تاثیر کاربرد ورمی‌کمپوست و باکتری‌های محرک رشد گیاه (PGPR) بر عملکرد، صفات رویشی و متابولیت‌های ثانویه ریحان (L. Ocimum basilicuum)

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• سلیمه مختومی ¹
• شبنم خوشبخت ²
• عباسعلی نوری نیا ³

¹ گروه باغبانی، موسسه آموزش عالی بهاران، گرگان، ایران

² موسسه آموزش عالی بهاران، گرگان، ایران

³ مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گلستان، گرگان، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2022.69740.1059

چکیده

استفاده زیاد از کود­‌های شیمیایی در روش­های متداول کشاورزی سبب فرسایش خاک و آلودگی منابع آبی شده و در کاهش کیفیت محصولات نیز تاثیر دارد. کاربرد کود­های بیولوژیک در خاک و آب آلودگی ایجاد نمی­کند در عین حال کیفیت مواد غذایی را افزایش می­دهند. این آزمایش برای بررسی اثرات ورمی­کمپوست، کود­های حاوی عناصر معدنی و باکتری­های محرک رشد گیاه (PGPR) بر روی برخی صفات گیاه ریحان Ocimum basilicuum L.)) در روستای قزلجه استان گلستان در سال 1397 انجام شد. بدین منظور دو عامل کاربرد ورمی­کمپوست (در سه سطح a₁: بدون مصرف، a₂: مصرف به نسبت 10 درصد و a₃: مصرف به نسبت 20 درصد وزنی خاک) و مصرف کود­های بیولوژیک و عناصر طبیعی افزایش دهنده رشد گیاه (در سه سطحb₁ : بدون مصرف، b₂: استفاده از باکتری باسیلوس سوبتیلیس (Bacillus subtillis) و b₃: استفاده از ترکیبات عناصر طبیعی) مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. آزمایش بصورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در فضای آزاد به صورت کشت گلدانی اجرا شد. برای اندازه­گیری صفات مورفولوژیک، مقدار فنل و فلاونوئید کل در زمان کامل شدن مرحله رویشی گیاه نمونه­گیری انجام شد. مقدار ترکیبات فنل کل با استفاده از روش فولین سیوکالتو و سنجش میزان فلاونوئید کل به روش رنگ سنجی آلومینیوم کلرید اندازه­گیری شد. نتایج تجزیه واریانس داده­ها نشان داد، بین سطوح مختلف استفاده از ورمی­کمپوست از نظر صفات وزن­تر و خشک ‌ریشه، وزن‌­تر و خشک ساقه، طول ساقه، وزن­‌تر و سطح برگ در سطح یک درصد و وزن خشک برگ تفاوت معنی‌داری در سطح پنج درصد وجود داشت. همچنین اثر کود­های بیولوژیک و عناصر طبیعی افزاینده رشد گیاه بر صفات وزن­‌تر ریشه و وزن خشک ساقه معنی­دار شد. حداکثر مقدار فنل کل بین تیمار­ها به ورمی­کمپوست 20 درصد به میزان 98/1 میلی­گرم­بر­گرم و کود پروبیو 96 (حاوی باکتری باسیلوس سوبتیلیس) به مقدار 96/1 میلی­گرم­برگرم حاصل شد. همچنین حداکثر مقدار فلاونوئید کل در گیاهان تیمار شده با ورمی­کمپوست 20 درصد و استفاده از باکتری باسیلوس سوبتیلیس (Bacillus subtillis)  به ترتیب 13/92 میلی­گرم­بر­گرم و 22/91 میلی­گرم­بر­گرم به دست آمد. نتایج نشان می­دهد ورمی­کمپوست بیش­ترین تاثیر را بر اندام­های مورد هدف مانند سطح برگ، وزن­تر و خشک برگ گیاه ریحان داشت. به طور کلی نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد، استفاده ورمی­کمپوست 20 درصد و کود حاوی باکتری باسیلوس سوبتیلیس (Bacillus subtillis) مناسب­ترین ترکیب تغذیه­ای گیاه ریحان می­باشد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

• باسیلوس سوبتیلیس
• ریحان
• فلاونوئید
• فنل
• ورمی‌کمپوست

20.1001.1.20084730.1401.36.3.4.5

موضوعات

• گیاهان دارویی

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Application of Vermi-compost and Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPR) on Yield, Vegetative Traits and Secondary Metabolites of Basil (Ocimum basilicuum L.)

