consumption is one way to manage available water efficiently. Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) are annual plants belonging to Asteraceae family naturally widespread in west, northwest and south of Iran and their consumption has a long history in Iranian folklore medicine. Over 120 components have been identified in these plants essential oil, while, chamazulene, camphor, bisabolol oxides A and B, farnesene and ά- bisabolonoxide are the most important ones.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Shoshtar Branch, Iran during 2010-2011 in order to evaluate the effects of water stress levels on growth, photosynthesis and essential oil yield of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) and chicory (Cichorium intybus). Two water stress levels viz. medium at 75% field capacity (FC) (I 75) and sever at 55% FC (I 55) were included in the study, while 90% FC (I 90) was taken as control. The experiment was laid out based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Net plot size was 2 m × 2 m having plants density of 120 chamomile m-2 and 100 chicory m-2. Sowing was done manually on well prepared seedbed in November 2010 and plants were harvested in June 2011. Irrigation treatments were started three weeks after seed sown when seedling started their growth and development. Chamomile and chicory essential oil percentage, essential oil yield, dry weight, photosynthesis and chlorophyll content were assayed in this research.
Results and Discussion: Results showed that drought stress had significant effect on photosynthesis, chlorophyll a concentration, plant height and dry matter yield of chamomile and chicory. The Lowest flowers dry yield of chamomile and leaf dry weight of chicory obtained from severe drought stress level (47 and 195 gr m-2). The highest essential oil yield of chamomile (56.6 g m-2) and chicory (226.9 gr m-2) showed in mild drought stress treatment. Results indicated that medium drought stress increased seconds’ metabolites concentration and essential oil yield of chamomile and chicory. Important second compound in chamomile and chicory essential oil were camphor, α-pinene, β-pinene, ά-bisabolol and chamazulene. Drought stress decreased photosynthesis rate and minimum photosynthesis rate in chamomile and chicory were 9.0 mgl CO2 m-2 s-3 and 12.0 mgl CO2 m-2 s-3 under severe drought stress treatment. In chamomile the lowest chlorophyll a content showed in mild and severe drought stress treatments (1.1 and 1.2 mg g-1). Minimum chlorophyll a and b content of chicory obtained from severe drought stress treatment (0.7 and 1.02 mg g-1 respectively).Results of the study clearly elaborate that severe drought stress hampered the growth, photosynthetic rate and lowered the oil yield of chamomile, whereas medium drought stress (irrigation at 75% of FC level) improved the growth and oil productivity even more than well watered conditions. Although, severe water stress observed sizeable rise in essential oil contents but due to drastic reduction in flower or leaf dry weight, severe drought stress exhibited lowest oil yield in chamomile and chicory.
Conclusion: The results of the study clearly elaborated that medium drought stress (irrigation at 75% of FC) enhanced the essential oil productivity, while severe water stress (55% FC) decreased chamomile and chicory growth, photosynthesis rate and essential oil yield. Moreover, under drought stress quantity of chamomile and chicory oil was improved. Therefore, chamomile and chicory should be irrigated at 75% FC level to attain higher essential oil yield.
Zohreh Moghimi pour; Mohammad Mahmoodi Sourestani; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari
Abstract
Introduction: Holy basil is a perennial plant belongs to Lamiaceae family. The plant is a perennial and thrives well in the hot and humid climate. Its aerial parts have been in use for food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and perfumery industries. Leaves contain 0.5-1.5% essential oil and main oil components ...
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Introduction: Holy basil is a perennial plant belongs to Lamiaceae family. The plant is a perennial and thrives well in the hot and humid climate. Its aerial parts have been in use for food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and perfumery industries. Leaves contain 0.5-1.5% essential oil and main oil components are eugenol, methyl eugenol, carvacrol, methyl chavicol and1,8-cineole. A balanced fertilization program with macro and micronutrients is very important in producing high quality yield. Zinc is involved in IAA production, chlorophyll biosynthesis, carbon assimilation, saccharids accumulation, reactive oxygen radicals scavenging and finally carbon utilization in volatile oil biosynthesis.
