نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی
نویسنده
بخش تحقیقات زراعی و باغی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی سیستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، زابل، ایران
چکیده
تنش کم‌آبی از مهم‌ترین دلایل کاهش عملکرد کمی و کیفی انگور در منطقه سیستان است که سالانه منجر به از بین رفتن حداقل بیش از نیمی از محصول می‌شود. با هدف افزایش بهره‌وری منابع آب در تاکستان های سیستان، آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده نواری در ایستگاه تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی شهرستان زهک طی سال‌های 1398 تا 1402 انجام گردید. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل آبیاری کنترل (آبیاری کامل)، آبیاری پس از تخلیه 35 درصد آب و آبیاری پس از تخلیه 70 درصد آب قابل استفاده تاک به کرت‌های افقی و مرحله آبیاری شامل 1- مرحلۀ شکفتن جوانه تا گل‌دهی 2- گل‌دهی تا تغییر رنگ خوشه 3-تغییر رنگ خوشه تا برداشت میوه و 4-مرحلۀ برداشت میوه تا ریزش برگ به کرت‌های عمودی اختصاص یافت. کم‌آبیاری باعث کاهش صفات وزن محور خوشه، طول خوشه، عرض خوشه، تعداد حبه در خوشه، قطر حبه، وزن حبه، وزن خوشه، تعداد خوشه در تاک، عملکرد میوه و افزایش نرخ کاهش عملکرد میوه گردید. آنالیز رگرسیون چندگانه خطی نشان داد که صفات اثرگذار بر عملکرد میوه انگور یاقوتی شامل طول خوشه، عرض خوشه، وزن خوشه و تعداد خوشه در تاک بود. کم‌ترین عملکرد میوه و همچنین افزایش نرخ کاهش عملکرد در شرایط آبیاری پس از تخلیه 70 درصد آب قابل استفاده در مرحله گل‌دهی تا تغییر رنگ خوشه مشاهده شد که به‌ترتیب به‌میزان 1111 کیلوگرم در هکتار و 7/82 بود. نتایج نشان داد که آبیاری پس از 35 درصد کمبود رطوبت خاک در مراحل تورم جوانه تا گل‌دهی، گل‌دهی تا تغییر رنگ خوشه، تغییر رنگ حبه تا برداشت میوه و برداشت میوه تا ریزش برگ به‌ترتیب باعث کاهش میزان عملکرد میوه نسبت به آبیاری کامل در مراحل متناظر به میزان 9/27، 38، 1/7 و 1/4 درصد گردید. بطور کلی با کاهش میزان آبیاری در مراحل تغییر رنگ خوشه تا برداشت میوه به‌میزان 35 درصد کمبود رطوبت خاک، می‌توان باعث صرفه‌جویی در مصرف آب و عدم کاهش معنی‌دار عملکرد گردید.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Response of Yield and Yield Components of Table Grape cv., Yaghooti (Vitis vinifera L.) to Deficit Irrigation at Different Growth Stages
نویسنده [English]
- منصور fazeli rostampour
Horticultural crops research Department, Sistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zabol, Iran
چکیده [English]
Introduction
Yaghooti grape is the earliest grape variety in Iran and is the most important horticultural product in the Sistan region, which is cultivated in more than 90% of the vineyards of this region. The issue of water scarcity in Sistan has become a serious threat to grape production in recent years, forcing local grape growers to manage this problem by reducing the volume and frequency of irrigation. Proper irrigation management, which involves determining the optimal timing and the required amount of irrigation for grapevines, is of particular importance. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the physiological response of Yaghooti grapes to lack of water in different stages of growth in order to achieve the highest yield and also increase the production and income of gardeners in Sistan region.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted in strip-split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Zahak Research Station from 2019 to 2023. The experimental treatments included an irrigation regime of full irrigation, irrigation after 35% depletion of available water, and irrigation after 70% depletion of available water. These treatments were applied to horizontal plots and while the irrigation stages including from bud break to flowering, from flowering to fruit color change, from fruit color change to harvest, and from harvest to leaf fall, were assigned to vertical plots. This study was carried out at the Zahak Research Station on 15-year-old Yaghooti grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). The row spacing was three meters, and the vine spacing within rows was two meters. The vines were trained as low-growing and creeping. Irrigation scheduling was determined based on the treatments using a TDR moisture meter. After full ripening (uniform ruby-colored clusters with high Brix), cluster length and width, as well as berry diameter, were measured using a ruler and caliper. The number of clusters and berries per cluster were counted, and the cluster rachis weight (average weight of three rachises per vine), fresh berry weight (average weight of 10 berries per cluster), cluster weight (average weight of four clusters per vine), and yield (average yield of three vines per plot) were measured.