نویسندگان [English]

• Salimeh Makhtoumi ¹
• Shabnam Khoshbakht ²
• Abbas Ali Nourinia ³

¹ Area of Study Medicinal Plants, Higher Educational Institution Baharan, Gorgan, Iran

² Area of Study Medicinal Plants, Higher Educational Institution Baharan, Gorgan, Iran

³ Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Gorgan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Inefficient and excessive use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture has caused soil erosion and pollution of water resources and has also been effective in reducing the quality of crops. On the other hand, the use of beneficial soil microorganisms as bio-organic enhances soil fertility, and results in healthier and richer nutritional needs is a further harvest away from ecosystem contamination. Increase crop in terms of quantity and quality without damaging the farm ecosystem, especially medicinal plants. Bio-fertilizers are the latest development in organic farming. They are also a gift from modern agricultural science that should replace chemical fertilizers on farms which play a vital role in maintaining long-term soil fertility and stability. Ocimum basilicuum is a grown aromatic and medicinal plant that is a leafy vegetable of the Labiatae family. This plant has different healing properties and is also used to flavor various food products due to its special taste. Therefore, in this study with the aim of providing a practical solution to reduce the use of artificial fertilizers and environmental pollution, the effect of vermicompost and biological fertilizers on the composition of secondary metabolites and growth of basil (Ocimum basilicuum) was studied.
Materials and Methods
 This study was conducted in 2017-2018 to investigate the effects of vermicompost and biological fertilizers on some traits of basil (Ocimum basilicuum) in of Azadshahr in Golestan province. In this experiment, application of vermicompost at three levels (a1: no application, a2: application at a rate of 10% and a3: application at a rate of 20% by weight of soil) and application of biological fertilizers at three levels (b1: no application, b2: use of Bacillus subtillis, b3: use of natural element compounds) were examined. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the exterior space as a pot culture. The alcoholic extract used in this study was performed by soaking. The amount of total phenol compounds was measured by the Folin Siocalto method and the total flavonoid content was measured by aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Data obtained from experiments using the software SAS Ver. 9.1 and comparison of means was performed using the least significant difference test (LSD). Excel software was also used to draw the graphs.
Results and Discussion
 The results of analysis of variance showed that the application of vermicompost was significant on root fresh and dry weight, fresh and dry weight of stem, stem length, fresh and dry weight of leaves and leaf area. Also, the effect of biological fertilizers on root fresh weight and stem dry weight was significant. Comparison of means also showed that vermicompost 20% compared to control and vermicompost 10% in traits such as fresh weight of root (5.14), dry weight of root (7.25), fresh weight of stem (25.23), dry weight of stem (2.25), length stem (33.77), fresh weight of leaf (51.85), dry weight of leaf (8/08) and leaf area (75.13) had the highest values. No significant effect was observed between vermicompost and biological fertilizers. The maximum amount of total phenol in vermicompost treatments belonged to 20% vermicompost at 1.98 mg/g, and in biological fertilizers treatments to Probio96 at 1.96 mg/g. Also, the maximum levels of total flavonoids in plants treated with vermicompost were 20% and Probio 96 were 92.13 mg/g and 91.22 mg/g, respectively. The results show that vermicompost had the greatest effect on target organs such as leaf area, fresh and dry weight of basil leaves.
Conclusion
 The trade and cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants is an important part of agriculture. Medicinal and aromatic plants are the main source of known medicines. Therefore, obtaining methods to increase the yield and therapeutic indicators of medicinal plants is of particular importance. In the growth of medicinal plants and biomass production, the quality of raw materials used is important. Chemical fertilizers have several adverse effects on the environment and human health. These effects can include leaching and displacement of various soil layers, groundwater and surface water pollution, accumulation of heavy metals and nitrates, air pollution, acid rain, and chemical accumulation in plants, animals, and human tissues. According to the findings, it is generally recommended to use bio-fertilizers such as vermicompost and Probiot 96 as a suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers in plant nutrition to protect the environment, human health and the positive economic effects of medicinal plants