Material and methods: In order to evaluate the effect on zinc foliar application on zinc content of leaves, photosynthetic indices and pigments of holy basil, an experiment was carried out in 2013 at a research farm of Horticultural Science, Shahid Chamran University (31°20'N latitude and 48°40'E longitude and 22.5 m mean sea level), Ahvaz (Iran), a region characterized by semi-dry climate. The experiment was arranged based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with six treatments and three replications. The treatments were nano zinc chelate (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g.l-1) and zinc sulfate (1 and 1.5 g.l-1) fertilizers. Land preparation includes disking and the formation of raising beds (15cm high and 45cm wide across the top) using a press-pan-type bed shaper. Holy basil seeds were sown on two rows on each bed, with 15 cm in-row and 40 cm between-row spacing. The plants were irrigated weekly as needed. Foliar application of zinc fertilizers was done at six-eight leaf stage and were repeated with interval 15 days until full bloom stage. Zinc content, stomata conductance (gs), CO2 under stomata (Ci), transpiration rate (E), net photosynthesis (Pn), light use efficiency (LUE), water use efficiency (WUE) and also chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a+b and carotenoid contents were measured at beginning of flowering stage. Photosynthetic parameters were measured by Infra-red gas analyzer (LCA4, ADC Co. Ltd., Hoddesdon, UK). Instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEinst) was calculated as Pn/E ratio. Light use efficiency was calculated as Pn/PPFD ratio.
Result and discussion: The results showed that the effect of foliar application of zinc fertilizers on all measured traits except Ci and WUE was significant (p≥0.01). The highest values of zinc content (110.53 mg.kg-1), chlorophyll a (0.99 mg.kg-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (0.30 mg.kg-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll a+b (1.29 mg.kg-1 fresh weight) and carotenoid (0.18 mg.kg-1 fresh weight) traits were obtained in plants sprayed with 1.5 g.l-1 nano zinc chelate. The lowest amount of zinc content (21.37 mg.kg-1), chlorophyll a (0.58 mg.kg-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (0.14 mg.kg-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll a+b (0.72 mg.kg-1 fresh weight) and carotenoid (0.13 mg.kg-1 fresh weight) traits were obtained in control plants. Foliar application of holy basil with 1.5 g.l-1 nano zinc chelate led to increase in stomata conductance (322.22 mm H2O.m-2.s-1), transpiration rate (2.86 mm H2O.m-2.s-1), net photosynthesis (11.75 μm CO2.m-2.s-1) and light use efficiency (6.10 μm CO2. μm photon-1). The minimum amount of stomata conductance (172.00 mm H2O.m-2.s-1), transpiration rate (2.16 mm H2O.m-2.s-1), net photosynthesis (8.23 μm CO2.m-2.s-1) and light use efficiency (4.46 μm CO2. μm photon-1) were observed in control plants. There were positive correlation (p≥0.01) between zinc content and chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a+b and carotenoid. Zinc content also had positive and significant correlation (p≥0.01) with stomata conductance, CO2 under stomata, transpiration rate, net photosynthesis and light use efficiency. So, providing zinc by foliar application with 1 and 1.5 g.l-1 nano zinc chelate and 1.5 g.l-1 zinc sulfate can lead to increase in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Increase in net photosynthesis may be due to higher photosynthesis pigments and also stomata conductance and CO2 under stomata. In the other hand, zinc is an essential micronutrient that acts either as a metal component of various enzymes or as a functional, structural, or regulatory cofactor such as carbonic anhydrase, ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate, and is thus associated with saccharide metabolism and photosynthesis.
Conclusion: Although the highest amount of most measured traits was obtained in plants that treated with 1.5 g.l-1 nano zinc chelate, there were no significant difference between 1 and 1.5 g.l-1 nano zinc chelate and 1.5 g.l-1 zinc sulfate treatments for zinc content, stomata conductance, CO2 under stomata, transpiration rate, net photosynthesis, water use efficiency and light use efficiency. Therefore, in order to increase zinc content and photosynthetic traits of holy basil, foliar application of with 1.5 g.l-1 zinc sulfate is recommended.
Gholamhossein Davarynejad; Somaye Shirbani; Mehdi Zarei
Abstract
Introduction: The amount of water available to plants includes one of the most important factors that affect the growth of plants. The objective of the present study was to investigate and compare the tolerance of different fig types (Ficus carica L.) to different low irrigation treatments.
Materials ...
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Introduction: The amount of water available to plants includes one of the most important factors that affect the growth of plants. The objective of the present study was to investigate and compare the tolerance of different fig types (Ficus carica L.) to different low irrigation treatments.
