بررسی اثر محلول‌پاشی جیبرلیک اسید تحت شرایط کم‌آبیاری بر خصوصیات فیزیکی، شیمیایی و انبارمانی میوه انار (رقم شهوار)

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه تهران

2 تهران

3 کرج

چکیده

انار محصولی بومی ایران بوده که از ارزش صادراتی بالایی نیز برخوردار است. بحران خشکسالی در منطقه و خصوصاً حاشیه کویر که مورد کشت و کار انار قرار می‌گیرد به صورت فزاینده‌ای رو به گسترش می‌باشد. بدین سبب تحقیق حاضر در سال 1393 با سه سطح آبیاری شامل شاهد (ETc100 درصد)، کم‌آبیاری پایدار (ETc50 درصد در کل فصل رشد)، کم‌آبیاری تنظیم شونده (قطع آبیاری تا زمان تشکیل میوه و آبیاری کامل پس از آن) و دو غلظت محلول‌پاشی جیبرلیک اسید (0 و 150 پی‌پی‌ام) با 4 تکرار روی درختان 7 ساله انار رقم شهوار در شهرستان تربت حیدریه به صورت آزمایش اسپلیت پلات بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی انجام شد. پس از اندازه‌گیری عملکرد و اجزای آن، تعدادی میوه انار از هر تیمار به انبار سرد (دمای 5 درجه سانتی‌گراد و رطوبت نسبی 85 درصد) منتقل و طی فواصل زمانی 9 و 18 هفته مورد ارزیابی کیفی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که وزن میوه، عملکرد کل، درصد آریل و آب میوه انار در تیمار کم‌آبیاری تنظیم شونده به ترتیب 6/39، 1/17، 9/7 و 6/16 درصد در مقایسه با شاهد بیشتر شد. از سوی دیگر هر چند تیمار کم‌آبیاری پایدار بیشترین میزان ترکیدگی (1/9 درصد) و کمترین وزن میوه (8/205 گرم) را نشان داد، اما محلول‌پاشی GA3 توانست ضمن افزایش نسبی وزن،‌ از شدت عارضه ترکیدگی نیز بکاهد. بررسی خصوصیات فیزیوشیمیایی میوه ها طی دوره انبارمانی نیز نشان از برتری تیمار کم‌آبیاری تنظیم شونده برای صفات شاخص رسیدگی، فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی، آنتوسیانین کل و شاخص سرمازدگی داشت. همچنین تیمار محلول‌پاشی GA3 توانست کاهش وزن میوه‌های حاصل از تیمارهای کم‌آبیاری را طی دوره انبارمانی اصلاح نماید و مقادیر آنتوسیانین کل و فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی را نیز افزایش دهد. لذا به نظر می‌رسد با توجه به محدودیت منابع آبی در شرایط موجود، اتخاذ برخی راهکارهای کم‌آبیاری می‌تواند نتایج رضایت بخشی را در پی داشته باشد. ضمن آن‌که کاربرد GA3 نیز توانایی جبران و اصلاح بخشی از اثرات نامطلوب این تیمارها را دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Gibberellic Acid under Deficit Irrigation on Physicochemical and Shelf Life Attributes of Pomegranate Fruit (cv. Shahvar)

نویسندگان [English]