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Bacillus subtilis
• Basil
• Flavonoids
• Phenol
• Vermi-compost

مراجع

• Aburiai, T., & Hudaib, M. (2006). Antimutatelet, antibacterial and antifungal activities of Acillea facata exteracts and evaluation of volatile oil composition. Journal Pharmacog 2(7): 191-8.
• Adesemoye, A.O., & Kloepper, J.W. (2009). Plant-microbes interactions in enhanced fertilizer-use efficiency. A Review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 85(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2196-0.
• Ahmadian, A., Ghanbari, A., Siahsar, B.A., Heidary, M., Ramroodi, M., & Mousavinik, M. (2010). Effects of Residual of chemical fertilizer, cattle manure and compost on yield, yield components, some physiological characterestics and essential oil content of Matricaria chamomilla under drought stress condition. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 8(4): 668-676.
• Ahmed, S.H.G., Hussien, A.H.S., Aber, A.M., & Hanaa, F.Y.M. (2013). Effect of nitrogen sources, biofertilizers and their interaction on the growth, seed yield and chemical composition of Guar plants. Journal Life Science 10(3): 389-402.
• Amooaghaie, R., & Golmohammadi, S. (2017). Effect of vermicompost on growth, essential oil, and health of Thymus vulgaris. Journal Compost Science & Utilization 25(3): 166-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2016.1249314.
• Ansarifar, M., Noormohamadi, G., Seyed Hadi, M.R.H., & Riazi G. (2012). Effect of organic nutrients on flower yield and oil content of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla ). Journal Med Plants By-products 2: 177-181.
• Anwar, M., Patra, D.D., Chand, S., Alpesh, K., Naqvi, A.A., & Khanuja, S.P.S. (2005). Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of French basil. Commun. Soil Science Plant 36(13-14): 1737-1746. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-200062434.
• Arancon, N., Edwards, C., Bierman, P., Metzger, J., Lee, S., & Welch C. (2003). Effects of vermicompost on growth and marketable fruits of field grown tomatoes, peppers and strawberries. Pedobiologia. 47:731-735.
• Arazmjo, A., Heidari, M., Ghanbari, A., Siahsar, B., & Ahmadian A. (2010). Effects of three types of fertilizers on essential oil, photosynthetic pigments, and osmoregulators in chamomile under drought stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences (ESCS) 3(1): 23-33.
• Azzaz, N.A., Hassan, E.A., & Hamad, E.H. (2009). The chemical constituent and vegetative and yielding characteristics of Fennel Plants treated with organic and biofertilizer instead of mineral fertilizer. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 3(2):579-587.
• Bailly, C. 2009. “Ready for a comeback of natural products in oncology,” Biochemical Pharmacology. 77(9); 1447-1457. https://doi.org/1016/j.bcp.2008.12.013.
• Banchio, E., Xie, X., Zhang, H., & Pare, P.W. (2009). Soil bacteria elevate essential oil accumulation and emissions in sweet basil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57(2): 653- https://doi.org/10.1021/jf8020305.
• Bhardwaj, D., Ansari, M.W., Sahoo, R.K., & Narendra, Tuteja. (2014). biofertilizers function as key player in sustainable agriculture by improving soil fertility, plant tolerance and crop productivity. A Review. Microbial Cell Factories. 13:66. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-13-66.
• Blouin, M., Barrere, J., Meyer, N., Lartigue, S., Barot, S., & Mathieu, J. (2019). Vermicompost significantly affects plant growth. A meta-analysis. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 39:34. Agronomy for https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-019-0579-x.
• Chang, C., Yang, M., Wen, H., & Chern, J. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal Food and Drug Analysis 10(3): 178-82.
• Chookalaii, H., Riahi, H., Shariatmadari, Z., Mazarei, Z., & Seyed, Hashtroudi, M. (2020). Enhancement of total flavonoid and phenolic contents in Plantago major with plant growth promoting Cyanobacteria. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 22(2): 505-518. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.16807073.2020.22.2.8.6.
