نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ولی عصر رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران

2 دانشگاه تهران

3 دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

چکیده

به‌منظور جلوگیری از ریزش جوانه‏های گل و کاهش سال‏آوری پسته رقم اوحدی آزمایشی با 12 تیمار شامل حلقه برداری، تنک میوه، کاربرد اوره (5/0درصد)، ساکاروز (3 و 5 درصد) و ترکیب هر دو غلظت ساکاروز با اوره، سولفات روی (05/0 درصد و 1/0 درصد روی خالص) و ترکیب هر دو غلظت سولفات روی با اوره در 3 تکرار و طی دو مرحله در سال های 1386 و 1387 به اجراشد. تیمارها در دو مرحلة رشد سریع اندوسپرم و هضم اندوسپرم و شروع تشکیل لپه های بذر اعمال شدند. نتایج به‌دست آمده در این پژوهش نشان داد که تیمار حلقه‌برداری به‌طور معنی داری درصد ریزش جوانه گل، مقدار کلروفیل برگ و میزان فتوسنتز را کاهش داد اما بر صفات کمی و کیفی میوه اثر معنی داری نداشت. سایر تیمارها وزن مغز میوه و درصد خندانی را افزایش داده سبب کاهش اونس، پوکی و بدشکلی میوه و درصد ریزش جوانه های گل شدند اما بر صفت زودخندانی اثر معنی داری نداشتند. هم چنین به جز تیمارهای سولفات روی به تنهایی بقیه تیمارها مقدار کلروفیل برگ را به‌طور معنی داری در مقایسه با شاهد افزایش دادند. این در حالی بود که تیمارهای ساکاروز به تنهایی و یا همراه با اوره مقدار فتوسنتز را کاهش داده اما بقیه تیمارها مقدار فتوسنتز را افزایش دادند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Shoot Girdling, Fruit Thinning and Foliar Application of Urea, Zinc Sulfate and Sucrose on Yield, Leaf Chlorophyll Content, Photosynthesis Rate and Nut Quantitative Characteristics of Pistachio cv. ‘Ohadi’

نویسندگان [English]

  • Majid Esmaeilizade 1
  • Ali Reza Talaie 2
  • Hossein Lesani 2
  • Amanollah Javanshah 3
  • Hossein Hokmabadi

1 Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran

2 Tehran University, Tehran

3

چکیده [English]

