ارزیابی اثر پایه بر میزان مقاومت برخی ارقام گلابی پیوندی به بیماری آتشک

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• جواد صمیمی رباط ¹
• یحیی سلاح ورزی ¹
• علی تهرانی فر ¹
• ناصر بیک زاده ²

¹ گروه علوم باغبانی و مهندسی فضای سبز، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

² مرکز تحقیقات، آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2024.83573.1277

چکیده

 باکتری عامل بیماری آتشک (Erwinia amylovora) یکی از بزرگترین چالش‌ها در تولید میوه گلابی است و فقدان روش‌های کنترل مؤثر، بر نیاز به ارقام مقاوم به این بیماری تأکید می‌کند. بنابراین، آزمایشات تعیین سطوح حساسیت برای ایجاد برنامه‌های اصلاح نژادی که مقاومت در برابر این بیماری را تضمین کند، ضروری است. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین تأثیر پایه بر میزان مقاومت ارقام گلابی پیوندی به بیماری آتشک و بررسی اثر انتقال مقاومت یا حساسیت به بیماری از پایه‌های مقاوم به ارقام گلابی با سنجش سیستم USDA در باغات گلابی آستان قدس رضوی و باغات نیشابور با دو رقم گلابی (̓درگزی̒ و ̓کوشیا̒) پیوند شده بر روی دو پایه (̓درگزی̒ و ̓پیردوارف̒) اجرا شد، و مقیاس گاردنر نیز بر روی نهال‌های یکساله در گلخانه بررسی شد، همچنین مجموع قندهای سوربیتول، ساکارز و pH عصاره برگی در روزهای صفر تا 18 پس از آلودگی طی چهار مرحله اندازه‌گیری شد. با القا باکتری مقدار قندها از روز 6 تا 12 پس از آلودگی در رقم و پایه ̓کوشیا̒/ ̓پیردوارف̒ از 30 به 20 میلی‌گرم (33 درصد کاهش قندها) ولی در رقم و پایه ̓کوشیا̒/̓درگزی̒ از 35 به 25 میلی‌گرم (29 درصد کاهش قندها) و در دو رقم و پایه ̓درگزی̒/̓درگزی̒ و ̓درگزی̒/̓پیردوارف̒ ثابت ماند. در مورد pH هم، در نهال‌ها با رقم ̓کوشیا̒ پیوند شده روی پایه ̓درگزی̒ نیز این روند مشاهده شد. به این ترتیب pH در روزهای صفر، 3، 6 و 12 به‌ترتیب برابر 5/5، 6/5، 5/3 و 5/2 اندازه‌گیری شد. این در حالی است که در بافت برگ‌های ارقام و پایه‌های ̓درگزی̒/̓پیردوارف̒ و ̓درگزی̒/̓درگزی̒ این مقدار به‌ترتیب 5/5 و 5/6 و این روند طی روزهای مختلف تقریبا ثابت بود. نتایج نشان داد که پایه ̓درگزی̒ تا حدودی اثر مقاومت خود را بر روی رقم حساس ̓کوشیا̒ گذاشت، به‌طوری‌که میزان مقاومت رقم و پایه ̓کوشیا̒/̓درگزی̒ بیشتر از میزان مقاومت رقم و پایه ̓کوشیا̒/̓پیردوارف̒ بود. بطور کلی طبق نتایج بدست آمده احتمال می‌رود که پایه مقاوم، مقاومت به بیماری آتشک را تا حدودی به ارقام حساس منتقل نموده است. بنابراین در برنامـه بـه‌زراعی گلابـی بـه‌منظور مقاومت به بیماری آتشک می‌توان از پایه مقاوم به بیماری آتشک استفاده کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• بیماری آتشک
• پایه
• رقم
• سیستمUSDA
• مقیاس گاردنر

موضوعات

• میوه کاری

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluating the Effect of the Rootstock on the Resistance of Some Grafted Pear Cultivars to the Fire Blight Disease

نویسندگان [English]

• Javad Samimi ¹
• Yahya Selahvarzi ¹
• Ali Tehranifar ¹
• Nasser Beikzadeh ²

¹ Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

² Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Pear (Pyrus communis L.) is a cold-climate fruit tree belonging to the Rosaceae family, and it is native to Western Asia and Eastern Europe. Fire blight disease is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora, and it is considered one of the most damaging and harmful diseases in pome fruit trees in cold and temperate regions worldwide. The most sensitive plant organ in pome fruit trees to this disease is flowers. Fire blight disease has five important stages, from initial infection to the final death of the tree trunk. These five stages include blossom blight, fruit blight, leaf blight, main branches, and trunk blight, and finally, root blight. The first and most important stage of pathogenicity in fire blight disease begins in early spring under high humidity, causing the burning and death of the flower.
 
