غربالگری هموکاریون ها و تولیدنژاد دورگ جدید قارچ دکمه‌ای سفید (Agaricusbisporus) با استفاده از نشانگر ریزماهواره

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• سیده مرضیه نوراشرف الدین ¹
• محمد فارسی ¹
• فرج اله شهریاری ¹
• جواد جانپور ²

¹ دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

² جهاد دانشگاهی خراسان رضوی

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v31i3.64159

چکیده

قارچ خوراکی دکمه‌ای سفید (Agaricusbisporus) رایج‌ترین قارچ خوراکی در ایران و دنیا است، اما بهدلایلی از جمله استفاده از نژادهای کم محصول وپسروی نژادی، عملکرد این قارچ درکشور کمتر از متوسط عملکرد آن در دنیا می‌باشد. یکی از برنامه‌های به نژادی،تولید نژاد F1 حاصل از آمیزش هموکاریون‌ها است که مستلزم در اختیار داشتن جدایه‌های هموکاریون می‌باشد. در این مطالعه ابتدا 160جدایه تک‌اسپور کند رشد از نژاد A15 جداسازی شد و سپس براساس ویژگی‌های مورفولوژیک، از بین آنها 18 نمونه بررسی و انتخاب شدند. در مرحله‌ی بعد، از نشانگر هم‌بارز ریزماهواره (SSR) جهت شناسایی هموکاریون‌ها استفاده شد. ده آغازگر که در نمونه‌های شاهد مادری دارای چندشکلی بودند برای نمونه‌های مورد آزمایش نیز استفاده شدند. جدایه‌ها براساس حضور و عدم حضور باندهای چندشکل در دو گروه کلی هتروآللیک و هموآللیک قرار گرفتند و هفت جدایه که در تمامی جایگاه‌های بررسی شده الگوی باندی تک باند نشان دادند به عنوان جدایه‌ی هموکاریون در نظر گرفته شدند. به منظور محاسبه سطح تنوع ژنتیکی بین 7 جدایه هموکاریون به دست آمده، ماتریس فاصله ژنتیکی با استفاده از نرم‌افزار NTSYSpcمحاسبه شد و دندروگرام مربوطه ترسیم گردید. تشابه ژنتیکی جفت نمونه‌ها بین 17/0 تا 67/0متغیربود. در مرحله‌ی بعد نمونه‌های شماره‌ 4 و 8 با بیشترین فاصله ژنتیکی نسبت به سایر نمونه‌ها جهت تشکیل هیبرید در تلاقی شرکت داده شدند. نتیجه این تلاقی، تولید هیبرید N1 بود که با افزایش ناگهانی در رشد و تولید میسلیوم هوایی در محل الحاق همراه بود که در مقایسه با والدهای هموکاریون، سرعت رشد بیشتری داشت. در ادامه، جهت تأیید مولکولی هیبرید حاصل، واکنش
PCR-SSR با استفاده از یک پرایمر (AbSSR 45) انجام گرفت. همانطور که انتظار می‌رفت در هیبرید N1 همانند نمونه‌ی شاهد هتروکاریون، دو باند قابل امتیازدهی حاصل شد که نشان‌دهنده‌ی وجود دو هسته‌ی غیرخواهری در هر واحد سلولی آن می‌باشد. نتایج نشان دادند که با استفاده از نشانگر SSR می‌توان با احتمالی بیش از 8/99 درصد نسبت به قطعیت هموکاریونی پس از اجرای آزمایش با 10 آغازگر دست یافت و به این ترتیب از آنها در برنامه‌های اصلاحی جهت تولید هیبرید بهره برد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• تنوع ژنتیکی
• تنوع مورفولوژیکی
• نشانگر هم بارز
• هتروکاریون

20.1001.1.20084730.1396.31.3.16.2

عنوان مقاله [English]

Screening of the White Button Mushroom (Agaricusbisporus) Homokaryons and Producing New Hybrid Strain by SSR Markers

نویسندگان [English]

• Marzieh Nourashrafeddin ¹
• Mohammad Farsi ¹
• Farajollah Shahriari ¹
• Javad Janpoor ²