In order to prevent of inflorescence bud abscission and reduce of alternate bearing in pistachio cv. ‘Ohadi’ an experiment with 12 treatments including of girdling, fruit thinning, application of urea (0.5%), sucrose (3 and 5%) and their combination with urea, zinc sulfate (0.05 and 0.1% of pure zinc) and also their combination with urea in 3 replication and during 2 stages, was conducted in 2007 and 2008. The treatments were applied in two different stages of fruit growth and development including: 1- Initiation of rapid growth of nut endosperm and 2- Endosperm completion and initiation of rapid nut embryo growth. The results showed that girdling reduced inflorescence bud abscission, leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthesis rate significantly, but it didn't have any effect on qualitative and quantitative nut characteristics. The other treatments increased kernel weight and nut dehiscent and reduced ounce (No. of nuts per ounce), blankness, nut deformity and inflorescence bud abscission, but they didn't have any effect on early splitting. With the exception of zinc sulfate treatments, the others increased leaf chlorophyll content, meanwhile sucrose or combination of sucrose with urea reduced photosynthesis rate, but the other treatments increased it.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Blankness
  • Dehiscence
  • Alternate bearing
  • Photosynthesis
  • Chlorophyll
1-امامی ع. 1375. روش های تجزیة گیاه. جلد اول. نشریة فنی شماره 982. مؤسسة تحقیقات خاک و آب. تهران.
2-بابالار م. و پیرمرادیان م. 1379. تغذیه درختان میوه. انتشارات دانشگاه تهران. تهران.
3-تایز و زایگر. 1378. فیزیولوژی گیاهی (ترجمه). انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی. مشهد.
4-سیدی م. 1377. اثر محلول پاشی روی و بر، روی عملکرد و کیفیت میوه پسته. پایان نامةکارشناسی ارشد. دانشکده کشاورزی. دانشگاه تهران.
5- قادری ن.، وزوایی ع.، طلایی ع. و بابالار م. 1382. اثر محلول پاشی بر و روی و غلظت این عناصر در برگ و میوه و برخی صفات میوه بادام. مجله علوم کشاورزی ایران 34(1):127-135.
6-کوچکی ع.، زند ا.، بنایان اول م.، رضوانی مقدم پ.، مهدوی دامغانی ع.، جامی الاحمدی م. و وصال س .1384. اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی. انتشارات دانشگاه فردوسی. مشهد.
7- Ahmad M., and Abdel F.M. 1995. Effect of urea, some micronutrients, and growth regulators foliar spray on the yield, fruit quality and some vegetative characters of ‘Washington navel’ orange trees. Hortscience, 30(4):774.
8- Arzani K., Hokmabadi H., and Dehghani-Shuraki Y. 2002. Effect of foliar application of some carbohydrate on qualitative and quantitative traits of pistachio nuts cv. ‘Kalle-Ghoochi’. Acta Horticulture, 594:291-295.
9- Bahadur L., Malhi C.S., and Singh Z. 1998. Effect of foliar and soil application of zinc sulphate on zinc uptake, tree size, yield and fruit quality of mango. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 21(3):589-600.
10- Baninasab B. 2005. Seasonal changes of carbohydrates, macronutrients and photosynthesis in Pistacia vera cv. ‘Ohadi’ in relation to alternate bearing and influence of foliar application of nitrogen on mitigating alternate bearing in pistachio trees. Ph. D. Thesis in Horticultural Sciences. College of Agriculture. Shiraz University.
11- Bondada B.R., and Syvertsen J.P. 2003. Leaf chlorophyll, net gas exchange and chloroplast ultra structure in Citrus leaves of different nitrogen status. Tree Physiology, 25:553-559.
12- Castr J., and Sotomayor C. 1997. The influence of boron and zinc sprays bloom time on almond fruit set. Acta Horticulture, 470:402-405.
13- Crane J.C., and Iwakiri B.T. 1987. Reconsideration of the cause of inflorescence bud abscission in pistachio. HortScience, 22:1315-1316.
14- Crane J.C., and Al-Shalan I. 1974. Physical and chemical changes associated with growth of pistachio nut. Journal of American. Society for Horticultural Sciences, 99:87-89.
15- Crane J.C., and Nelson M.M. 1971. The unusual mechanism of alternate bearing in the pistachio. Journal of American. Society for Horticultural Sciences, 6:489-490.
16- Crane J.C., and Nelson M.M. 1972. Effect of crop load, girdling and auxin application on alternate bearing of the pistachio. Journal of American. Society for Horticultural Sciences, 97:337-339.
17- Cutting J.M., and Lyne M.C. 1993. Girdling and the reduction in shoot xylem sap concentration of cytokinins and gibberellins in peach. Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 68:619-626.
18- Dejong T.M. 1983. CO2 assimilation characteristics of five prunus tree fruit species. Journal of American. Society for Horticultural Sciences, 107:303-307.
19- Dixi C.X., and Gamdagin R. 1978. Effect of foliar application of zinc and iron on chlorosis and yield of ‘Kinnow’. Hortscience, 10(1):13-19.
20. El-Baz E.E.T., and El-Dengawy E.F.A. 2003. Effect of calcium and zinc spray on fruit dropping nature of ‘Hayany’ date cultivar. I. Yield and fruit quality. Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research, 30(4):1477-1489.
21- Ferguson L., Moranto J., and Beede R. 1995. Mechanical topping mitigates alternate bearing of ‘Kerman’ pistachio (pistacia vera L.). Hortscience, 30:1369-1372.
22- Fuji J.A., and Kennedy R.A. 1985. Seasonal changes in the photosynthetic rate in apple trees. A comparison between fruiting and nonfruiting trees. Plant Physiology, 78:519-524.
23- Hansen P. 1971. The effect of cropping on the distribution of growth in apple trees. Tidssky Planteavl, 75:119-127.
24- Hill J., Verheggen F., Roelvink P., Fernssen H., Vankamen A., and Zebel K. 1985. Bleomcin resistance: A new dominate selectable marker for plant cell transformation. Plant Molecular Biology, 7:171-176.
25- Janik J. 1984. Foliar nutrition of fruit crops. Horticultural Review, 6:289-338.
26- Li C., Weiss D. and Goldschmidt E.E. 2003. Girdling affects carbohydrate-related gene expression in leaves, bark and roots of alternate bearing citrus trees. Annals of Botany, 92:137-143.
27- Lin T.S., Crane J.C., Ryugo K., Polito V.S. and Dejong T.M. 1984. Comparative study of leaf morphology, photosynthesis, and leaf conductance in selected pistacia species. Horticultural Science, 109:325-330.
28- Marschner H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd Edition. Academic Press, San Diego.
29- Michael W.S., Becky S.C. and Becky L.C. 2004. Response of pecan to nitrogen rate and nitrogen application time. Hortscience, 39(6):1412-1415.
30- Rahemi M., and Ramezanian A. 2007. Potential of ethephon, NAA, NAD and urea for thinning pistachio fruit lets. Scientia Horticulture, 111:160-163.
31- Samra N.R. 1985. Yield and fruit quality of ‘Baladi’ mandarin as affected by zinc and GA3 application. Journal of Agricultural Science of Mansura University,10(4):1427-1432.
32- Talaie A., Seyedi M., and Lessani H. 2003. Studies on soluble carbohydrate role on floral bud abscission in pistachio trees. XIII Grempa meeting on almond and pistachio, 63:291-294.
33- Talaie A., Seyedi M., Panahi B., and Khezri M. 2006. Effects of shoot girdling and urea combined with 6-Benzyl adenine on abscission of inflorescence buds in ‘Ohadi’ pistachio cultivar (Pistacia vera L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 4:474-476.
34- Tsipouridis C., Thomidis T., Zakinthinos I., Michailidis Z., and Michailidis T. 2005. Treatment of pistachios with boric acid, Zn-sulphate and Zn-chelate. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 25:377-379.
35- Vemmos S.N. 1994. Net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content and specific leaf of pistachio tress (cv. Aegenes) as influenced by fruiting Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 69:775-782.
36- Vemmos S.N. 2005. Effects of shoot girdling on bud abscission, carbohydrate and nutrient concentrations in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Journal of Horticultural Sciences and Biotechnology, 5:529-536.
37- Yeasmin T., Absar N., and Savker A.A. 1995. Effect of foliar spray of micronutrient and urea on the nutritional quality of mulberry leaves. Indian Journal of Agriculture. 34(2):149-152.
38- Zakinthinos G., and Rouskas D. 1995. Shell dehiscence improvement and weight increase in ‘Aegina’ pistachio nuts with carbohydrate application. Acta Horticulture, 419:143-148.
39- Zeng Q., Brown P.H., and Holtz B.A. 2001. Potassium fertilization affects soil K, leaf K concentration, and nut yield and quality of mature pistachio trees. Hortscience, 36(1):85-89.
CAPTCHA Image