Materials and Methods: A factorial trial based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications was carried out in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The treatments of this experiment were four levels of irrigation including; supplying enough water to pots (100% field capacity), mild stress (75% field capacity), average stress (50% field capacity) and severe stress (25% field capacity) on Green, Black, Shah Fig and Matthew cultivars. Some of morphological and physiological traits like stem growth, leaf umber, leaf area, root length, root area, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, root to shoot ratio, relative water content, electrolyte leakage, total chlorophyll and proline were measured.
Results and Discussion: According to the results, significant differences were observed between different irrigation treatments for all measured parameters. The highest level of stem growth, leaf umber and leaf area were detected in control treatment (100% field capacity), while the lowest contents were observed in severe stress (25% field capacity). The results showed that the fresh and dry weight of shoot and root decreased with increasing drought stress, so that the lowest amounts were observed in severe stress treatment (25% field capacity). The levels of relative water content was significantly affected by different irrigation treatments, since treated plants with severe stress treatment (25% field capacity) had the lowest relative water values, while the highest levels was observed in control treatment (100% field capacity). The highest and lowest of total chlorophyll content was observed in control treatments (100% field capacity) and severe stress (25% field capacity), respectively. Among the study treatments, severe stress treatment (25% field capacity) had the highest amount of root length, root area, root to shoot ratio and control treatment had the lowest root length, root area, root to shoot ratio. The obtained results detected that electrolyte leakage increased with increasing drought stress. The severe stress treatment (25% field capacity), had the highest proline content, followed by the average stress treatment (50% field capacity), while the lowest value was observed in control (100% field capacity). A variation in terms of all measured parameters also was observed among the cultivars and the differences were statistically significant. Among the presently tested cultivars, Black has the best resistant ability to drought stress than in other cultivar.
Conclusion: This research showed all measured parameters were significantly affected by irrigation treatments and cultivars. These data demonstrated that cultivar was the main parameter which influences the morpho-physiological properties in figs.
Esmaeil Chamani; Mohammad Bonyadi; Alireza Ghanbari
Abstract
Introduction: Vinca flower (Catharanthus roseus L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants of Apocynaceae (31, 27). Tropical plant native to a height of 30 to 35 centimeters (9) and a perennial shrub which is grown in cold areas for one year (27).One of the plants in the world today as a medicinal ...
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Introduction: Vinca flower (Catharanthus roseus L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants of Apocynaceae (31, 27). Tropical plant native to a height of 30 to 35 centimeters (9) and a perennial shrub which is grown in cold areas for one year (27).One of the plants in the world today as a medicinal plant used the periwinkle plant. Among the 130 indole – terpenoids alkaloids which have been identified in the plant periwinkle vinca alkaloids vincristine and vinblastin are the most important component is used to treat a variety of cancers. Including therapies that are used for a variety of cancer, chemotherapy to help Vinca alkaloids collection (including vincristine and…). Vinblastin as effective member of this category, due to the low percentage of venom and effects at very low doses, is widely used today. These materials are generally formed as inhibitors of mitotic spindle in dividing cells have been identified. Vinblastin with these structural changes in connection kinotokor - microtubules and centrosomes in a dividing cell, the mitotic spindle stop (45).Salicylic acid belongs to a group of phenolic compounds found in plants, and today is widely regarded as a hormone-like substance. These classes of compounds act as growth regulators. Humic substances are natural organic compounds that contain 50 to 90% of organic matter, peat, charcoal, rotten food and non-living organic materials are aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (2).
Materials and Methods: In this experiment, vinca F2 seeds in the mixed 4: 1 perlite and peat moss to the planting trays were sown. The seedlings at the 6-leaf stage were transfered to the main pot (pot height 30 and 25 cm diameter) The pots bed soil mix consisting of 2 parts soil to one part sand and one part peat moss (v / v) were used and after the establishment of seedlings in pots every two weeks with. Salicylic acid and humic acid concentrations 0 (control), 10, 100, 500 and 1000 mg were treated as a foliar spray. Salicylic acid and humic acid used in the Merck has the solutions according to plant size in proper volume has been prepared and will be sprayed on aerial spraying. According to the bootblack periwinkle flowers and leaves to prevent leaf burn and create the solution at one point, for every cc100 solution, two drops of Tween 20 was added to the solution, then spray on the leaves and leaf fire does not spread. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 10 replicates at the end of the results by the SAS software analysis and comparison of means by Duncan's multiple range tests was performed.
