اثر سطوح مختلف نیتروژن بر عملکرد، محتوای نیترات، عملکرد اسانس و برخی صفات فیزیولوژیکی چهار رقم ریحان

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد خرم آباد

2 دانشگاه ایلام

3 دانشگاه ازاد تبریز

چکیده

به منظور ارزیابی عملکرد، محتوای نیترات، عملکرد اسانس و برخی صفات فیزیولوژیکی چهار رقم ریحان، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل اسپلیت پلات در زمان در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در ایستگاه تحقیقاتی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی خرم آباد اجرا گردید. فاکتور اول آزمایش شامل ارقام مختلف ریحان (O. basilicum var. Italian Large Leaf،O. basilicum var. Mobarakeh ،O. basilicum var. Sweet Thai و O. basilicum var. Cinnamon)، فاکتور دوم کاربرد کود شیمیایی نیتروژن (اوره) در سه سطح شاهد (عدم کاربرد کود نیتروژن)، 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار و 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود شیمیایی اوره و فاکتور سوم برداشت گیاه ریحان در 3 سطح شامل برداشت اول، برداشت دوم و برداشت سوم بود. نتایج مقایسه میانگین نشان داد که در رقمItalian Large Leaf  با کاربرد 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار اوره در برداشت دوم بیشترین میزان عملکرد خشک و نیترات حاصل شد. کمترین تعداد شاخه جانبی، درصد برگ، کلروفیل b و عملکرد اسانس متعلق به رقمMobarakeh  بود. بیشترین و کمترین عملکرد اسانس به ترتیب به تیمارهای 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار اوره و شاهد مربوط بود. بر اساس نتایج این تحقیق، رقم Italian Large Leaf به همراه کاربرد 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار اوره برای دستیابی به رشد و عملکرد کمی و کیفی قابل قبول ریحان تحت شرایط آب و هوایی خرم آباد توصیه می­گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