Materials and Methods
The Rootstock used in this experiment were Dargazi and Pyrodwarf, and the cultivars studied were Koshia and Dargazi. The experiment was conducted in two conditions, orchard and greenhouse. In the orchard, a factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized block design with five repetitions. The factors studied were Rootstocks (Dargazi and Pyrodwarf) and cultivars (Koshia and Dargazi). In the greenhouse, a factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three repetitions. The factors studied were Rootstocks (Dargazi and Pyrodwarf) and cultivars (Dargazi and Kosha). Gardner scale was used to measure the severity of fire blight infection. In addition, the levels of sucrose, sorbitol, and pH in leaf tissue were measured. The sucrose content in the leaf tissue of  Koshia/Pyrodwarf Rootstock increased from day 0 to 6 and reached its highest level (10%) on the 6th day, then decreased to 5% on the 12th day. In the Dargazi/Pyrodwarf base, sucrose levels increased from day 0 to 6 and reached its highest level (8%) on the 6th day, then decreased to 5% on the 12th day. In the Dargazi/Dargazi base, sucrose levels increased from day 0 to 6 and reached its highest level (7%) on the 6th day, then decreased to 4% on the 12th day. The sorbitol content in the leaf tissue of Koshia/Pyrodwarf base increased from day 0 to 6 and reached its highest level (2%) on the 6th day, then decreased to 1% on the 12th day. In the Dargazi/Pyrodwarf Rootstock, sorbitol levels increased from day 0 to 6 and reached its highest level (1.5%) on the 6th day, then decreased to 1% on the 12th day. In the Dargazi/Dargazi Rootstock, sorbitol levels increased from day 0 to 6 and reached its highest level (1%) on the 6th day, then decreased to 0.5% on the 12th day. On the other hand, the pH of the leaf tissue in the Dargazi/Pyrodwarf base remained constant at 6.2 from day 0 to 12 and increased to 7.4 on the 12th day.
 
 
Results and Discussion
The rootstock used in this experiment were Dargazi and Pyrodwarf, and the cultivars studied were Koshia and Dargazi. The experiment was conducted in two conditions, orchard and greenhouse. In the orchard, a factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized block design with five repetitions. The factors studied were rootstocks (Dargazi and Pyrodwarf) and cultivars (Koshia and Dargazi). In the greenhouse, a factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three repetitions. The factors studied were Rootstocks (Dargazi and Pyrodwarf) and cultivars (Dargazi and Koshia). Gardner scale was used to measure the severity of fire blight infection. In addition, the levels of sucrose, sorbitol, and pH in leaf tissue were measured. The sucrose content in the leaf tissue of Koshia/Pyrodwarf Rootstocks increased from day 0 to 6 and reached its highest level (10%) on the 6th day, then decreased to 5% on the 12th day. In the Dargazi/Pyrodwarf Rootstock, sucrose levels increased from day 0 to 6 and reached its highest level (8%) on the 6th day, then decreased to 5% on the 12th day. In the Dargazi/Dargazi Rootstock, sucrose levels increased from day 0 to 6 and reached its highest level (7%) on the 6th day, then decreased to 4% on the 12th day. The sorbitol content in the leaf tissue of Koshia/Pyrodwarf Rootstock increased from day 0 to 6 and reached its highest level (2%) on the 6th day, then decreased to 1% on the 12th day. In the Dargazi/Pyrodwarf Rootstock, sorbitol levels increased from day 0 to 6 and reached its highest level (1.5%) on the 6th day, then decreased to 1% on the 12th day. In the Dargazi/Dargazi Rootstock, sorbitol levels increased from day 0 to 6 and reached its highest level (1%) on the 6th day, then decreased to 0.5% on the 12th day. On the other hand, the pH of the leaf tissue in the Dargazi/Pyrodwarf Rootstock remained constant at 6.2 from day 0 to 12 and increased to 7.4 on the 12th day. The collected data from both orchard and greenhouse experiments were analyzed to determine the effects of Rootstock and cultivar on fire blight resistance.
 