Results and Discussion: According to the results of the data analysis of different treatments significant impact on the level of 1% of the height, number of leaves, chlorophyll, stomatal conductance, pods and stems of the side. Also, the tally was significant at 5%.According to the results of the data analysis of different treatments on stem diameter had no significant effect. Results of comparing the average of the data showed that treatment with 10 and 500 mg/l of salicylic acid per liter respectively in the first and second measurement and control showed lowest height. Treatment of 100 mg/l of humic acid maximum height was measured in two stages. The results of the comparison showed that an average of 500 mg/l of salicylic acid in a two-step measurement and control had the lowest number of leaves. Treatment with 10 mg/l in the first stage of the operation (L1) and treated with 100 mg/l of humic acid in the second vector data (L2) had the highest number of leaves. Treatment with 10 mg/l of salicylic acid and 100 mg/l of humic acid had the highest chlorophyll. The treatment of 10 mg/l of salicylic acid and 100 mg/l of humic acid had the highest stomatal conductance. The results of the comparison average showed that the 500 mg/l of salicylic acid and humic acid had the greatest impact on the number of flowers. As well as 500 mg/l salicylic acid and humic acid had the greatest impact on the number of pods. The results showed that treatment with 1000 mg/l salicylic acid and humic acid had the greatest effect on stem diameter.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that low concentrations of salicylic acid increased plant height, the number of leaves, chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance, which can increase plant resistance against unfavorable environmental conditions.
As a result, the plants treated with salicylic acid can be increased two driven in adverse environmental conditions. The treatment of humic acid by increasing the rate of photosynthesis and increases the amount of material available for plant growth. This increase can accelerate the growth of the main branch and side periwinkle plant medicinal plants and enhances the appearance of the plant.
Alireza Pirzad; Reza Darvishzadeh; Abbas Hassani
Abstract
Introduction: Cumin, sometimes spelled cummin (Cuminum cyminum L.; Apiaceae), also known as Zeera is native from the East Mediterranean to India. Its seeds are used in the cuisines of many different cultures, and it is also used as a medicinal plant, serving as a digestant, as well as being used to treat ...
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Introduction: Cumin, sometimes spelled cummin (Cuminum cyminum L.; Apiaceae), also known as Zeera is native from the East Mediterranean to India. Its seeds are used in the cuisines of many different cultures, and it is also used as a medicinal plant, serving as a digestant, as well as being used to treat anemia and the common cold. Cumin is a drought tolerant plant, has a short growth season of 100 – 120 days, with optimum growth temperature ranges between 25°C and 30 °C. Drought is one of the most important environmental factors that influences seed yield of crop plants in arid and semi-arid regions,through physiological response of plant. To reduce drought stress damages, some synthetic materials like hydroplus superabsorbent polymers, highly hydrophilic due to low cross-links in their structure, can be used to save soil moisture. Thus, superabsorbent polymer may have great potential in restoration and reclamation of soil and storing water available for plant growth and production.
Materials and Methods: To evaluate accumulation of photosynthetic pigments and seed yield of cumin, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Research Farm of Urmia University (latitude 37.53° N, 45.08° E, and 1320 m above sea level).- The soil texture of experimental site was clay loam (28% silt, 32% clay, 40% sand) with 22.5% field capacity, 1.54 g/cm3 soil density, and pH 7.6. Treatments were four irrigation regimes (irrigation after 50, 100, 150 and 200 mm of evaporation from class A pan) and different amounts of superabsorbent polymer (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 kg/ha). To measure the chlorophyll content (Chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll), 0.25 g of grounded leaves were adjusted to 25 ml by distilled water, and 0.5 ml of this solute was mixed with 4.5 ml acetone 80%. The upper zone of centrifuged solution was taken for spectrophotometery at 645nm and 663 nm wavelengths. To measure the yield of cumin seeds, 2 m2 of each plot was harvested and immediately were dried in the shade and at a temperature of 25 ° C. Essential oil, 25 g of powdered seeds in a one-liter flask, was extracted (W/W) by the Clevenger method (Hydro distillation) for 3 hours.
