Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Grape and Raisin Research Institute, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran

2 Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

3 Soil and Water Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

4 Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agricultural, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
 Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important economic plants in the world including Iran. One of the most basic effective factors of the growth of fruit trees is knowing their nutrition. Micronutrients are as important as Macronutrients for better growth, yield and quantity in plants. Garden plants suffer from severe zinc deficiency, followed by boron, manganese, iron and molybdenum. Foliar application of fertilizers is a useful tool to increase the nutritional effects of fertilizers or eliminate nutrient deficiencies during the growing season. The aim of this study was to study the nutritional effects of consumption of different compounds of micronutrient fertilizers of zinc chelate, iron and manganese as foliar consumption on the morpho-physiological traits of grape plant.
Materials and Methods
 Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of micronutrients alone and in combination on growth and fruit yield in grape grown at Iran, Zanjan province during 2016-18.  Physical and chemical properties of the soil were evaluated before the experiment. During the two years of the research, no organic or chemical fertilizers were used except for the combination of fertilizer treatments of the relevant design. Treatments consist of foliar consumption of micronutrients fertilizers included two levels of EDDHA-Zn (0.1 and 0.3 %), EDDHA-Fe (0.1 and 0.2 %), and EDDHA-Mn fertilizers (0.1 and 0.2 %) and control levels (0 %) for them. This experiment was implemented in a factorial format based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and repeated for two consecutive ys.  The measured traits consist of Length of the First inflorescence (X1), Number of Inflorescences per Branch (X2), Number of clusters per branch (X3), Number of Clusters per Plant (X4), Weight of a Cluster (X5), Cluster Size (X6), Berry Size (X7), Number of Berries per Cluster (X8), Weight of single Barry, X10: Leaf Area Surface. Leaf Dry Matter (X11), TSS (X12), Sugar Fruit Juice (X13), Fruit Juice Acidity (X14), Fruit Dry Matter (X15), Fruit Firmness (X16), Yield per Plant (X17), Yield per Hectare (X18). The experiment was performed in factorial format with three factors, each at three levels, based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in three locations (g; G) and in each location for two consecutive ys (Y). The analysis of each g was analyzed in the form of factorial experiment design and the effect of location factor was analyzed in the form of factorial-split (time) composite analysis in place. In the statistical model used, time and place factor considered as random and treatment was fixed.
Results and Discussion
 Evaluation of morpho-physiological traits showed that the use of these fertilizers individually or in combination has significant positive effects on all measured traits (18 traits) at different stages of development. The simple effect of the factor of the y was significant only on some of the measured traits and the two and three-way interactions between this factor with the levels of treatment in the majority of traits were not significant; which indicates the probability that the factor of the y has no effect on the measured traits. Based on these results, the treatment combination of Fe 0.2 + Zn 0.3 + Mn 0.2 % EDTA was superior to other combinations, and traits of the number of inflorescence and number of clusters per branch and number of clusters per plant showed the best response than other measured traits. Consumption of micronutrients, especially iron, zinc and manganese, has favorable effects on yield indices, better fruit formation and fruit production per unit area, which affects photosynthetic activities and important metabolic pathways in plants, leading to produce higher amounts of primary metabolites such as higher sugar production in fruit, increase in soluble solids, also increase in growth indices such as leaf area, more yield-related traits such as number of inflorescences and number of spikes per branch and per plant, number and the dimensions of the cube are in clusters. On the other hand, these compounds help to absorb the main nutrients and play an active role in initiating metabolic processes such as cell wall development, respiration, photosynthesis, chlorophyll formation, enzymatic activities, production of growth regulators, and nitrogen fixation and reduction. Accordingly, these compounds were able to show better performance compared to the control level by accelerating the absorption of other nutrients, strengthening biochemical pathways and growth indices.
Conclusion
 According to these results, the application of three fertilizers of zinc, iron and manganese EDTA individually or in combinations of two or three of them, especially at high concentrations simultaneously, is superior in comparison. And the treatment composition of 0.3% zinc + 0.2% iron + 0.2% manganese EDTA and then 0.3% zinc + 0.2% iron + 0.1% manganese EDTA has more significant and positive on measured traits and therefore as fertilizer compositions are recommended in vineyards in the form of leaves.

Keywords

Main Subjects

  1. Abd E-Hady B.A. 2007. Effect of zinc application on growth and nutrient uptake of barley plant irrigated with saline water. Journal Application Science Research 3(6): 431-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2014.920386.
  2. Agricultural 2012. Ministry of Jihad Agriculture. Bureau of Statistics and Information Technology. Available at: http / www.agri-jahad.ir.
  3. Anees, Tahir Shahzad F.M.J., and Mahmood N. 2011. Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on the quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dusehri fruit. Mycopathologia 9(1): 25-28.
  4. Babalar, and Pirmoradian M. 2000. Nutrition of fruit trees. University of Tehran Press. 311 pages.
  5. Baka, Olympios C.M., Drosopoulos J., and Passam H.C. 2010. Effect of nitrogen form and concentration on the distribution of ions within cucumber fruits. Scientia Hort 95: 175-183.
  6. BhatA., Padder S.A., Ganaie A.Q., Dar N.A., Rehman H.U., and Wani M.Y. 2017. Correlation of available nutrients with physico-chemical properties and nutrient content of grape orchards of Kashmir JPP 6(2): 181-185.
  7. ChaudhariR., Ahire D.V., and Ahire V.D. 2012. Correlation between Physico-chemical properties and available nutrients in sandy loam soils of Haridwar. Journal Chemcal Biology and Physiology Science 2(3): 1493-1500.
  8. Christensen, and Kearney U.C. 2000. Use of Tissue Analysis in Viticulture. Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture the University of California 10: 1-9.
  9. DasK. 2003. Micronutrients: Their behaviour in soil and plant. Kalyani publication, Ludhiana 1-2.
  10. DatirB., Apparao B.J., and Laware S.L. 2012. Application of amino acid chelated micronutrients for enhancing growth and productivity in chilli (Capsicum annum L.). Plant Science Feed 2(7): 100-105.
  11. DiksitK., Jordan D., MacDonald A. 1987. Entrobacteragglomerans, phosphate solubilizing bacterial activity in soil: Effect of carbon sources. Soil Biology and Biochemry 86: 995-1003.
  12. El-Gazzar M., Keleg F.M., and Sabbah S.M. 1979. Effect of foliar applications of chelated iron, zinc and manganese on yield, fruit quality and concentrations of some nutrients in leaves of Thompson seedless grapes. Alex. Journal Agricultural Research 27(1): 27-38.
  13. El-Seginy Amal M., Malaka Naiema S.M., Abd El-Messeih W.M., and Eliwa G.L. 2003. Effect of foliar spray of some micro nutrients and gibberellins on leaf mineral content, fruit set, yield and fruit quality of Anna apple trees. Alex. Journal Agricultural Research 48(3): 137-143.
  14. Emami 1996. Methods of Plant Decomposition, Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Soil and Water Research Institute, Technical Journal No. 982.
  15. Fregoni 1998. Viticoltura di qualità. Stampa Grafiche Lama, Piacenza, pp: 597-680.
  16. Grejtovsky, Markusova K., and Eliasova A. 2006. The response of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) plants to soil zinc supply. Plant Soil Environment 52(1): 1-7.
  17. Hasani, Zamani Z., Savaghebi G., and Fatahi R. 2012. Effect of zinc and manganese as foliar spray on pomegranate yield, fruit quality and leaf minerals. Journal Soil Science Plant Nutrition 12(3): 471-480. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162012005000009.
  18. Jalili Marandi R. 2007. Tiny fruits. West Azerbaijan University Jihad Publications. 450 pages.
  19. Kannan 2010. Foliar Fertilization for Sustainable Crop Production. In: E. Lichtfouse (ed). Genetic Engineering, Biofertilization, Soil Quality and Organic Farming. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 4. Springer Verlag, Springer Pp: 371-402.
  20. Kavousi, and Hosseini Farahi M. 2008. The effect of flower induction and foliar spraying with nitrogen, zinc and boron on qualitative characteristics of blackcurrant. Journal Research Agriculture Sience 4(1): 73-82.
  21. Kaya, and Higgs D. 2002. Calcium nitrate as a remedy for salt-stre­ssed cucumber plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition 25: 861–871. https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-120002965.
  22. Khosh Khoi M., Sheibani B., Rohani A., and Tafazoli A. 1985. Principles of Horticulture, sixth edition, Shiraz University Press.
  23. Kumar, Kumar R., Rai R., and Mishra S. 2015. Response of Pant Prabhat guava trees to foliar sprays of zinc, boron, calcium and potassium at different plant growth stages. Tha Bioscan 10(2): 495-498.
  24. MalakoutiJ., and Mehdi Tehrani M. 2005. The role of micronutrients in increasing yield and improving the quality of agricultural products. Tarbiat Modares University Press, Tehran.
  25. McGovernP. 2003. Ancient Wine. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  26. MullinsG., Bouquet A., and Williams L.E. 1992. Biology of the Grapevine. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 161 Pp.
  27. ObaidA., Eiada M., and Al-Hadethi A. 2013. Effect of foliar application with manganese and zinc on pomegranate growth, yield and fruit quality. Journal of Horticultural Science & Ornamental Plants 5(1): 41-45.
  28. PapadakisE., Sotiropoulos T.E., and Therios I.N. 2007. Mobility of iron and manganese within two citrus genotypes after foliar application of iron sulfate and manganese sulfate. Journal Plant Nutrition 30: 1385-1396.
  29. RamA., and Bose T.K. 2000. Effect of foliar application of magnesium and micronutrients on growth, yield and fruit quality of mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Indian Journal of Horticulture 57(3): 215-220.
  30. Ehiaee, Ehiaee M., and Behbahanizadeh A. 1998. Description of Soil Chemical Decomposition Methods (Vol. I). Soil and Water Research Institute, Ministry of Jihad Agriculture of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
  31. Saini, Vijay S., and Saini P. 2019. Differential responses of Fe, Zn, B, Cu and Mg on growth and quality attributes of fruit crops. JPP 8(5): 01-05.
  32. Saini J., Sharma R., and Kushik S.D. 2005. Analytical laboratory methods in horticultural sciences. Translation: Yousef Mostofi and Farzaneh Najafi. First Edition, Tehran, University of Tehran Press.
  33. Shah, Khan A., Khan M.A., Farooq M., Imran M., Chattha M.R., Farooq Kh., and Gurmani Z. 2016. Effect of micronutreients on growth and fruit yield of grape cultivar flame seedless. International Journal Biology and Biotechnology 13(3): 423-426.
  34. Suman, Sangma P., and Deshraj Singh D. 2017. Role of Micronutrients (Fe, Zn, B, Cu, Mg, Mn and Mo) in Fruit Crops. International Journal Current Microbiology Application Science 6(6): 3240-3250. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.606.382.
  35. Taheri, and Mehrabi F. 2016. Study of the principles of proper nutrition in vineyards of Baghmalek city. The First National Symposium on Small Fruits September 2016- Bu Ali Sina University Poster, Article No. 207.
  36. Usha, and Singh B. 2002. Effect of macro and micro nutrient spray on fruit yield and quality of grape (Vitis vniifera L.) cv. Perlette. Acta Hortic 594: 21. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.594.21.
  37. WAAZ El-S. 2011. Response of guava cv. Seedy montakhab trees to micro-nutrients and its effect on fruit quality. Alex. Sci. exchange J. 32:4.
  38. WiedenhoeftC. 2006. Micrunutrients. In Plant Nutrition, ed., W.G. Hapkins. Chelsea House Publications, pp: 14-36.
  39. Wosteoves, and Kamas J. 2009. Investigations of spray timing of Boron and effects of micronutrients sprays on yield Blanc du Bios wine grapes. Proceedings of the Terxas Viticulture and Ecology Research Symposium. Pp: 2-3
  40. Zanjan Agricultural Jihad Organization website. 2021. (farmer.ir).
  41. ZiaeianH. 2003. Use of trace elements in agriculture. Deputy of Manpower Training and Equipping, Agricultural Education and Extension Research Organization, Ministry of Agriculture, Karaj.
  42. Zörb, Senbayram M., and Peiter E. 2014. Potassium in agriculture – Status and perspectives. Journal of Plant Physiology 171: 656–669.

 

 

CAPTCHA Image