• Citak, S., & Sonmez, S. (2010). Effects of conventional and organic fertilization on spinach (Spinacea oleracea ) growth, yield, vitamin C and nitrate concentration during two successive seasons. Scientia Horticulturae 126: 415–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.08.010.
• Dignac, M.F., Derrien, D., & Barré, P. (2017). increasing soil carbon storage: mechanisms, effects of agricultural practices and proxies. A Review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development37: 14. https://doi.org/1007/s13593-017-0421-2.
• Fallahi, J., Koocheki, A., & Rezvani Moghaddam, P. (2008). Investigating the effects of organic fertilizer on quantity index and the amount essential oil and chamazulene in chamomile (Matricaria recutita).Agricultural Research: Water, Soil and Plant in Agriculture 1(8):157-168.
• Fathi, S., & Najafian, S. (2020). Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on morphophysiological and biochemical properties of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi). Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 11(1): 3405-3415.
• Gee, G.W., & Bauder, J.W. (1986). Particle-size analysis. In Klute, A. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd Edition. Agronomy No. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. pp. 383– 411. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c15.
• Gharib, F.A., Moussa, L., & Massoud, O.N. (2008). Effect of compost and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and essential oil of sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis) plant. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 10(4): 1560-8530.
• Godara, A.S., Gupta, U.S., Lal, G., & Singh, R. (2014). Influence of organic and inorganic source of fertilizers on growth, yield and economics of coriander (Coriandrum sativum). International Journal Seed Spice 4(2): 77-80.
• Godfray, H.C.J., Beddington, J.R., & Crute, I.R et al. (2010). Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327:812. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383.
• Heidarpour, O., Esmaielpour, B., Soltani, Toolarood, A., & Khorramdel, S. (2020). Effect of vermicompost on summer’s morphophysiological, biochemical, and yield characteristics savory (Satureja hortensis ) under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Agroecology 12(3): 507-522.
• Hendawy, S.F., Azza, A., El-Din, E., Aziz, E., & Omer, E.A. (2010). Productivity and oil quality of Thymus vulgaris under organic fertilization conditions. Ozean Journal of Applied Sciences 3(2): 203-216.
• Javed, S., & Panwar, A. (2013). Effect of biofertilizer, vermicompost and chemical fertilizer on different biochemical parameters of Glycine max and Vigna mungo. Recent Research in Science and Technology 5: 40-44.
• Joshi, R., Singh, J., & Vig, A.P. (2015). Vermicompost as an effective organic fertilizer and biocontrol agent: effect on growth, yield and quality of plants. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 14(1): 137-159.
• Karthikeyan, B., Abdul Jaleel, C., Lakshmanan, G.M.A., & Deiveekasundaram, M. (2008). Studies on rhizosphere microbial diversity of some commercially important medicinal plants. Colloids and surfaces B: Biointerfaces 62(1): 143-14.
• Khalid, K.H.A., Hendawy, S.F., & El-Gezawy, E. (2006). Ocimum basilicum Production under Organic Farming. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciecnes 2(1): 25-32.
• Koralage, I.S.A., Weerasinghe, P., Silva, P.N.R.N., & De Silva, C.S. (2015). Determination of Available Phosphorus in Soil: A Quick and Simple Method. OUSL Journal 8: 1-17.
• Mahfouz, S., & Sharaf-Eldin, M. (2007). Effect of mineral vs. biofertilizer on growth, yield, and essential oil content of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill). Journal International Agrophysics 21(4): 361-366.
• McChesney, J.D., Venkataraman, S.K., & Henri, J.T. (2007). “Plant natural products: back to the future or into extinction”. Phytochemistry 68(14): 2015-2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.04.032.
