تأثیر باکتری‌های محرک رشد بر شاخص‌های رشدی و بیوشیمیایی کاهو تحت تنش زیستی سفیدک پودری

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• پرستو مولائی
• فاطمه نکونام

گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2022.79038.1198

چکیده

به‌منظور ارزیابی تأثیر باکتری­‌های محرک رشد بر شاخص‌­های رشدی و بیوشیمیایی کاهو در شرایط تنش زیستی قارچ سفیدک پودری، آزمایشی به‌صورت طرح کاملا تصادفی با سه تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه زنجان، در سال 1399 اجرا شد. گیاهان در شرایط تنش زیستی قارچ سفیدک پودری با پنج سطح از باکتری­‌های محرک رشد شامل سودوموناس­کورینسیس، سودوموناس­ونکورنسیس، سودوموناس­پوتیدا، پانتوآگلومرانس و ترکیب چهار گونه باکتری محرک رشد (سودوموناس­کورینسیس + سودوموناس­ونکورنسیس + سودوموناس­پوتیدا + پانتوآگلومرانس) و یک سطح کود شیمیایی NPK تیمار شدند. دو تیمار شاهد (بدون تلقیح باکتری ریزوسفری و بدون افزودن کود شیمیایی) در شرایط بدون تنش و تحت تنش زیستی بود. نتایج نشان داد، حداکثر وزن تازه، درصد ماده خشک بوته و تعداد برگ در کاربرد تیمار باکتری ترکیبی حاصل شد، به­‌طوری‌که نسبت به گیاهان شاهد با تنش، 5/59 درصد وزن تازه بوته، 8/34 درصد ماده خشک بوته و 2/42 درصد تعداد برگ افزایش یافت. بیشترین محتوای کلروفیل کل (افزایش 5/38 درصد) با کاربرد باکتری سودوموناس کورینسیس و پانتوآگلومرانس نسبت به گیاهان شاهد تحت تنش بدست آمد. همچنین با کاربرد باکتری پانتوآگلومرانس کاهش 100 درصدی لکه­‌های نکروزه و 2/25 درصدی لکه‌­های کلروزه مشاهده شد. افزایش لکه­‌های کلروزه (8/55 درصد)، لکه­‌های نکروزه (8/88 درصد)، فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز (4/28 درصد)، آنزیم پراکسیداز (1/49 درصد)، محتوای فنول کل (52 درصد) و فلاونوئید کل (3/39 درصد) نسبت به گیاهان شاهد تحت تنش، در کاربرد تیمار کود شیمیایی NPK حاصل شد. کاربرد باکتری­‌های محرک رشد و کود شیمیایی NPK اثر معنی­داری بر فعالیت آنتی‌­اکسیدانی گیاه کاهو تحت تنش زیستی نداشت. حداکثر محتوای آنتوسیانین (افزایش 6/55 درصد) با کاربرد باکتری کورینسیس نسبت به گیاهان شاهد تحت تنش بدست آمد. به‌طور کلی تلقیح بذر کاهو با باکتری­‌های محرک رشد موجب افزایش معنی­دار رنگیزه آنتوسیانین در برگ، محتوای کلروفیل کل، ترکیبات فنولی، مقاومت گیاه میزبان به تنش زیستی سفیدک پودری و متعاقباً بهبود شاخص­های رشدی و عملکرد (وزن تازه بوته قابل برداشت) گردید. با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش، پیش تیمار بذر کاهو با باکتری‌­های محرک رشد برای بهبود عملکرد و کیفیت کاهو در شرایط قارچ سفیدک پودری توصیه می‌­شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• آنتوسیانین
• تنش زیستی
• سفیدک پودری
• کنترل زیستی
• لکه‌های نکروزه

موضوعات

• سبزیکاری

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria on Growth and Biochemical Indices of Lettuce under Powdery Mildew Biotic Stress

نویسندگان [English]