Results and Discussion
Deficit irrigation resulted in a reduction in cluster rachis weight, cluster length, cluster width, number of berries per cluster, berry diameter, berry weight, cluster weight, number of clusters per vine, and fruit yield, along with an increased rate of yield reduction. Reducing the water availability for grapevines led to a decrease in the traits affecting fruit yield. This reduction varied for each trait depending on the specific stage of deficit irrigation. For all traits, deficit irrigation applied during the flowering to veraison stage was the most sensitive to irrigation reduction. The highest (6500 kg) and lowest (1111 kg) fruit yields were obtained under full irrigation and irrigation after 70% depletion of available water during the flowering to veraison stage, respectively. The highest fruit yield under deficit irrigation was observed during the fruit harvest to leaf fall stage. Across all deficit irrigation regimes, the lowest fruit yield was associated with the flowering to veraison stage. Irrigation after 35% depletion of available water during the stages of bud break to flowering, flowering to veraison, veraison to fruit harvest, and fruit harvest to leaf fall resulted in yield reductions of 32.8%, 43.2%, 8.8%, and 5.6%, respectively, compared to full irrigation at the corresponding stages. Irrigation after 70% depletion of available water during the same stages caused yield reductions of 73.7%, 82.8%, 36%, and 24.5%, respectively, compared to full irrigation (Table 3). Although the effect of year on fruit yield was not significant, there was a reduction of 7.3% and 12% in the second and third years compared to the first year, respectively (Table 4). A multiple linear regression analysis was performed for the fruit yield of Yaghooti grape. The traits influencing the predictive equation for yield (Yield) included cluster length (CL), cluster width (CWi), cluster weight (CWe), and the number of clusters per vine (C/V), as shown in Model 1.
Model 1) Yield = 3481 + 126 CL – 68 CWi + 14 CWe + 185 C/V
The highest (82.7%) and lowest (4.8%) fruit yield reduction rates were observed under irrigation after 35% depletion of available water during the flowering to veraison stage and irrigation after 70% depletion of available water during the fruit harvest to leaf fall stage, respectively. The highest rate of fruit yield reduction occurred when deficit irrigation was applied during the flowering to veraison stage. Conversely, the lowest rate of fruit yield reduction was observed when deficit irrigation was applied during the fruit harvest to leaf fall stage.
Discussion
The results showed that fruit yield responded differently to deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation during the bud break to flowering and flowering to veraison stages had the greatest impact on reducing fruit yield, with the effect being more pronounced during the flowering to veraison stage. However, the impact of deficit irrigation during the veraison to fruit harvest and fruit harvest to leaf fall stages on yield was less compared to the bud break to flowering and flowering to veraison stages. The lowest fruit yield and the highest rate of yield reduction were observed under irrigation after 70% depletion of available water during the flowering to veraison stage, amounting to 1111 kg/ha and a yield reduction rate of 82.7%, respectively. Overall, the results indicated that fruit yield under irrigation after 35% depletion of available water during the fruit harvest to leaf fall stage was similar to full irrigation and is recommended for the Sistan region.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Cluster length
- Cluster/vine
- Cluster weight
- Cluster width
)
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله