Effect of Organic and Biological Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and Bacterial Colonization

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Hassan Makarian
• Hassan Shahgholi

Shahrood University

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.27707

Abstract

Introduction: In recent decades, excessive use of chemical fertilizers causes environmental problems such as water resource pollution and decrease in soil fertility. Organic matters are excellent sources of plant-available nutrients and their addition to soil could maintain high microbial populations and activities. In crop studies, Prabha et al. (2007) reported that there was excellent plant growth as well as yield in garlic plants that received vermicompost as nutrient in the field (28). Recent studies confirmed that, a number of bacterial species mostly associated with the plant rhizosphere, are found to be beneficial for plant growth, yield and crop quality. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the growth promoting effects of organic and bio-fertilizers on tomato growth and yield.
Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the College of Agricultural, University of Shahrood in 2011. Geographically, the site is located in Bastam (36° 25’E, 54° 58’N, 1349 m a.s.l.).The climate of this region is semi-arid. Treatments included three levels of organic fertilizers: vermicompost (1300 kgha-1), cow manure (3350 kgha-1), and control, biological fertilizer in four levels (Pseudomonas putyda, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azotobacter chrococcum and control). The bacterial suspension for each species was applied at a rate of 3 liters per hectare. Metribuzin herbicide (wettable 80% powder) was used at a rate of 1000 gr. ha-1. Petopride No. 2' variety of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was used in the present experiment. At the time of harvesting, the plant characteristics namely lengths and diameter of stem, number and weight of fruit, weight of stem and leaf were also registered. Statistical analyses of data were performed with statistical software Mstatc. Significant differences between means refer to the probability level of 0.05 by LSD test.
Results and Discussion: There sults showed that main interaction effects of bio and organic fertilizers were significant (P

Keywords

• Azotobacter crococcum
• Cow manure
• Pseudomonas
• Vermicompost

20.1001.1.20084730.1394.29.2.5.5

References

Aleem A., Isar J., and Malik A. 2003. Impact of long-term application of industrial wastewater on the emergence of resistance traits in Azotobacter chrococcum isolated from rhizospheric soil. Bioresource Technology, 86: 7 – 13.

2- Anwar M., Patra D.D., Chand S., Alpesh K., Naqvi A.A., and Khanuja S.P.S. 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of French basil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant. Analysis, 36: 1737-1746.

3- Atiyeh R.M., Subler S., Edwards C.A., and Metzger J. 1999. Growth of tomato plants in horticultural potting media amended with vermicompost. Journal of Pedology Biofuel, 43(6): 724-728.

4- Azizi M., Rezvani F., Hassanzadeh M., Lkzyan A., and Nemati H. 2008. Effect of different levels of vermicompost and irrigation on morphological characteristics and essential oil of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) cultivars. Goral Journal - Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research of Iran, 24: 82-93. (in Persian with English abstract).

5- Bashan Y., and de-Bashan L.E. 2005. Bacteria/plant growth-promotion. In: Hillel, D. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment. Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 103–115.

6- Burd G.I., Dixon D.G., and Glick B.R. 2000. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria that decrease heavy metal toxicity in plants. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 33: 237-245.

7- Burton C. H., and Turner C. 2003. Manure management: treatment. Strategies for sustainable agriculture. Editions Quae.

8- Cakmakci R., Kantar F., and Sahin F. 2001. Effect of N2-fixing bacterial inoculations on yield of sugar beet and barley. Journal of Plant Nutrients. Soil Science, 164: 527–531.

9- Ehteshami S. M. R., Amine deldar Z., Shahidi komeleh A., and khavazi k. 2010. Effect of different bacterial strains on yield and yield components of rice Pseudomons fluorescents. Eleventh Congress of Iranian Crop. Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran. Page 3991-3988. (in Persian)

10- Federico A.G., Miceli J.S., Borraz J., Adolfo Montes Molina C., Nafate M., Abud-Archila M., Llaven A., Rinco´n-Rosales R., and Dendooven L. 2007. Vermicompost as a soil supplement to improve growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Bioresource Technology, 98: 2781–2786.

11- Golchin A., and Aflaki A. 2004. Effects of salinity and sodium adsorption ratio of nutrient solution on tomato yield some quality parameters. The Ninth Congress of Soil Science, Tehran, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Center, http://www.civilica.com /Paper-SSCI09-SSCI09_011.html. (in Persian with English abstract).

12- Hajilo M., Abasdokht H., Amryan M.R., and Gholami A. 2010. The properties of biofertilizers on growth yield and yield components of corn in agricultural ecosystem. The first national conference on sustainable agriculture and healthy product, of the Center for Agricultural Research of natural resources, http://www.civilica.com/Paper-SACP01-SACP01_125.html. (in Persian with English abstract).

13- Hassan-Abadi H., Ardakani M., Rejali F., Paknzhad F., and Eftekhari A. 2010. Concurrent use of biological and chemical fertilizers on the morphological characteristics of the atmosphere. Proceedings of the first national conference on sustainable agriculture and healthy product, Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Isfahan, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract).

14- Huang y., El-Gamry A.M., and Xu J.M. 2001. Assessment of two sulfonylurea herbicides on soil microbial biomass N and N-mineralization. Egyptian Journal of Soil Science, 41: 187-203.

15- Hussain A., Arshad M., Hussain A., and Hussain F. 1987. Response of maize (Zea mays) to Azotobacter inoculation under fertilized and unterilized conditions. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 4:73-77.

16- Jeyabal A., Kuppuswamy G., and Lakshmanan A R. 1992. Effect of seed coating in yield attributes and yield of soybean (Glycine max L.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,169:145-150.

17- Kamari Shahmaleki S., Peyvast Gh., and Ghasemnezhad M. 2013. Effect of humic acid on growth and yield of tomato cv. Isabela. Journal of Horticultural Science, 26: 358-363. (In Persian with English abstract)

18- Karasu A. O. M., Bayram G., and Turgut I. 2009. The effect nitrogen levels on forage yield and some attributes some hybrid corn (Zea mays indentata Sturt.) cultivars sown as second crop for silage corn. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4: 166-177.

19- Kaymak H.A., Guvenc I., Yarali F., and Denmez M.F. 2009. The effects of bio-priming with PGPR on germination of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds under saline conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture, 33: 173-179.

20- Khalil M.Y. 2006. How-far would Planta goafra L. respond to bio and organic manures amendments. Research Journal of Biological Science, 2: 12-21.

21- Khandan A. 2004. Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on soil chemical and physical characterizes and Plantago psyllium medicinal plant. M.Sc. thesis in soil science. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (in Persian)

22- Lai A., Santangelo E., Soressi G.P., and Fantoni R. 2007. Analysis of the main secondary metabolites produced in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum , Mill.) epicarp tissue during fruit ripening using fluorescence techniques. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 43: 355- 342.

23- Mahfouz S. A., and Sharaf-Eldin M. A. 2007. Effect of mineral vs. biofertilizer on growth, yield, and essential oil content of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Int. Agrophysics, 21: 361-366.

24- Mao J., Olk D.C., Fang X., He Z., and Schmidt-Rohr K. 2008. Influence of animal manure application on the chemical structures of soil organic matter as investigated by advanced solid-state NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Geoderma, 146: 353–362.

25- Milosevic N., and Govedarica M. 2002. Effect of herbicids on microbiological properties of soil, zb. Matice Srpske za prirodne nauke, Novi Sad, 102: 05–21.

26- Nicole D., Cavender R.M., and Knee M. 2003. Vermicompost stimulates mycorrhizal colonization of roots of Sorghum bicolor at the expense of plant growth. Journal of Pedobiologia, 47: 85-89.

27- Nurgholy Pur F., Smavat S. and Tehrani M. 2010. Combined application of organic fertilizers and sustainable agricultural systems. A full paper in proceeding of the 1st Iranian Fertilizer Challenges Congress: Half a Century of the Fertilizer Consumption. Olympic Hotel, Tehran, Iran.

28- Prabha M.L., Jayraaj I.A., Jayraaj R., and Rao D.S. 2007. Effective of vermicompost on growth parameters of selected vegetable and medicinal plants. Asian Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and environmental Sciences, 9: 321-326.

29- Rai S. N., and Gaur A.C. 1988. Characterization of Azotobacter spp. and effect of Azotobacter and Azospirillumas inoculant on the yield and N-Uptake of wheat crop. Plant and Soil, 109:131-134.

30- Rezvani Moghaddam B., Bkhshayy S. Ghafouri A. and Khrmdl S. 2009. Quantitative characterization of biological fertilizers and vermicompost on Savory herb, medicinal plants of Iran Industry Development Conference, pp. 223, Tehran. (in Persian with English abstract).

31- Sharma A.K. 2002. Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture. Agrobios, India. pp. 407.

32- Sreenivas C., Muralidhar S. and Rao M.S. 2000. Vermicompost, a viable component of IPNSS in nitrogen nutrition of ridge gourd” Journal of Annual Agricultural Research, 21: pp108.

33- Taleghani D., Sadeghzadeh S., Noushad H., Dehghan shoar M.T., Tohidlo G.H. and Hamdi F. 2006. Effects of different manuring levels on some quantity and quality factors of sugar beet in wheat-sugar beet rotation. Journal of Sugar beet. 22: 67-78. (in Persian with English abstract).

34- Toyota K., and Kuninaga S. 2006. Comparison of soil microbial community between soils amended with or without farmyard manure. Applied Soil Ecology. 33:39-48.

35- Uhlirova E., and Santruckova H. 2003. Growth rate of bacteria is affected by soil texture and extraction procedure. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 35: 217-224.

36- Van Elsas J.D., and Van Overbeek L.S. 1993. Starvation in Bacteria (ed. S. Kjelleberg), Plenum Press, New York.