Conclusion
The results showed that the combination of Koshia/Dargaz had higher resistance to fire blight compared to Koshia/Pyrodwarf. Additionally, the pH and carbohydrate content in the leaf tissue of the rootstock affected the growth and proliferation of fire blight bacteria. This study demonstrated varying levels of resistance to fire blight among the studied combinations, indicating significant potential for breeding and improving pear resistance to this disease. The Dargazi cultivar exhibited very high resistance to fire blight in both orchard and greenhouse conditions. Overall, the resistance of the Dargazi rootstock contributed to the resistance of the sensitive Koshia cultivar.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Cultivar
• Fire blight disease
• Gardner scale
• Rootstock
• USDA system

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

مراجع

1. Abdollahi, H., Rugini, E., Ruzzi, M., & Muleo, R. (2004). In vitro system for studying the interaction between Erwinia amylovora and genotypes of pear. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 79(2), 203-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-004-0661-0
2. Aldridge, P., Metzger, M., & Geider, K. (1997). Genetics of sorbitol metabolism in Erwinia amylovora and its influence on bacterial virulence. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 256, 611–619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004380050609
3. Aleksandrova, D., & Dimitrova, N. (2021). The reaction of pear cultivars grafted on pear and quince rootstocks after artificial inoculation of Erwinia amylovora. In IV International Symposium on Horticulture in Europe-SHE2021 1327 (pp. 321-328). https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2021.1327.43
4. Ark, P.A. (1973). Variability in the fire blight organism Erwiniya amylovora. Phytopathology, 27, 1-28.
5. Azarabadi, S., Abdollahi, H., Torabi, M., Salehi, Z., & Nasiri, J. (2017). ROS generation, oxidative burst and dynamic expression profiles of ROS-scavenging enzymes of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in response to Erwinia amylovora in pear (Pyrus communis L). European Journal of Plant Pathology, 147(2), 279-294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-016-1000-0
6. Barny, M. A., Guinebretiere, M.H., Marcais, B., Coissac, E., Paulin, J.P., & Laurent, J. (1990). Cloning of a large gene cluster involved in Erwinia amylovora CFBP1430 virulence. Molecular Microbiology, 4, 777–786. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00648.x
7. Bellemann, P., Bereswill, S., Berger, S., & Geider, K. (1994). Visualization of capsule formation by Erwinia amylovora and assays to determine amylovoran synthesis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 16, 290–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-8130(94)90058-2
8. Bellemann, P., & Geider, K. (1992). Localization of transposon insertions in pathogenicity mutants of Erwinia amylovora and their biochemical characterization. The Journal of General Microbiology, 138, 931–940. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-138-5-931
9. Bernhard, F., Coplin, D.L,. & Geider, K. (1993). A gene cluster for amylovoran synthesis in Erwinia amylovora: characterization and relationship to cps genes in Erwinia stewartii. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 239, 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00281614
10. Billing, E. (1974). The effect of temperature on the fire blight pathogene, Erwiniya amylovora. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 37, 643-648.
11. Billing, E., Baker, L., A.E., Cross, J.E., & Garret, C.M.E. (1961). Characteristics of English isolation of Erwiniya amylovora. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 24, 195-211.
12. Brisset, N.M., & Paulin, J.P. (1992). A reliable strategy for the study of disease and hypersensitive reaction induced by Erwinia amylovora. Plant Science, 85, 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(92)90113-z
13. Choi, H.J., Kim, Y.J., Lim, Y.J., & Park, D.H. (2019). Survival of Erwinia amylovora on surfaces of materials used in orchards. Research in Plant Disease, 25(2), 89-93. https://doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2019.25.2.89
14. Dagher, F., Olishevska, S., Philion, V., Zheng, J., & Déziel, E. (2020). Development of a novel biological control agent targeting the phytopathogen Erwinia amylovora. Heliyon, 6(10), e05222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05222
15. Doolotkeldieva, T., & Bobusheva, S. (2016). Fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora on Rosaceae plants in Kyrgyzstan and biological agents to control this disease. Advances in Microbiology, 6(11), 831. https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2016.611080
16. Evrenosoğlu, Y., Mertoğlu, K., Bilgin, N.A., Misirli, A., & Özsoy, A.N. (2019). Inheritance pattern of fire blight resistance in pear. Scientia Horticulturae, 246, 887–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.11.069
17. Grant, C.R., & Rees, T. (1981). Sorbitol metabolism by apple seedlings. Phytochemistry, 20, 1505–1511. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)98521-2