• McGarvey, D.J., & Croteau, R. (1995). Terpenoid metabolism. Plant Cell 7(7): 1015-1026. https://doi.org/10.2307/3870054.
• Mondal, T., Datta, J.K., & Mondal, N.K. (2017). Chemical fertilizer in conjunction with bio fertilizer and vermicompost induced changes in morpho-physiological and biochemical traits of mustard crop. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 16(2): 135-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2015.05.001.
• Moradi, R., Nasiri Mahallati, M., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Lakzian, A., & Nejad Ali, A. (2011). The effect of application of organic and biological fertilizers on quantity and quality of essential oil in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 25(1): 25-33.
• Naiji, M., & Souri, M.K. (2018). Nutritional value and mineral concentrations of sweet basil under organic compared to chemical fertilization. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 17(2): 167-175. https://doi.org/24326/asphc.2018.2.14.
• Naiji, M., & Souri, M.K. (2014). The potential for organic production of savory (Satureja hortensis) in Iran. In “Bridging the gap between increasing knowledge and decreasing resources”. Tropentag Prague Czech Republic. September 17-19.
• Najar, I., & Khan, A. (2013). Effect of vermicompost on the growth and productivity of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) under field conditions. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 2(1): 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-015-0087-1.
• Norman, Q., Arancon, N., Clive, A., & Edwards, C. (2005). Effects of Vermicompost on plant growth, International Symposium Workshop on Vermi-Technologies for Developing Countries (ISWVT 2005). Los Banos. Philippines.
• Noumavo, P.A., Kochoni, E., Didagbé, Y.O., Adjanohoun, A., Allagbé, M., Sikirou, R., Gachomo, E.W., Kotchoni, S.O., & Baba-Moussa, L. (2013). Effect of different plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on maize seed germination and seedling development. American Journal of Plant Sciences 4(5): 1013-1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.45125.
• Osoli, N., & Taleshi, K. (2018). Evaluation of the effects of biological fertilizers and vermicompost on biological characteristics and essential oil quality of fennel plant (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) Khoramabad. Applied Research of Plant Ecophysiology 4(2): 123-138. (In Persian). http://repository.uma.ac.ir/id/eprint/3554.
• Pant, A.P., Radovich, T.J.K., Hue, N.V., Talcott, S.T., & Krenek, K.A. (2009). Vermicompost extracts influence growth, mineral nutrients, phytonutrients and antioxidant activity in pak choi (Brassica rapa Bonsai, Chinensis group) grown under vermicompost and chemical fertilizer. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89(14): 2383-2392. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3732.
• Paul, S., & Bhattacharya, S.S. (2012). Vermicomposted water hyacinth enhances growth and yield of marigold by improving nutrient availability in soils of north bank plain of Assam. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 2(1): 36-46. https://doi.org/10.37591/rrjoast.v1i3.803.
• Pereira, CM., Neiverth, CA., Maeda, S., Guiotoku, M., & Franciscon., L. (2011). Complexometric titration with potenciometric indicator to determination of calcium and magnesium in soil extracts. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 35(4): 1331-1336.
• Purushothaman, B., Srinivasan, R.P., Suganthi, P., Ranganathan, B., Gimbun, J., & Shanmugam, K. (2018). A comprehensive review on Ocimum basilicum. Journal of Natural Remedies 18(3): 72-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2018/21324.
• Rajendran, K., & Devaraj, P. (2004). Biomass and nutrient distribution and their return of Casuarina equisetifolia inoculated with biofertilizers in farm land. Biomass and Bioenergy 26(3): 235-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2003.07.001.