Results and Discussion: Analysis of variance showed the significant interaction between the superabsorbent polymer and irrigation on the amount of leaf chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, seed yield, percentage and yield of essential oil. This implies a different physiological response of cumin plant in terms of adding different amounts of superabsorbent and irrigation. Means comparison indicated that the highest concentration of chlorophyll a (0.266 mg/l) and total chlorophyll (0.518 mg/l) were obtained from plants irrigated after 50 mm of evaporation without polymer application. The maximum (0.259 mg/l) and minimum (0.028 mg/l) leaf chlorophyll b belonged to irrigation after 200 mm of evaporation using 60 and 240 kg/ha polymer, respectively. The highest yield of seed (1226 kg/ha) and essential oil (36.5 kg/ha) were obtained from well-watered plants (irrigation after 50 mm of evaporation) and 60 kg/ha of polymer. Increasing irrigation intervals from 50 to 200 (50, 100, 150 and 200) mm of evaporation, need 120, 180 and 120 kg/ha polymer correspondingly for production of optimal yield of cumin. Essential oil of cumin plants was gradually and significantly enhanced by increasing irrigation distance, up to 150 mm of evaporation from pan, (with this particle)follow down by severe stress. Like seed yield the lowest yield of essential oil (0.9 kg/ha) belonged to plants irrigated after 50 mm of evaporation using 120 kg/ha superabsorbent (less than irrigation after 200 mm of evaporation). In general, in the case of well-watered plants, irrigation after 50 mm of evaporation with a small amount of superabsorbent (60 kg/ha) produced maximum seed yield and oil. However, if there is no access to water and increasing irrigation intervals twice (irrigation after 100 mm of evaporation from pan) for maximum performance requires the use of 120 kg/ha polymersince the essential oil of irrigation after 200 mm of evaporation is very low. But, if we use higher amounts of superabsorbent (300 kg/ha) more than double the yield of essential oil was obtained from this irrigation level.
Conclusion: A significant interaction between irrigation and superabsorbent, recommended a certain amount of polymer used as the optimum level for each irrigation regime so that the proper yield of essential oil was affected by optimal superabsorbent quantities of chlorophyll, seed yield and essential oil content. In conclusion, the suitable amounts of superabsorbent polymer were different for each irrigation regime,thereforeit is recommendedless than 120 kg/ha for control (non-stress condition) and moderate drought stress- and - 300 kg/ha for severe stress to produce essential oil of cumin plants, respectively.
Meysam Mansouri; Mahmood Shoor; Ali Tehranifar; Yahya Selahvarzi
Abstract
Gerbera is one of the ten important cut flowers in terms of production and consumption in the world and Iran. In this research effects of foliar application of salicylic acid and thiamine on biochemical characteristics of gerbera flower were investigated. This experiment was conducted in a completely ...
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Gerbera is one of the ten important cut flowers in terms of production and consumption in the world and Iran. In this research effects of foliar application of salicylic acid and thiamine on biochemical characteristics of gerbera flower were investigated. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in the greenhouse commercial of the Golazin Maghsoud Company. Treatments were included of municipal water (control), salicylic acid 75 and 150 µM and thiamine 250 and 500 µM. Foliar application was performed with interval of two weeks in two stages. The results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on biochemical characteristics of gerbera. The greatest amount of chlorophyll a (36.6 µg/g Fw), b (17.27µg/g Fw) and total chlorophyll content (61.17 µg/g Fw) were related to Thiamine 250 µM and the highest level of carotenoids content 7.87 (µg/g Fw) was related to Thiamine 500 µM. The most reducing sugars content (181.51 mg/g Fw) reported in 75 µM salicylic acid. The highest activity of catalase and peroxidase enzyme (94.5 and 70.7 unit enzyme per minute in gram fresh weight, respectively) were related to 75 and 150 µM salicylic acid. Thus, salicylic acid and thiamine increased photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activities.
Rozita Khademi Astaneh; Seyyed Jalal Tabatabaie; Sahebali Bolandnazar
Abstract
Selenium is a non metallic chemical element that affects plant growth and development and but it can due to the presence of antioxidant defense system as a matter of basic human and animal health has been identified. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of Se on physiological characteristics ...
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Selenium is a non metallic chemical element that affects plant growth and development and but it can due to the presence of antioxidant defense system as a matter of basic human and animal health has been identified. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of Se on physiological characteristics and yield of Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. Gemmifera) with six levels of Se (0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 mg/l) from sodium selenate. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that yield in terms of fresh weight of sprout was significantly (P≤0.01) affected by Se concentration so that increasing Se concentration from 0 to 8 mg/l increased the yield and chlorophyll index, electrolyte leakage (EL) in leaves decreased then with increasing Se concentration decreased the yield and EL in young leaves increased. The highest yield was observed at 8 mg/l Se concentration that was 40% higher compared to the control treatment. With increase concentration of Se in the nutrient solution increased Se concentration and as follow old leaves>young leaves> sprouts. The results showed that Se can be added at the 8 mg/l to the nutrient solution for growing Brussels sprout.