18. Gross, M., Geier, G., Rudolph, K., & Geider, K. (1992). Levan and levansucrase synthesized by the fireblight pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Physiol. Molecular Plant Pathology, 40, 371–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-5765(92)90029-u
19. Jakab-Ilyefalvi, Z., Platon, I., & Festila, A. (2012). Fire blight susceptibility of some pear varieties (Erwinia amylovora, Burill). Fruit Growing Research, 28.
20. Heldt, H.W. (1997). Plant biochemistry and molecular biology. Oxford University Press, New York.
21. Kellerhals, M., Szalatnay, D., Hunziker, K., Duffy, B., Nybom, H., Ahmadi-Afzadi, M., Höfer, M., Richter, K., & Lateur, M. (2012). European pome fruit genetic resources evaluated for disease resistance. Trees, 26(1), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-011-0660-9
22. Korba, J., Šillerová, J., & Kůdela, V. (2008). Resistance of apple varieties and selections to Erwinia amylovora in the Czech Republic. Plant Protection Science, 44(3), 91-96. https://doi.org/10.17221/19/2008-pps
23. Khan, M.A., Zhao, Y.F., & Korban, S.S. (2012). Molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis and resistance to the bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora, causal agent of fire blight disease in Rosaceae. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 30(2), 247-260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-011-0334-1
24. Layne, R.E.C., & Quamme, H.A. (1975). Pears. In J. Janick & J. N. Moore (Eds.), Advances in fruit breeding (pp. 38–70). Purdue University Press, West Lafayette.
25. Kurdjian, A., & Guem, J. (1989). Intracellular pH: measurement and importance in cell activity. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Molecular Biology, 40, 271–303. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.40.060189.001415
26. Mikiciński, A., Puławska, J., Molzhigitova, A., & Sobiczewski, P. (2020). Bacterial species recognized for the first time for its biocontrol activity against fire blight (Erwinia amylovora). European Journal of Plant Pathology, 156(1), 257-272. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1948157/v1
27. Millier, G.L. (1959). Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Analytical Chemistry, 31(3), 426-428. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60147a030
28. Risteveski, B.P., & Risteveska, A.B. (1996). Resistance of pear varietties to fire blight in the Ripoblic of Macedonia. Acta Horticulturae, 311, 256-259. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1996.411.79
29. Şahin, M., & Mısırlı, A. (2016). Ülkemizde ve dünyada ayva ıslahı çalışmaları. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 286–294. https://doi.org/10.17100/nevbiltek.211008
30. Şahin, M., Mısırlı, A., & Özaktan, H. (2019). Ege ve Doğu Marmara Bölgesi ayva plantasyonlarında ateş yanıklığı hastalığının değerlendirilmesi. Anadolu Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 29(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.18615/anadolu.568756
31. Şahin, M., Mısırlı, A., & Özaktan, H. (2020). Determination of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) susceptibility in Turkey’s Cydonia oblonga Germplasm. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 157(2), 227-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-01971-5
32. Salcedo, F., & Matta, B. (2000). Inflluence of nitrogen and calcium fertilizier on fire blight suceptibility of royal Gala apple tree. Mississipi Agricultural and Experiment Station Research Rep, 21, 1-6.
33. Seidghasemi, A. (2014). Occurrence of fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora on quince in Kerman Province.
34. Shrestha, R., Lee, S.H., Hur, J.H., & Lim, C.K. (2005). The effects of temperature, ph, and bactericides on the growth of Erwinia pyrifoliaeand Erwinia amylovora. Plant Pathology, 21, 127–131. https://doi.org/10.5423/ppj.2005.21.2.127
35. Stošić, S., Ristić, D., Savković, Ž., Grbić, M.L., Vukojević, J., & Živković, S. (2021). Penicillium and Talaromyces species as postharvest pathogens of pear fruit (Pyrus communis) in Serbia. Plant Disease, 105(11), 3510-3521. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-21-0037-re
36. Tomas, T.M., & Jones, A.L. (1992). Severity of fire blight on apple cultivars an strains in Michigan. Plant Disease, 76, 1049-1052. https://doi.org/10.1094/pd-76-1049
37. Vander Zevit, T.W., Oitto, A., & Brooks, H.J. (1970). Scoring system for rating the severity of fire blight in pear. Plant Disease, 54, 835-839.
38. Vanneste, J.L. (1995). Erwinia amylovora. In: Singh US, Singh RP & Kohmoto K (eds) Pathogenesis and Host Specificity in Plant Diseases: Histopathological, Biochemical, Genetic and Molecular Bases, Vol. 1. (pp. 21–46).
39. VanderZevit, T., & Keli, H.L. (1979). Fire blight , A Bacterial Disease of Rosaceous Plants. Agric. Handbook, No. 510, U. S. Government printing office, washington D. C.
40. Venisse, J.S., Malnoy, M., Faize, M., Paulin, J.P., & Brisset, M.N. (2002). Modulation of defence responses of Malus during compatible and incompatible interactions with Erwinia amylovora. Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions, 15, 1204-1212. https://doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.12.1204
41. Willis, D.K., Rich, J.J., & Hrabak, E.M. (1991). hrp genes of phytopathogenic bacteria. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 4, 132–138. https://doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-4-132