  • yahya selahvarzi 1
  • zabihollah zamani 2
  • A.R. Talaie 1
  • mohammadreza fattahi 3
1 University of Tehran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) belonging to the family Punicaceae, native to subtropical regions of Iran and adapted to arid or semi arid climates with mild winters. Pomegranate is fairly drought tolerant but requires regular irrigation to produce high yield and fruit weight. Large parts of Iran within the boundaries of central deserts (Dasht-e-kavir and Kavir-e-Loot) have arid or semi-arid conditions which make them suitable for pomegranate production. However drought crisis and water resources restriction are very serious in these areas.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted on 7-year old pomegranate cv. Shahvar trees from 2013 to 2014 in Torbat-e-Heydarieh, Razavi Khorasan, Iran. Irrigation treatments and Gibberellic acid application were used in Completely Randomized Split-Plot Design with four replications. Irrigation treatments included [1-control: 100% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (Etc) 2-Sustained deficit irrigation (SDI): watering was constantly used at 50%Etc, and 3-Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI): not watering was imposed until fruit set and then irrigation was applied same as control]. Foliar application of Gibberellic acid was done with two concentrations (0 and 150 ppm) at early May and September. Precipitation and pan evaporation (Ep) was recorded by weather station that located at 15 km distance from the studied orchard. Daily crop reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated by penman-monteith equation. Trees were drip-irrigated by two lateral lines parallel to the tree row and four emitters that each one delivers 4 liters per hour. Fruit weight and numbers, tree production (yield), peel, arils and juice percent and finally fruit cracking of each treatment were determined at ordinary harvest time in late of October. Some uniform and intact fruits per treatment transferred to cold storage (T= 5 ◦C, RH= 85-90%). After storage period the fruits transfered to shelf life condition (7 days at 20 ◦C and RH= 65-70%) to evaluate physiochemical traits at 2 different storage periods (9 and 18 weeks). Weight loss and chilling index were determined during 3 weeks intervals of storage. Weight loss was evaluated by a gravimetric method and results were expressed as percent of initial fresh weight. Chilling index was quantified by 5 point scale of fruit husk injury: (1: without disorder, 2: slight disorder signs 3: moderate signs 4: severe signs and 5: unmarketable).
Results and Discussion: In present research the effects of deficit irrigation treatments on all the measured attributes was significant at harvest time (p≤ 0.01). But Gibberellic acid spray had significant effect only on Fruit weight, juice percent and fruit cracking disorder. Likewise, deficit irrigation and Gibberellic acid interaction showed significant difference for fruit weight and cracking disorder. The results indicated that fruit weight, total yield and fruit juice in regulated deficit irrigation increased by 39.6, 17.1 and 16.6 percent in compare with control, respectively. Fruit numbers in control trees (108.3) was more than sustained (93.6) and regulated (87) deficit irrigation. It is possible that sustained (SDI) and regulated (RDI) deficit irrigation have decreased sprouting growth and consequently second or third waves of pomegranate flowers that forming on these shoots was lower by water restricting. Pomegranate peel percent in studied deficit irrigation strategies were less than control and naturally aril percent was more in these treatments. In other hand, the highest fruit cracking (9.1%) and lowest fruit weight (205.8 g) occurred in sustained deficit irrigation. However Gibberellic acid application could increase fruit weight and alleviate cracking disorder. The results of cold storage experiment showed that maturity index, antioxidant activity, total anthocyanin and chilling index improved by Sustained deficit irrigation. Variations of ripening index during cold storage occurred because of sugar conversion, not the changes of organic acids content. Indeed, rate of starch degradation to simple carbohydrates in fruits increase under drought condition. Probability drought in deficit irrigation treatments as an oxidative stress motivates antioxidant system and consequently increases chilling resistance in pomegranate fruits. Preharvest Gibberellic acid application amended weight loss and increased total anthocyanin and antioxidant activity during cold storage.
Conclusions: On the base of this study it seems that using of some deficit irrigation strategies have acceptable consequences on pomegranate fruit production at conditions of water resources restriction. Likewise Gibberellic acid application on trees that were subjected by deficit irrigations ameliorates the adverse effects of drought stress.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Fruit Cracking
  • Stop watering
  • Total anthocyanin
  • water requirement
  • yield
1- Abd El-Rahman I.E. 2010. Physiological studies on cracking phenomena of Pomegranates. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 6:696-703.
2- Alegre S., Marsal J., Mata M., Arbones A., and Girona J. 2002. Regulated deficit irrigation in olive trees (Oleaeuropea L. cv. ‘Arbequina’) for oil production. ActaHorticulturae, 586:259-262.
3- Allen R.G., Pereira R.S., Raes D., and Smith M. 1998. Crop Evapotranspiration Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements, v. 56. FAO Irrigation and Drainage 56, Rome.
4- Anonymous. 2013. Statistical Book of Horticultural Fruits in Iran. http:// http://dpe.agri-jahad.ir
5- Artes F., Villaescusa R., and Tudela J. 2000. Modified atmosphere packaging of pomegranate. Journal of Food Science, 65:1112–1116.
6- Bray E.A. 1993. Molecular responses to water deficit. Plant Physiol, 103:1035–1040.
7- Choudhury S., Ray D.P., Das B.K., and Sahu G.S. 2003. Effect of pre and post harvest chemical treatments on ripening, quality and storage life of sapota (Manilkaraachras) cv. Pala ’, Orissa Journal of Horticulture, 31: 54 – 57.