• Razmkhah, S., Razav, S.M.A., Behzad, K., & Mazaheri Tehrani, M. (2012). The effect of pectin, sage seed gum and basil seed gum on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of non fat concentrated yoghurt. Iran Food Science Technology Research Journal 6(1): 27–36.
• Rubab, S., Hussain, I., Khan, B.A., Unar, A.A., Abbas, K.A., Khichi, Z.H., Khan, M., Khanum, S., Rehman, K.U., & Khan, H. (2016). Biomedical description of Ocimum basilicum A Review .JIIMC 12(1): 59-67.
• Saeid Nejad, A.H., & Rezvani Moghaddam, P. (2010). Evaluation of biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer application on morphological traits, yield, yield components and essential oil percent in cumin (Cuminum cyminum). The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 24(1): 38-44.
• Saha, S., Mukhopadhyay, M.K., Ghosh, P.D., & Nath, D. (2012). Effect of Methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum basilicum on benzene-induced hematotoxicity in mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 176385-7 pages
• Sanches Govin, E., Rodrigues Gonzales, H., & Carballo Guerra, C. (2005). Ifluencia de los abonos organicos y biofertilizantes en la calidad de las especies medicinales Calendula officinalis y Matricaria recutita L. Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales 10(1):1.
• Seigler, D.S. (1998). Plant Secondary Metabolism, Kluwer Academic, Boston, Mass, USA, 711. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4913-0.
• Shahbazi, Z., Salehi, A., Hazrati, S., & Movahedi Dehnavi, M. (2019). Enhancing the quality and yield of European borage (Borago officinalis) by simultaneous application of granulated compost, vermicompost and mycorrhiza. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 6(2): 283-298. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijhst.2019.274604.281.
• Sinha, R.K., Valani, D., Chauhan, K., & Agarwal, S. (2010). Embarking on a second green revolution for sustainable agriculture by vermiculture biotechnology using earthworms: reviving the dreams of Sir Charles Darwin. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development 2(7): 113-128. http://www.academicjournals.org/jabsd.
• Sirousmehr, A., Arabi, J., & Asgharipour, M.R. (2014). Effect of drought stress levels and organic manures on yield, essential oil content and some morphological characteristics of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Advances in Environmental Biology 8(4): 880-885.
• Suthar, S. (2009). Impact of vermicompost and composted farmyard manure on growth and yield of garlic (Allium sativum) field crop. International Journal Plant Production 3(1): 27-38.
• Thankamani, C.K., Sivaraman, K., & Kandiannan, K. (1996). Response of clove (Syzygium aromaticum ) Merr. & Perry) seedlings and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) cuttings to propagating media under nursery conditions. Journal Spices Aromat Crops 5(2): 99-104.
• van Groenigen, J.W., Lubbers, I.M., Vos, H.M.J., Brown, G.G., Deyn, G.B.D ., & van Groenigen, K.J. (2014). Earthworms increase plant production: ameta-analysis. National Center for Biotechnology Information 4: 6365. https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep06365.
• Verma, S., Choudhary, M.R., Yadav, B.L., & Jakhar, M.L. (2013). Influence of vermicompost and sulphur on growth and yield of garlic (Allium sativum ) under semi-arid climate. Journal Spice Aroma Crops 22(1): 20-23.
• Verza, S.G., Kreinecker, M.T., Reis, V., Henriques, A.T., & Ortega, G.G. (2007). Avaliação das variáveis analíticas do método de Folin-Ciocalteu para determinação do teor de taninos totais utilizando como modelo o extrato aquoso de folhas de Psidium guajava Quím 30(4): 815-820. (In Portuguese)
• Yousefzadeh, S. (2018). The effect of application of vermicompost levels and nitrogen on some of agro-morphological traits, photosynthetic pigments and essential oil content of Hyssop (Hyssopus oficinalis). Electronic Journal of Crop Production 11(3): 131-137. (In Persian) https://dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejcp.2019.13639.2047.