بررسی اثر فواصل آبیاری و مالچ بر ویژگی‌های پومولوژیکی و عملکردی زیتون رقم سویلانا در شرایط مزرعه

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• رحمت اله غلامی ¹
• محمد گردکانه ¹
• حجت اله غلامی ²

¹ مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمانشاه

² فروشگاه توزیع نهادهای کشاورزی سرپل‌ذهاب

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v31i4.62347

چکیده

این پژوهش به‌منظور بررسی اثر فواصل آبیاری و مالچ بر ویژگی‌های پومولوژیکی و عملکردی درختان 11 ساله زیتون رقم سویلانا در شرایط مزرعه در ایستگاه تحقیقات زیتون دالاهو واقع در استان کرمانشاه در سال زراعی1394‌ اجرا گردید. آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. فاکتور اول آزمایش شامل فواصل آبیاری به صورت سه، شش (شاهد) و ده روزه بود و فاکتور دوم آزمایش شامل سه سطح مالچ پلی اتیلن، کاه و کلش و بدون مالچ (شاهد) بود. به‌منظور تعیین اثر فواصل آبیاری و مالچ بر زیتون رقم سویلانا در شرایط مزرعه برخی صفات پومولوژیکی و عملکردی از جمله وزن و ابعاد میوه و هسته، درصد رطوبت میوه، وزن تر و خشک گوشت، درصد ماده خشک، نسبت وزن خشک گوشت به هسته و عملکرد میوه در درخت و در هکتار ثبت گردید. سپس داده‌های آماری با استفاده از نرم افزارSAS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ گرفت و مقایسه میانگین‌ها به روش دانکن انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که، بین تیمار‌های مختلف دور آبیاری و مالچ از نظر صفات اندازه‌گیری شده تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود داشت. به‌طوری‌که بیشترین میزان وزن میوه، وزن تر و خشک گوشت، عملکرد میوه در درخت و هکتار مربوط به تیمار مالچ و دور آبیاری سه روزه بود. با افزایش فواصل آبیاری وزن میوه، وزن تر و خشک گوشت، عملکرد میوه در درخت و هکتار کاهش یافت ولی با کاربرد مالچ وزن میوه، وزن تر و خشک گوشت و نیز عملکرد میوه در درخت و هکتار در مقایسه با شرایط بدون مالچ افزایش یافت. بر این اساس می‌توان با استفاده از مالچ‌های کاه و کلش و نیز پلی‌اتیلن دور آبیاری را بدون صدمه به درختان زیتون افزایش داد و از این طریق در مصرف آب آبیاری باغات زیتون صرفه‌جویی کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• دور آبیاری
• زیتون
• عملکرد
• مالچ
• وِیژگی های میوه

20.1001.1.20084730.1396.31.4.8.6

عنوان مقاله [English]

Study of Irrigation Interval and Mulch Effects on Pomological Characteristics and Yield of Sevillana Cultivar in Field Condition

نویسندگان [English]

• Rahmatollah Gholami ¹
• Mohammad Gerdakaneh ¹
• Hojahatollah Gholami ²

¹ Horticulture Crops research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education ,Center AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran.

² 0

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the drought tolerant ever green fruit trees. Olive is an economically important species of the Mediterranean area, so understanding the mechanisms by which olive plants face drought stress under environmental conditions is essential for the improvement of olive yield and oil quality. Olive is one of the fruit trees which become important in the Iranian fruit industry at the near future. Mulch is an optimizing strategy under which crops are allowed to sustain some degree of water deficit and yield reduction. Increasing crop water-use efficiency (WUE) through water conservation in the soil is an important component of dry land farming. Mulching is among the water management practices for increasing WUE. Mulch is referred to as any material that is spread onto the surface of the soil for protection against solar radiation or evaporation. Different materials, such as wheat straw, rice straw, plastic film, grass, wood, and sand, are used as mulches.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted to study the effect of irrigation interval and mulch on Pomological characteristics and yield of 11-years old Sevillana olive cultivar. A factorial experiment was carried out in Dallaho Olive Research Station at Sarepole located in Kermanshah province. Field experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors (irrigation interval and mulch) were conducted in 2015. Each experiment unit consists of 4 trees and 108 trees were used. Irrigation treatments period for experiment were 3, 6 and 10 days interval and mulch treatments for experiment were polyethylene, organic materials and non-mulch (control). Geographical characters was longitude of 45˚, 51΄ E and latitude of 34˚, 30΄ N and the height of sea level 581m. The measured tree characteristics were: Fruit Weight, Pulp Fresh Weight, Pulp Dry Weight, Dry matter, Pulp/Pit ratio, Pit Length, Pit Diameter, Fruit Yield (kg/ tree) and Fruit Yield (kg/ hectare). Reproductive traits were determined by the methods of I.O.O.C.(2002). Collected data were analyzed using SAS program.
Results and Discussion: Obtained results showed that mulch and interval irrigation treatments had significant differences in Pomological traits so that mulch and 3 days interval irrigation treatments increased fruit weight, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent, fruit yield kg/ tree and kg/ hectare but fruit weight, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent and Fruit yield kg/ tree and kg/ hectare reduced by drought stress. Mulch application increased fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent and fruit yield. Mulch application improved Pomological characteristics such as fruit weight, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent, Fruit yield kg/ tree and kg/ hectare of olive Sevillana cultivar under drought stress and helped to save irrigation water in olive orchards. In the arid and semi arid as well as sub-tropical regions, water shortage is a normal phenomenon and seriously limits the agricultural potential. Therefore, under irrigation or rain-fed conditions, it is important for the available water to be used in the most efficient way. The proper irrigation interval can play a major role in increasing the water use efficiency and the productivity by applying the required amount of water when it is needed. On the other hand, the poor irrigation interval can lead to the development of crop water deficit and result in lower yield due to water and nutrient deficiency. Early in the season when plants are small, it is beneficial to encourage the roots to explore as much of the soil profile as possible. This maximizes nutrient uptake and stress tolerance later in the season. The effect of mulch on yield and its components have been reported in various studies. The effect of mulch on plant yield through changes in soil conditions that can change the soil temperature and soil moisture that influence on the growth and yield. The effect of mulch can be done through weed control, make favorable conditions of temperature and soil moisture, reduce leaching of nutrients and soil fertility, increase the efficiency of water use, increase availability of absorption of nutrients, increased root growth and control of diseases and pests.
Conclusion: According to the results of this research, it can be concluded that mulch and interval irrigation had a significant effect on reproductive characteristics. Using mulch improved Pomological characteristics of olive including fruit weight and yield per tree and hactar, fruit length and diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent Under drought stress and helped to save irrigation water in olive orchards.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Irrigation Interval
• Olive (Olea europaea L.)
• Mulch
• Pomological characteristics

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