ffect of Different Levels of Nitrogen on Yield, Nitrate Content, Essential Oil Yield and some Physiological Traits in Four Cultivars of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • F. Moayedi 1
  • S. Kordi 1
  • A. A. Mehrabi 2
  • S. Dastborhan 3
1 Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad Branch
2 University of Ilam
3 Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the oldest spices belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It is a herbaceous annual plant, which is native to subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, America. Basil is an important economic crop and widely used in the culinary arts, food processing and pharmaceutical industries. Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for plant production that plays a major role in photosynthetic activities and crop yield capacity and its availability affects plants growth and biochemical processes. Nitrogen deficiency is often a limiting factor in vegetable production such as sweet basil. Nitrogen usage significantly can be increased the herb yield of basil grown in different environmental conditions. The nutritional and environmental factors are the most important factors for growth of the medicinal plants. In the present research, changes in yield, nitrate content, essential oil yield and some physiological traits have been investigated in four cultivars of sweet basil under different levels of nitrogen.
Materials and Methods: A field experiment was carried out in the Agricultural Research Station of Khorramabad during 2016 growing season. The experimental factors were arranged as a factorial-split-plot in time experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Experimental factors were cultivars of sweet basil (O.basilicum var Italian Large Leaf، O. basilicum var Mobarakeh, O. basilicum var Sweet Thai and O. basilicum var Cinnamon) and nitrogen fertilizer (0, 100 and 200 kg ha-1 urea) assigned to the main plots as factorial and different cuttings (three harvests from each plot) considered as sub-plots. The half amount of nitrogen (as urea; 46% N) was distributed in experimental plots before planting the seeds and the rest used after the first harvest. Seeds of sweet basil were planted at May, 25th 2016 as five rows with 2m length and each main plot area was 5 m2. The space between rows was 50 cm. All plots were irrigated immediately after sowing. Subsequent irrigations were carried out every four days. The control of weeds conducted manually during the experiment time. The sweet basil plants were harvested three times in early flowering stage in July 12, August 15 and September 25. Samples of 1 m length were taken from the center of two rows located in the middle of each plot. Plants were cut from above ground and transferred to the lab for measuring total dry yield. The measured traits in this study included branches per plant, inflorescences per plant, plant height, leaf percentage, total dry yield, essential oil yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid and nitrate content. SAS (version 9.1) and MSTAT-C statistical software were used to conduct analysis of variance (ANOVA) and comparison of means, respectively. The Duncan's multiple range test, at 5% probability level, was used to rank the differences among means.
Results and Discussion: The results indicated that the application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly improved all the studied traits. The highest and the lowest essential oil yield belonged to 100 kg ha-1 urea and control, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer by providing the nitrogen needed for the basil plant during the growing season provides a favorable environment for the production of further biomass. Total dry weight of the all basil cultivars increased with application of nitrogen fertilizer in all harvests. The highest total dry weight and nitrate concentrations were achieved by Italian largel cultivar with application of 200 kg ha-1 urea in the second harvest. The increment in total dry weight of basil by application of nitrogen fertilizer could be attributed to the increment in chlorophyll content and better growth of plants and subsequently the better canopy development which ultimately leads to the better usage of solar irradiance, higher photosynthesis and finally higher dry weight in basil plants. Application of nitrogen chemical fertilizer could increase essential oil yield of sweet basil, mainly due to the increasing of total dry weight.
Among basil cultivars, Italian large leaf cultivar had the highest leaf percentage and essential oil yield compared to the other cultivars. The lowest number of branches per plant, number of inflorescences per plant, leaf percentage, essential oil yield and total chlorophyll belonged to Mobarakeh cultivar. All the evaluated parameters were lower than the first harvest except leaf percentage and chlorophyll content.
Conclusion: According to the results, application of nitrogen fertilizer had a positive effect on growth, and consequently led to increase the plant vegetative yield. Due to the fact that in terms of more of the studied traits there was no significant difference between application of 100 and 200 kg ha-1 urea fertilizer and also reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers generating pollution, Italian large leaf cultivar and application of 100 kg ha-1 urea are recommended to access an acceptable growth and quantitative and qualitative yield in sweet basil under the environmental conditions similar to Khorramabad.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Dry weight
  • Essential oil
  • Photosynthetic pigments
  • Sweet basil
  • Urea
1- Abedi M.H., Seghatoleslami M.J., and Mousavi S.G.R. 2014. Effect of irrigation interval and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in Birjand region. Agroecology Journal, 5(4): 342-349. (in Persian with English abstract)
2- Afzali, S.F., and Elahi R. 2014. Measuring nitrate and nitrite concentrations in vegetables, fruits in Shiraz. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 18(3): 451-457.
3- Biesiada, A., and Kus A. 2010. The effect of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on yielding and nutritional status of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, 9: 3-12.
4- Chezgi, M., Chalavi V., and Akbarpour V. 2017. The effect of organic and chemical nitrogen fertilizers on the yield and qualitative characteristics of two basil cultivars. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 8(1): 29-44. (in Persian with English abstract)
5- El Gendy A.G., El Gohary A.E., Omer E.A., Hendawy S.F., and Hussein M.S. 2015. Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer on herbage and oil yield of chervil plant (Anthriscus cerefolium L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 69: 167-174.
6- Jahan M., Amiri M.B., Dehghanipour F., and Tahami M.K. 2013. The effects of biofertilizers and winter cover crops on essential oil production and some agroecological characteristics of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in an organic farming system. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 10(4): 751-763. (in Persian with English abstract)
7- Karami S., Hadi H., Tajbakhsh-Shishavan M., and Modarres-Sanavy A.M. 2017. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and zeolite on chlorophyll content, quantity and quality of amaranth forage under deficit irrigation stress. Crops Improvement, 20(1): 67-84. (in Persian with English abstract)
8- Kordi S. 2017. Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage maize (Zea mays L.) and sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under nitrogen fertilizers (biological, chemical and integrated) in additive intercropping. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. (in Persian with English abstract)
9- Kordi S., Shafagh-Kolvanagh J., Zehtab-Salmasi S., and Daneshvar M. 2018. Response of yield and some physiological traits of sweet basil affected by different nitrogen sources under intercropping with corn. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 49(2): 185-198. (in Persian with English abstract)
10- Lichtenthaler H.K. 1987. Chlorophylls and cartenoides: Pigments of photosynthetic bimembranes. Methods in Enzymology, 148: 350-382.
11- Mahfouz S.A., and Sharaf-Eldin M.A. 2007. Effect of mineral vs. biofertilizer on growth, yield, and essential oil content of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). International Agrophysics, 21: 361-366.
12- Marschner H. 2012. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 3rd Ed. Academic Press, London.
13- Motaghian A., Pirdashti H., Akbarpour V., Serajpour G., Yaghobi-Khanghahi M., and Shariatnezhad S. 2014. Evaluation of yield Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in different intercropping combinations by competitive indices. Agroecology Journal, 5(3): 243-254. (in Persian with English abstract)
14- Nicoletto C., Santagata S., Bona S., and Sambo P. 2013. Influence of cut number on qualitative traits in different cultivars of sweet basil. Industrial Crops and Products, 44: 465-472.
15- Omidbaigi R. 2006. Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants. 4th Ed. Astan Ghods Razavi Press, Mashhad, Iran, 397 p. (in Persian)
16- Rezaei-Moadab A., Nabavi-Kalat S.M., and Sadrabadi-Haghighi R. 2014. The effect of vermicompost and biological and chemical fertilizers on growth yield and essence of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in the Mashhad weather conditions. Agroecology Journal, 5(4): 350-362. (in Persian with English abstract)
17- Roy R.N., Finck A., Blair G.J., and Tandon H.L.S. 2006. Plant Nutrition for Food Security. A guide for integrated nutrient management. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 348 p.
18- Salem, M.A., Al-Zayaneh W., and Abdul-Jaleel C. 2010. Effects of compost interactions on the alterations in mineral biochemistry growth, tuber quality and production of Solanum tubersum. Frontiers of Agricultural in China, 4(2): 170-174.
19- Sareer O., Bernstein N., Ahmad S., and Umar S. 2016. Genetic, developmental and temporal variability in nitrate accumulation and nitrate reductase activity in medicinal herb Andrographis paniculata. Pedosphere, 26(6): 839-847.
20- Singh M., Khan M.M.A., and Naeem M. 2016. Effect of nitrogen on growth, nutrient assimilation, essential oil content, yield and quality attributes in Zingiber officinale Rosc. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 15: 171-178.
21- Tahami-Zarandi S.M.K., Rezvani-Moghadam P., and Jahan M. 2014. Evaluation the effects of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers on morphological traits, yield and yield components of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 12(4): 543-553. (in Persian with English abstract)
22- Waezzadeh M., Nadery M.R., and Golabady M. 2010. Effect of different nitrogen fertilizer levels on yield and nitrate accumulation rate in tuber of two potato varieties in Isfahan region (Faridan). M.Sc. Thesis, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan). (in Persian with English abstract)
CAPTCHA Image