اثر نانو کلات آهن و سایکوسل بر شاخص‌های رشدی بنت قنسول

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• بهزاد کاویانی ¹
• ناصر نگهدار ²

¹ گروه باغبانی، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران

² مؤسسه تحقیقاتی علوم کشاورزی و بیوتکنولوژی هیرکان، آمل، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2021.72172.1086

چکیده

استفاده مناسب از مواد مغذی و تنظیم­کننده­های رشد گیاهی، نقش مهمی در افزایش کمیت و کیفیت گیاهان زراعی و باغی دارد. کودهای نانو می‌توانند جایگزین مناسبی برای کودهای شیمیایی مرسوم باشند. کاهش رشد در برخی گیاهان زینتی توسط کاهنده­های رشد مانند سایکوسل کیفیت کلی آن‌ها را افزایش می­دهد. در این پژوهش، به‌منظور ارزیابی اثر مقادیر مختلف نانو کلات آهن و سایکوسل بر شاخص­های رشدی گیاه زینتی بنت قنسول (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.)، آزمایشی به‌­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کاملاً تصادفی در سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارها شامل نانو کلات آهن در پنج غلظت (صفر، 9/0، 8/1، 6/3 و 5/4 گرم در لیتر) و سایکوسل نیز در پنج غلظت (صفر، 500، 1000، 1500 و 3000 میلی‌گرم در لیتر) بودند. در پژوهش حاضر، صفات ارتفاع ساقه، طول میان­گره، تعداد گره، طول، تعداد و حجم ریشه، تعداد برگ، سطح برگ، میزان کلروفیل کل، میزان آهن برگ و تعداد و طول عمر براکته­های رنگی اندازه­گیری شدند. نتایج نشان داد که کمترین ارتفاع ساقه و بیشترین تعداد برگ، سطح برگ، طول ریشه، حجم ریشه، تعداد و ماندگاری براکته­های رنگی، در تیمار 8/1 گرم در لیتر نانو کلات آهن بدون یا با غلظت 1000 میلی­گرم در لیتر سایکوسل به‌دست آمد. کمترین حجم ریشه و کمترین مقدار کلروفیل کل، در تیمار حاوی 5/4 گرم در لیتر نانو کلات آهن همراه با 3000 میلی­گرم در لیتر سایکوسل (بالاترین غلظت نانو کلات آهن و سایکوسل استفاده‌‌شده) مشاهده شد. رشد ریشه در غلظت 3000 میلی­گرم در لیتر سایکوسل کاهش یافت. در مجموع، مناسب­ترین تیمار به‌­ویژه برای کاهش ارتفاع ساقه و افزایش برخی صفات رویشی (مانند تعداد برگ) و گل‌دهی (مانند ماندگاری براکته)، تیمار 8/1 گرم در لیتر نانو کلات آهن همراه با 1000 میلی­گرم در لیتر سایکوسل بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• اسپری برگی
• تنظیم‌کننده‌های رشد گیاهی
• کشت بدون خاک
• کوددهی
• گلدهی

موضوعات

• گیاهان زینتی و فضای سبز

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Nano-Iron Chelate and Cycocel on Growth Parameters of Poinsettia

نویسندگان [English]

• Behzad Kaviani ¹
• Naser Negahdar ²

¹ Department of Horticultural Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