¹ Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

² Iranaian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad branch, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Edible white button mushroom (Agaricusbisporus) is the most common edible mushroom in Iran and the world. The yield of this mushroom is less than the average of yield in the world because of strain degeneration and using strains with low yield. Most of the current hybrids are either identical or very similar to the first hybrids. Ongoing breeding programs are exploiting the variability in Agaricus germplasm to produce new varieties with better traits including higher yield and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. One of the breeding programs is F1 production from parental homokaryons crossing. These homokaryonsis were isolated among germinated basidiospores on the culture media. During the last decades, various molecular markers based on nucleic acid polymorphisms (such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA, Amplified fragment of Length Polymorphism, Inter Simple Sequence Repeat, Simple Sequence Repeat markers) have been used to differentiate homokaryons and heterokaryons. Microsatellites consist of short tandem repeat motifs distributed throughout the genome. Microsatellites are usually highly polymorphic due to a high degree of variation in the number of repeats among individuals. Microsatellite markers are multiallelic and co-dominant and thus tend to be more informative than other marker systems. Microsatellite markers have been widely developed in animals and plants and more recently in fungal species. The presence of microsatellites in the genome of A. bisporus was previously reported.
Materials and Methods: In this research, 160 germinated basidiospores were collected from commercially cultivated strain A15 and they were grown on compost extract agar (CEA). The mycelial growth rate of these160 isolates was evaluated at 25°C on CEA medium. 18 isolates with slow growing rate were selected from 160 isolates. In the next step, co-dominant SSR markers were used to homokaryons detection. Ten SSR primers showed polymorphism in parental control samples that were used to this experiment. The isolates were divided into two general homoallelic and heteroallelic groups and seven isolates from homoallellic group, which showed one-band pattern, characterized as putative homokaryon. Genetic similarity was calculated by NTSYSpc software version 2.02 e using UPGMA method. In the next step of experiment, the isolates (4 and 8) had minimum genetic similarity that was crossed to produce hybrid. In order to confirm the hybrid formation, PCR-SSR reaction with a primer (AbSSR 45) was performed.
Results and Discussions: Basidiospores were collected and allowed to germinate on CEA medium. Putative homokaryons were different in colony morphology and growth rate compared to the original heterokaryons. Mycelium samples showed different colony morphology including tomentose, apprised and strandy mycelium. Different growth rate can be affected by genetic factors in nucleus and mitoconderia. After four weeks, mycelium browning was appeared in liquid compost extract medium and created a disturbance in DNA extraction. To solve this problem, DNA was extracted from three-week old mycelium. Mycelium browning may cause by phenolic compounds produced by mycelium and enzymes that catalyze melanin biosynthesis reactions. Ten primers were used to homokaryon isolation. These primers were situated on the 9 linkage groups of 13 haploid chromosomes. Seven isolates were distinguished as putative homokaryon that showed one-band in all primers on the gel electrophoresis. The results of genetic similarity calculation showed that this index was variable between 0.17 to 0.67in 7 homokaryon isolates and the minimum genetic similarity (0.17) was observed between isolates 4 and 8. These two isolates were crossed and the result of this crossing was N1 hybrid. Also, other homokaryon isolates were crossed and mating incompatibility was observed in some of them. According to these observations, it is suggested that in future studies, in addition to genetic similarity, sexual incompatibility should also be considered. Hybrid N1 produced aerial mycelium and had higher growth rate in comparison to parental homokaryons and similar to heterokaryon control, had two-bands pattern. This two bands pattern indicates the presence of two non-sister nucleuse in each cells. Finally, the results showed that SSR marker can result to accurate detection of homokaryons.
Conclusions: The aim of the present study was screening homokaryon isolates of A.bisporus using SSR markers to obtain hybrid. Results showed that growth rate of homokaryon isolates were lower than the heterokaryons. Since, SSR markers were able to show high polymorphism in the isolates, thus it can be said that these markers are suitable to homokaryon screening. Final result of this study is N1 hybrid that can compare to commercially cultivated strains.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Genetic variation
• morphological variation
• Heterokaryon and Codominant marker

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