8- Cline J.A., and Trought M. 2007.Effect of gibberellic acid on fruit cracking and quality of ‘Bing’ and ‘Sam’ sweet cherries. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 87:545–550.
9- Crisosto C.H., Johnson R.S., Luza J.G., and Crisosto G.M., 1994. Irrigation regimes affect fruit soluble solids concentration and rate of water loss of ‘O’Henry’ peaches. HortScience 29:1169–1171.
10- Cuevas J., Canete M.L., Pinillos V., Zapata A.J., Fernandez M.D., Gonzalez M., and Hueso J.J. 2007. Optimal dates for regulated deficit irrigation in ‘Algerie’ loquat (EriobotryajaponicaLindl.) cultivated in Southeast Spain. Agricultural Water Management, 89:131-136.
11- Ebel R.C., Proebsting E.L., and Patterson M.E., 1993. Regulated deficit irrigation may alter apple maturity, quality, and storage life. HortScience, 28:141–143.
12- EL-Otmani M., and CogginsC.W.Jr. 1991. Growth regulators effect on retention of quality of stored citrus fruits. ScientiaHorticulturae, 45:261– 272.
13- Gil M.I., Garcia-Viguera C., Artes F., and Tomas-Barberan F.A. 1995. Changes in pomegranate juice pigmentation during ripening. Journal of Science Food Agriculture, 68:77–81.
14- Girona J., Gelly M., Mata M., Arbones A., Rufat J., and Marsal J. 2005. Peach tree response to single and combined deficit irrigation regimes in deep soils. Agricultural Water Management, 72:97-108.
15- Holland D., Hatib K., and Bar-Yaakov I. 2009. Pomegranate: botany, horticulture and breeding. Horticultural Reviews, 35:127–191.
16- Intrigliolo D.S., and Castel J.R. 2011. Response of plum trees to deficit irrigation under two crop levels: Tree growth, yield and fruit quality. Irrigation Science, 29:443–454.
17- Intrigliolo D.S., Bonet L., Nortes P.A., Nicolas E., and Bartual J. 2013. Pomegranate trees performance under sustained and regulated deficit irrigation. Irrigation Science, 31: 959-970.
18- Khalil H.A., and Aly H.S.H. 2013. Cracking and fruit quality of pomegranate (Punicagranatum L.) as affected by pre-harvest sprays of some growth regulators and mineral nutrients. Journal of Horticultural Science & Ornamental Plants, 5:71–76.
19- Kong M., Lampinen B., Shackel K., and Crisosto C.H. 2013. Fruit skin side cracking and ostiole-end splitting shorten postharvest life in fresh figs (Ficuscarica L.), but are reduced by deficit irrigation. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 85:154-161.
20- Laribi A.I., Palou L., Intrigliolo D.S., Nortes P.A., Rojas-Argudo C., Taberner V., Bartual J., and Perez-Gago M.B. 2013. Effect of sustained and regulated deficit irrigation on fruit quality of pomegranate Cv. 'Mollar De Elche' at harvest and during cold storage. Agricultural Water Management, 125: 61-70.
21- Mitchell P.D., Jerie P.H., and Chalmers D.J. 1984. Effects of regulated water deficits on pear tree growth, flowering, fruit growth and yield. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 109:604-606.
22- Mellisho C.D., Egea I., Galindo A., Rodriguez P., Rodriguez J., Conejero W., Romojaro F., and Torrecillas A. 2012. Pomegranate (Punicagranatum L.) fruit response to different deficit irrigation conditions. Agricultural Water Management, 114:30-36.
23- Mohamed A.K.A. 2004. Effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) and benzyladinine (BA) on splitting and quality of Manfalouty fruits. Assuit Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 35:11–21.
24- Mohamed S.A., Awad M.A., and Al-Qurashi A.D. 2014. Antioxidant activity, antioxidant compounds, antioxidant and hydrolytic enzymes activities of ‘Barhee’ dates at harvest and during storage as affected by pre-harvest spray of some growth regulators. ScientiaHorticulturae, 167:91-99.
25- Mpelasoka B.S., Behboudian M.H., and Mills T.M., 2001. Effects of deficit irrigation on fruit maturity and quality of ‘Braeburn’ apple. ScientiaHorticulturae, 90:279–290.
26- Pena M.E., Artes-Hernandez F., Aguayo E., Martinez-Hernandez G.B., Galindo A. Artes F., and Gomez P.A. 2013. Effect of sustained deficit irrigation on physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds and postharvest life of pomegranate fruit (cv. ‘Mollar de Elche’). Postharvest Biology and Technology, 86:171–180.
27- RahmatiShahri A. 2014. Determination of phonological stages, microphenology and dynamics of pomegranate flower cv. Ardestani and White in Mahvelat area. MSc Thesis. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
28- Ruiz-Sanchez M.C., Domingo R., and Castel J.R. 2010. Deficit irrigation in fruit trees and vines in Spain: A review. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 8: 5–20.
29- Selahvarzi Y., Goldani M., Nabati J., and Alirezaii M. 2011. Effect of exogenous application of ascorbic acid on physiochemical changes under salt stress in oregano (Origanummajorana L.). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 42:159-167. (In Persian with English abstract).
30- Selahvarzi Y., and Tehranifar A. 2013. Effect of essential oil of some medicinal plants and polyethylene packaging on quality and pomegranate shelf life. Journal of Horticultural Science, 27: 318-325. (In Persian with English abstract).
31- Stoll M., LOveys B., and Dry P. 2000. Hormonal changes induced by partial rootzone drying of irrigated grapevine. Journal of Experimental Botany, 51:1627-1634.
32- Sun T., and Gubler F. 2004. Molecular mechanism of gibberellin signaling in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 55:197–223.
33- Torrecillas A., Domingo R., Galego R., and Ruiz-Sanchez M.C. 2000. Apricot tree response to irrigation withholding at different phenological periods. ScientiaHorticulturae, 85:201-215.
34- Wetzstein H.Y., Ravid N., Wilkins E., and Martinelli A.P. 2011. A morphological and histological characterization of bisexual and male flower types in pomegranate. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 136: 83-92.
35- Zoffoli J.P., Latorre B.A., and Naranjo P. 2009. Preharvest applications of growth regulators and their effect on postharvest quality of table grapes during cold storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 51:183–192.
CAPTCHA Image