بررسی اثر آبیاری تنظیم شده بر ویژگی‌های رویشی، عملکرد و محتوای روغن و کارآیی مصرف آب درختان زیتون رقم زرد1

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• رحمت اله غلامی ¹
• عیسی ارجی ²

¹ استادیار مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی کرمانشاه

² دانشیار، بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمانشاه، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمانشاه، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v32i4.71739

چکیده

به­منظور بررسی اثرات کسر آبیاری تنظیم شده بر ویژگی­های رویشی، عملکرد و محتوای روغن و کارآیی مصرف آب و نیز تعیین مراحل حساس تجمع روغن زیتون در برابر تنش کسر آبیاری، پژوهشی در قالب آزمایش طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار و پنج تیمار آبیاری طی دو سال 1395 و 1396 در باغات زیتون منطقه جوانمیری واقع در غرب استان کرمانشاه بر روی درختان 14 ساله رقم زرد انجام گردید. درختان زیتون به فاصله 5×5 متر کشت شده­اند و هر واحد آزمایشی شامل سه درخت بود. پنج تیمار آبیاری شامل 1- آبیاری به میزان100 درصد نیاز آبی درختان زیتون در طول فصل (شاهد)، 2- عدم آبیاری در طول مدت سخت شدن هسته و تأمین آبیاری به میزان 100 درصد در سایر مراحل رشد میوه، 3- آبیاری فقط در سه مرحله قبل از گلدهی، در شروع سخت شدن هسته و یک هفته قبل از برداشت محصول به منظور تهیه روغن، 4- آبیاری به میزان 60 درصد نیاز آبی درختان زیتون طی کل فصل و 5- شرایط دیم، با سیستم آبیاری قطره‌ای اعمال گردید به­منظور تعیین اثر کسر آبیاری تنظیم شده بر زیتون رقم زرد خصوصیات رویشی مانند طول و قطر شاخه سال جاری و نیز خصوصیات زایشی مانند درصد روغن در ماده خشک و تر، عملکرد روغن و میوه در هکتار، درصد ماده خشک میوه و کارآیی مصرف آب تحت رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری ثبت گردید. نتایج نشان داد که صفات درصد روغن در ماده تر، عملکرد روغن و میوه در هکتار و نیز بهره­وری مصرف آب تحت تأثیر رژیم آبیاری و اثر متقابل رژیم آبیاری در سال معنی­دار بود. عدم آبیاری در طول مدت سخت شدن هسته باعث افزایش میزان عملکرد روغن و میوه در هکتار گردید. بهره­وری مصرف آب در تولید روغن در تیمار آبیاری در سه مرحله رشدی میوه بالاتر از آبیاری کامل و دیگر تیمارها بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• زیتون
• آبیاری
• روغن

20.1001.1.20084730.1397.32.4.10.5

عنوان مقاله [English]

Regulated Deficit Irrigation Regime Effects on Vegetative, Oil Yield and Oil Content and Water Use Efficiency of Zard Cultivar

نویسندگان [English]

• Rahmatollah Gholami ¹
• Isa Arji ²

¹ Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran.

² Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction:  Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an ever-green and drought-tolerant tree grown on regions with limited water resources to produce oil and table products. Due to existing appropriate environmental conditions in our country for its growing, and also considering public desperate needs to its oil product, olive is economically considered to be an important fruits to be cultivated. The problem of supplying sufficient water for irrigation olive orchards, due to serious threats of ongoing drought and reduction in water resources, is one of the main limiting factors on the way to develop olive industry in country. Accordingly, some suitable approaches like using tolerant cultivars, mulches, reduction of plant transpiration, plant growth regulators, and recently evaluating proper time for irrigation have been examined to increase efficiency of water use. According to this approach, irrigation schedule is designed mainly based on maintaining plant’s water status internally and regarding maximum level of water potential at particular stages of plant cycling, especially at time of lowest sensitivity of fruit growth to drought stress.
So far, many studies performed over effects of drought stress and water deficit on vegetable growth of olive under pot conditions. With respect to establishing olive orchards on different regions of country and appearing serious drought threats, it is imperative to investigate the effects of regulated irrigation deficit on all bearing fruit trees. Hence, determining the insensitive stages of fruit growth toward regulated irrigation deficit has been received great attentions in terms of economical yield. The purposes behind doing the current study were to investigate and compare effects of different regulated deficit irrigations on vegetative and reproductive parameters of olive grown under field conditions.
Materials and Methods: This study was aimed to investigate the effect of regulated deficit irrigation regime on vegetative, oil yield and oil content and water use efficiency of zard cultivar under field condition. This experiment was conducted in Javanmiri  region (Geographical characters was longitude of 58˚, 45΄ E and latitude of 35˚, 34΄ N and the height of sea level 1215m) located in Kermanshah province. An experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Adult olive zard cultivar was uesd. Each experiment unit consists of three trees. Vegetative and reproductive traits were evaluated according to I.O.O.C. descriptors. five irrigation regimes including of full irrigation (as control), regulated deficit irrigation (100% of full irrigation during growing season and no irrigation during pit hardening), irrigation in three stages (before flowering, pit hardening and before harvesting), 60% of full irrigation (continuous deficit irrigation) and no irrigation (Rainfed). To evaluate the effect of irrigation regimes, some vegetative traits including current season growth and current season diameter, dry and fresh oil content, fruit mass percent, oil and fruit yield and water use efficiency were measured. Collected data were analyzed using SAS program.
Results and Discussion: Obtained results showed that the highest oil and fruit yield were observed at full irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation (100% of full irrigation during growing and no irrigation during pit hardening, but the lowest one found at Rainfed. The water use efficiency of oil yield of T3 was higher than 100ETc and other treatments.
In the arid and semi-arid as well as sub-tropical regions, water shortage is a normal phenomenon and seriously limits the agricultural potential. Therefore, under irrigation or rain-fed conditions, it is important for the available water to be used in the most efficient way. Regulated deficit irrigation is an optimizing strategy under which crops are allowed to sustain some degree of water deficit and yield reduction. During regulated deficit irrigation the crop is exposed to certain level of water stress either during a particular period or throughout the growing season. The main objective deficit irrigation is to increase water use efficiency (WUE) of the crop by eliminating irrigations that have little impact on yield, and to improve control of vegetative growth (improve fruit size and quality).
Conclusion: According to the results of this research, it can be concluded that regulated deficit irrigation had a significant effect on reproductive traits. Using regulated deficit irrigation improved pomological characteristics of olive including oil and fruit yield under drought stress and helped to save irrigation water in olive orchards. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Olive
• Irrigation
• Oil

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