• Parastoo Molaei
• Fatemeh Nekounam

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) from the Asteraceae family is one of the most important vegetables due to its rapid growth and commercial value. Currently, the market share of organic vegetables is constantly increasing due to customer demand for safer and healthier food. Excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers threatens the environment and leads to the production of unsafe food products. Therefore, it is important to find alternatives instead of using pesticides chemical methods to manage powdery mildew. Generally, biotic and abiotic stresses are among the factors that have a destructive effect on growth and development, performance, and production of plant biomass. Fungicides can be the most effective method of controlling the powdery mildew disease, but this pathogen can develop resistance to fungicides. Rhizosphere bacteria are among the living agents that, by producing some allelochemicals, cause the dissolution of soil nutrients, increase the availability of nutrients, and induce plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, they enhance host plant growth through an indirect mechanism, including the inhibition of disease-causing pathogens by releasing some allelochemical substances. The biological control of powdery mildew disease with the use of rhizospheric bacteria in lettuce and zucchini has been reported.
 
Material and Methods
To evaluate the biological control of powdery mildew fungus with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and effects on yield and quality of New Red Fire greenhouse lettuce, an experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications in the Research greenhouse of University of Zanjan during 2020. Experiment treatments consisted of five levels of PGPR (Pseudomonas vancouverensis- VPM, Pseudomonas Koreensis- KPM, Pantoea agglomerans- PAPM, Pseudomonas putida- PPM, and one level of combined bacteria (Pantoea agglomerans+ Pseudomonas Koreensis+ Pseudomonas putida+ Pseudomonas vancouverensis- MBPM, one level of chemical fertilizer 100% N, P and, K according to soil test results- NPK, and two control treatment without powdery mildew condition (C) and under powdery mildew conditions (CPM).
The “New Red Fire” lettuce seeds were surface sterilized with 0.5% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite for 10 min and germinated at 20ºC. After germination, seedlings with similar size were transplanted into pots. Plants were grown under greenhouse condition with 60/70 % (day/night) relative humidity, 15/18 °C (day/night) temperature. Inoculation of pathogenic fungi was done 40 days after seed germination. Plants were harvested after 75 days. The chlorosis and necrosis spots number on each plant, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, leaf number, total chlorophyll, total phenol and flavonoids contents, antioxidant activity, anthocyanin content, and catalase and peroxidase enzyme activity were measured.
 
Results
The results showed that the application of potassium and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and NPK fertilizer significantly increased plant growth compared to control plants under the stress of powdery mildew fungus. The highest plant fresh weight, percentage of plant dry weight, and leaf number were obtained with the application of combined potassium and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria treatment and 100% N fertilizer under the biostress. The maximum total chlorophyll was obtained with the application of Pseudomonas koreensis and Pantoea agglomerans bacteria. 100% reduction of necrosis spots was obtained by using the Pantoea agglomerans bacteria. The maximum of chlorosis spots (increase of 55.8%) and necrosis spots (an increase of 88.8%), total phenol (an increase of 52%), total flavonoids (an increase of 39.3%), catalase (an increase of 28.4%) and peroxidase enzymes activity (49.1%) were obtained with application of NPK fertilizer. No significant effect on antioxidant activity was observed with the application of chemical fertilizer and rhizosphere bacteria under the Biostress. The maximum anthocyanin contents were obtained with the application of Pseudomonas koreensis.
 
Conclusion
According to the results, the application of NPK chemical fertilizer and seed pretreatment of lettuce with PGPR increased the value of antioxidant compounds including total phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents and catalase and peroxidase enzymes activity under powdery mildew conditions. Inoculation of lettuce seeds with PGPR, in addition to improve plant growth under biological stress conditions, increased anthocyanin contents and induced the resistance of lettuce plants to powdery mildew. Seed pretreatment with PGPR reduced chlorosis and necrosis spots in leaves. Therefore, pretreatment of lettuce seeds with PGPR instead of chemical compounds (fertilizers, pesticides and plant growth regulators) is recommended to improve the yield and quality of lettuce under powdery mildew conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Anthocyanin
• Biological control
• Biostress
• Necrotic spots
• Powdery mildew

©2022 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

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