² Hyrcan Agricultural Science and Biotechnology Research Institute, Amol, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) from the family Euphorbiaceae is used as potted and cut flower and has great importance in floriculture industry. Appropriate application of nutrients and plant growth regulators has an important role in increasing the quantity and quality of crops. The successful application of various nanoplatforms in medicine under in vitro conditions has generated some interest in agro-nanotechnology. This technology holds the promise of controlled release of agrochemicals and site-specific targeted delivery to improve efficient nutrient utilization and enhanced plant growth. Nanoencapsulation shows the benefit of more efficient use and safer handling of pesticides with less exposure to the environment. Thus, nanofertilizers can be substituted for conventional fertilizers. The role of iron in the activity of some enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase and cytochrome oxidase has been demonstrated. Iron is present as a cofactor in the structure of many enzymes. The results of some studies showed that in the absence of micro-nutrients elements, the activity of some antioxidant enzymes decreased, which resulted in increased sensitivity of plants to environmental stresses. The use of nano-iron fertilizer is an appropriate solution to remove this problem. Some growth retardants such as cycocel, paclobutrazol, bayleton and daminozide reduced the plant growth. Growth reduction in some ornamental plants enhances their overall quality and marketing. Cycocel is one of the most important growth retardants which inhibits gibberellin biosynthesis and activity in plant. Today, a range of artificially made growth-reducing compounds are used in the floriculture industry. The effect of plant growth retardants, depends on the time and method of application, concentration, species and varieties type, type of target organ and environmental and physiological conditions. Plant growth retardants reduce the division and elongation of stem cells. These compounds also reduce stem length and growth by having a negative effect on gibberellin structure. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of different levels of nano-iron fertilizer and different concentrations of cycocel on growth and development of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.).
 
Materials and Methods
 These experiments were carried out based on a randomized completely block design in three replications to evaluate the effect of various levels of nano iron chelated fertilizer and cycocel on growth parameters of Euphorbia pulcherrima. Cuttings with a height of 15 to 20 cm, each with 3 nodes, were prepared from the mother plant of poinsettia. Cuttings were placed in water within 24 hours for exudation of latex. Then, cuttings were planted in perlite for rooting. After rooting (60-65 days), cuttings were transferred into substrates including cocopeat, municipal compost and soil in ratio of 1:1:1. Poinsettia cuttings were grown in pots. Treatments include nano-iron fertilizer (0, 0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 4.5 g.l^–1) and cycocel (0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 3000 mg.l^–1). Application of EDTA-based nano-iron chelate as foliar spray was performed on plants at the beginning of the experiment and 30 days later, as well as the use of cycocel 30 days after the start of the experiment as foliar spray. Stem height, internode length, node number, root length, root number, root volume, leaf number, leaf surface, leaf total chlorophyll content, iron content in leaf and the number and longevity of bracts were evaluated.
 
Results and Discussion
 Results showed that the lowest plant height and the highest leaf number, root length, root volume, the number and longevity of bracts were obtained in treatments of 1.8 g.l^–1 nano-iron chelate without or with the concentration of 1000 mg.l^–1 cycocel. In some traits such as root volume and chlorophyll content, the minimum amount was calculated in the maximum of nano-iron chelate and cycocel concentrations. Suitable root characters were severely reduced through the use of 3000 mg.l^–1 cycocel. Overall, the most suitable treatment, especially for reduction of stem height and enhancing some vegetative traits (such as leaf number) and flowering (such as bract longevity) was 1.8 g.l^–1 nano-iron chelate along with 1000 mg.l^–1 cycocel. Research has demonstrated that cycocel application reduces plant height in various species, including ornamental plants, as confirmed by this study. Furthermore, this study reveals a novel effect of cycocel: it alters the weight of both aerial and underground plant parts, alongside influencing leaf iron and chlorophyll content. Notably, plant growth retardants like cycocel are known to increase cytokinin content, which in turn can lead to elevated leaf chlorophyll levels.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Fertilization
• Flowering
• Foliar spray
• Plant growth regulators
• Soilless culture

©2021 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

مراجع

1- Abbas, G., Khan, M.Q., Khan, M.J., Hussain, F., & Hussain, I. (2009). Effect of iron on the growth and yield contributing parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Animal and Plant Science, 19(3), 135–139.