Majid Esmaeilizade; Ali Reza Talaie; Hossein Lesani; Amanollah Javanshah; Hossein Hokmabadi
Abstract
In order to prevent of inflorescence bud abscission and reduce of alternate bearing in pistachio cv. ‘Ohadi’ an experiment with 12 treatments including of girdling, fruit thinning, application of urea (0.5%), sucrose (3 and 5%) and their combination with urea, zinc sulfate (0.05 and 0.1% of pure ...
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In order to prevent of inflorescence bud abscission and reduce of alternate bearing in pistachio cv. ‘Ohadi’ an experiment with 12 treatments including of girdling, fruit thinning, application of urea (0.5%), sucrose (3 and 5%) and their combination with urea, zinc sulfate (0.05 and 0.1% of pure zinc) and also their combination with urea in 3 replication and during 2 stages, was conducted in 2007 and 2008. The treatments were applied in two different stages of fruit growth and development including: 1- Initiation of rapid growth of nut endosperm and 2- Endosperm completion and initiation of rapid nut embryo growth. The results showed that girdling reduced inflorescence bud abscission, leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthesis rate significantly, but it didn't have any effect on qualitative and quantitative nut characteristics. The other treatments increased kernel weight and nut dehiscent and reduced ounce (No. of nuts per ounce), blankness, nut deformity and inflorescence bud abscission, but they didn't have any effect on early splitting. With the exception of zinc sulfate treatments, the others increased leaf chlorophyll content, meanwhile sucrose or combination of sucrose with urea reduced photosynthesis rate, but the other treatments increased it.
S. jozghsemi; S. N. Mortazavi; Mohsen Khodadadi
Abstract
The Tuberose cut flower is much less longevity in postharvest. The less vase life due to stress of deficit carbohydrate and quick respiration on inflorescence. In this study, effectiveness factors, sucrose, CaCl2, Al2So4 and re-cut the stems. In current research two separate experiments were arranged ...
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The Tuberose cut flower is much less longevity in postharvest. The less vase life due to stress of deficit carbohydrate and quick respiration on inflorescence. In this study, effectiveness factors, sucrose, CaCl2, Al2So4 and re-cut the stems. In current research two separate experiments were arranged as a factorial based on compeletly randomized design. The first experiment were added to all experimental units have 100 ppm Al2So4 and investigation the effect of sucrose and CaCl2 factors. In the other experiment was added in all treatments of suitable sulation that obtain from first experiment (3.5 percent Sucrose and 200 ppm CaCl2) and investigation the effect of Al2So4 and re-cut stems factors. The vase life of cut flower, relative water content(RWC), a, b and total chlorophyll content were evaluated. The results of first experiment indicated the effect of reciprocal treatment with sucrose (3.5 %) and CaCl2 (200 ppm) increased significantly on the protection of a, b and total chlorophyll content and RWC, and increased the longevity at the time 16 days about 88 percent. The result of secondry experiment showed that the third important cause of reduced longevity of tuberose cut flower high susceptibility to blockage xylem, and treatment with protection sulation containing 3.5 % sucrose and 200 ppm Al2So4 and spray 200 ppm CaCl2 and Re-cut every 48 hourse were recommended for using to dissolve problems of post harvest the Tuberose cut flower.
Rana Gholinegad; Alireza Sirousmehr; Barat Ali Fakheri
Abstract
In order to study the effects of drought stress and organic fertilizers (compost and vermicompost) on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of borage, an experiment with complete randomized block design in split plot arrangement with three replications was conducted in Zabol University, ...
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In order to study the effects of drought stress and organic fertilizers (compost and vermicompost) on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of borage, an experiment with complete randomized block design in split plot arrangement with three replications was conducted in Zabol University, Zabol, Iran. The treatments included 3 levels of stress as a witness or 100% of field capacity, 80%field capacity(mild stress) and 60% field capacity (tension) as the main factor and use organic fertilizers, including control (nofertilizer), consuming 40 tons of compost per ha, and consumes 4 ton of vermicompost per ha, were considered as minor. Results showed that chlorophyll index (SPAD) decreased with increasing severity of dehydration and the amount of chlorophyll fluorescence were added. The highest chlorophyll a (11.383 mg/g) in conditions stress and application of compost obtained and it was reduced with increasing stress intensity level and the lowest (5.763mg/g) in severe stress and lack of fertilizer application, respectively. The same trend was observed for total chlorophyll content. Most of the enzymes catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in conditions of severe stress and lack of application and at least 100% of field capacity and compost application, respectively. Proline at 60% field capacity and no application of any fertilizer (20.213 mmol/g wet weight) was a significant difference with other compounds treatments. Drought stress affected the dry weight of the borage plant and cut it and dry yield (6.134826 kg/per ha) in the water level control was not a significant difference with mild stress (80% field capacity). Overall production in drought conditions and the amount of enzyme scavengers, hydrogen peroxide and free radicals increases , then, in order to have acceptable performance of dry borage, crop irrigation to 80% capacity seems appropriate.
Kambiz Mashayekhi; Hossein Sadeghi; Vahid Akbarpour; Sadegh Atashi; Yousef Ghasemi; Seyyed Javad Mousavizadeh
Abstract
Carbohydrate flow between vegetative and reproductive parts of trees is one of the determining factors of yield and fruit quality. Therefore, it varies during different times of growth season. The aim of this study was to investigate the carbohydrate content variation during growth season between leaf ...
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Carbohydrate flow between vegetative and reproductive parts of trees is one of the determining factors of yield and fruit quality. Therefore, it varies during different times of growth season. The aim of this study was to investigate the carbohydrate content variation during growth season between leaf and fruit of nectarine. So, eight nectarine trees cv. Red Gold selected randomly in the orchard and after labeling two of them combined and four replications achieved for laboratory tests. Results indicated that the highest fresh (9.3 g) and dry (3.3 g) weight of the leaves recorded at the last harvesting stage. Fresh to dry weight ratio showed a descending trend than can be indicated this fact that leaf biomass is low at primary harvesting stages and increased gradually. Chlorophyll a, b and ab reached to the highest content at the last harvesting stage. Total sugar content showed an ascending trend at second and third harvesting stages and decreased at final harvesting stage. Fruit chlorophyll content also decreased by maturation and fruit ripening; while, anthocyanin content showed an ascending trend. Fruit total sugar content decreased by third stage, two weeks after pit hardening, but increased at the final harvesting stage. Sucrose content variations show a higher value at primary stages of fruit growth in comparison with next stages and decreased by final stages. Total sugar increased at the fourth stage to third harvesting stage.
Maryam Sadat Araghi Shahri; Mehrdad Lahouti; Fereshte Ghasemzadeh; Hamid Ejtehadi
Abstract
Antimony is a toxic heavy metal for plants, animals and human being. Considering its effects on plants growth, different concentrations on watermelon growth and development were studied. The experiment was established on a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications. ...
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Antimony is a toxic heavy metal for plants, animals and human being. Considering its effects on plants growth, different concentrations on watermelon growth and development were studied. The experiment was established on a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The seedlings were grown hydroponically in nutrient solution containing Sb-EDTA (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 mg/L). Samples were harvested after four weeks to determine biochemical and morphological parameters. With increasing Sb concentration in culture medium, resulted in significantly decreased chlorophyll content and some other growth parameters in treated plants (p
Vahid Akbari; Rasul Jalili Marandi
Abstract
The water deficiency is one of the serious problems in the arid zones. In order to investigate the effect of Cycocel on different growth aspects of two olive cultivars (Mary and Mission), a greenhouse experiment was conducted using three factors of: cycocel at three levels (0, 500 and 1000 mg L-1), irrigation ...
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The water deficiency is one of the serious problems in the arid zones. In order to investigate the effect of Cycocel on different growth aspects of two olive cultivars (Mary and Mission), a greenhouse experiment was conducted using three factors of: cycocel at three levels (0, 500 and 1000 mg L-1), irrigation of three levels (irrigated at 5, 10 and 15 days intervals) and tow olive cultivars (Mary and Mission) in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design of three replicates for the lasted four months. The results showed that both cycocel treatments decreased plant height, increased root length and number of lateral shoots; but no significant difference in stem diameter, leaf numbers, total lengths of lateral shoots, fresh weight of stem and root, chlorophyll b and carotenoid content was observed compared with control. High cycocel level (1000mgL-1) increased fresh weight of leaf and chlorophyll a content than the control. Also, results showed that increased periods of drought have reduced the plant height, stem diameter, leaf numbers, number of lateral shoots and total lengths of lateral shoots, root length, fresh weight of leaf, stem and root, increased chlorophyll a+b and carotenoid content in both cultivars. In above-mentioned parameters Mission cultivar showed higher resistance to drought stress than the Mary cultivar. Results suggested that Cycocel treatment can alleviate some negative effects of drought stress in Mary and Mission cultivars of olive.
Gholamreza Chenarani; Mahmood Shoor; Ali Tehranifar; Seyyed Hossein Nemati; Gholamhossein Davarynejad
Abstract
CO2 enrichment in greenhouse is a suitable way which reduces production time, better growth vigor and also higher plant quality. The main aim of this study was to find out the effects of artificial CO2 enrichment under different light levels on rooting of the ornamental foliage Codiaeum variegatum. The ...
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CO2 enrichment in greenhouse is a suitable way which reduces production time, better growth vigor and also higher plant quality. The main aim of this study was to find out the effects of artificial CO2 enrichment under different light levels on rooting of the ornamental foliage Codiaeum variegatum. The experiment was planned as a split plot based on a completely randomized design. CO2 was considered as the main plots (380 as control, 750 and 1050 ppm) and these light intensities as the sub plots (10000 as control, 12000 and 14000 Lux) were used. Results showed a significant increase on measured traits with elevating levels of CO2 and light. Highest measured values of different traits were observed at 12000 Lux light intensity and 750 ppm CO2 enrichment. Light intensity × CO2 interaction had a significant effect on leaf length, leaf number, root quality, root volume, root length (P≤0.01) and rooting percentage at (P≤0.05). Spad chlorophyll unit was not noticeably significant. Rooting and plant growth generally raised along with both light intensity and CO2 elevation.
Ali Akbar Shokouhian; Gholamhossein Davarynejad; Ali Tehranifar; Ali Rasoulzadeh
Abstract
The base of nut production in almond is flower buds set with best quality and quantity. Although the process of flower buds set is controlled by genetic characteristics, however it affected with inside and outside diverse factors. To understand relationship between these factors for achieve to annual ...
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The base of nut production in almond is flower buds set with best quality and quantity. Although the process of flower buds set is controlled by genetic characteristics, however it affected with inside and outside diverse factors. To understand relationship between these factors for achieve to annual and regular nut production economically. An experiment was conducted in order to evaluate effects of effective microorganisms (EM) under water stress conditions on bud flower formation in two genotypes of almond trees in Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, in 2011. In this research effects of two different concentrations (0 and 5%) of EM and three levels of aridity stress treatments (100, 66, and 33% of FC) on number of flower buds in two genotypes (H1and H2) of almond was evaluated. This experiment was arranged as a factorial experiments based on a randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Results showed that the EM increased amount of leaf area, chlorophyll, storage protein, N, K and P in leaves. In this research, effects of different genotypes, EM and irrigation levels on number of flower bud set were significantly different at the %1 level. Number of flower bud formation increased by treatments of EM application, H1 genotype and irrigation level of FC% 100. There was significant interaction between treatments for this trait at %1 level. The best result was obtained from interaction between H2 genotype and irrigation using level of FC% 100 and EM application.
Zahra Setayesh-Mehr; Ali Ganjeali
Abstract
In order to study the effect of different water potential on Anethum graveolens L. an experiment was conducted. This study was carried out based on completely randomized design with three replications. In this experiment, morpho-physiological characteristics were assessed under hydroponic. Stress was ...
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In order to study the effect of different water potential on Anethum graveolens L. an experiment was conducted. This study was carried out based on completely randomized design with three replications. In this experiment, morpho-physiological characteristics were assessed under hydroponic. Stress was established with PEG 6000, and drought potentials were: 0 (control), -1.5, -2, -2.5 and -3 bar. The results showed that effect of drought stress on morphological characteristics including: shoot length, root length, surface of leaves and leaves number was significant (p≤0.01). Mean comparison of treatments showed that with increasing drought stress, all parameters decreased. Effect of drought stress on amount of a, b and total chlorophyll, carotenoid, soluble proteins, phenolic compounds and K+, P and Ca+2 concentrations in shoot and root were significant (p≤0.01). Effect of drought stress on chlorophyll a/b ratio was significant (p≤0.05). Mean comparison of treatments showed that with increasing drought stress, amount of chlorophyll, carotenoid, soluble proteins, K+, P and Ca+2 and shoot/root K+ ratio decreased where as amount of phenolic compounds in shoot and root increased. Shoot to root length ratio and shoot/root K+ ratio were not influenced by drought stress (p≤0.05). From the results of this study, it can be deducted that dill medicinal plant respond to drought stress by increasing of phenolic compounds.