2- Abdul Jaleel, C., Manivannan, P., Sankar, B., Kishorekumar, A., Sankari, S., & Panneersel-Vam, R. (2007). Paclobutrazol enhances photosynthesis and ajmalicine production in Catharanthus roseus. Process Biochemistry, 42(11), 1566–1570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2007.08.006

3- Auffan, M., Rose, J., Bottero, J.Y., Lowry, G.V., Jolivet, J.P., & Wiesner, M.R. (2009). Towards a definition of inorganic nanoparticles from an environmental, health and safety perspective. Nature Nanotechnology, 4, 634–641. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.242

4- Bailey, D.A., & Miller, W.B. (1991). Poinsettia developmental and postproduction responses to growth retardants and irradiance. HortScience, 26(12), 1501–1503. https://doi.org/10.2478/abmj-2021-0011

5- Blakrishman, K. (2000). Peroxidase activity as an indacator of the iron deficiency banana. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 5, 389–391.

6- Bozorgi, H.R. (2012). Study effects of nitrogen fertilizer management under nano iron chelate foliar spraying on yield and yield components of eggplant (Solanium melongena L.). ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 7(4), 233–237.

7- Chatterjee, C., Gopal, R., & Dube, B.K. (2006). Impact of iron stress on biomass, yield, metabolism and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Scientia Horticulture, 108, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2006.01.004

8- Currey, C.J., & Lopez, R.G. (2011). Early flurprimidol drench applications suppress final height of four poinsettia cultivars. HortTechnology 21(1), 35–40.

9- Fathi, G., Esmaeilpour, B., & Jalilvand, P. (2012). Plant growth regulators, principle and application. Jahad-e-Daneshghahi of Mashhad Press, Iran. 279 p. (In Persian)

10- Feregrino-Perez, A.A., Magana-Lόpez, E., Guzmán, C., & Esquivel, K. (2018). A general overview of the benefits and possible negative effects of the nnanotechnology in horticulture. Scientia Horticulturae, 238(19), 126–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.03.060

11- Fraceto, L.F., Grillo, R., de Medeiros, G.A., Scognamiglio, V., Rea, G., & Bartolucci, C. (2016). Nanotechnology in agriculture: Which innovation potential does it have? Frontiers in Environmental Science 4(20), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2016.00020

12- Garda-Torredey, J.L., Parsons, J.G., Gomez, E., Peralta-Videa, J., Troiani, H.E., Santiago, P., & Jose Yacaman, M. (2002). Formation and growth of Au nanoparticles inside live alfalfa plants. Nano Letter, 2(4): 397–401. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl015673

13- Garner, W. (2004). PGR General Uses and Overview. Technical Service, 800, 4556–4647. https://www.sid.ir/paper/662070/en

14- Gholampour, A., Hashemabadi, D., Sedaghathoor, S., & Kaviani, B. (2012). Controlling ornamental cabbage and kale (Brasicca oleracea) growth via cycocel. Journal of Ornamental and Horticultural Plants, 2(2), 103–112.

15- Gibson, J.L., & Whipker, B.E. (2003). Efficacy of plant growth regulators on growth of vigorous Osteospermum cultivars. HortTechnology, 13, 132–135. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.13.1.0132

16- Gopi, R., Jaleel, C.A., Sairam, R., Lakshmanan, G.M.A., Gomathinayagam, M., & Panneerselvam, R. (2007). Differential effects of hexaconazole and paclobutrazol on biomass, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant potential of Daucus carota L. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 60, 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.06.003

17- Hashemabadi, D., & Zarchini, M. (2010). Effect of some plant growth regulators on growth and flowering of Rosa hybrida "Poison". Plant Omics Journal, 3(6), 167–171.

18- Hayashi, T., Heins, R.D., Cameron, A.C., & Carlson, W.H. (2001). Ethephon influences flowering, height, and branching of several herbaceous perennials. Scientia Horticulturae, 91(3-4), 305–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(01)00225-4

19- Hedayat, M. (2001). Application of growth retardants in greenhouse. First National Scientific and Practical Symposium on Flowers and Ornamental Plants of Iran. Jahad-e-Keshavarzi, Iran. (In Persian)

20- Hojjati, M., Etemadi, N., & Baninasab, B. (2009). Effect of paclobutrazol and cycocel on vegetative growth and flowering of Zinnia elegans. Agricultural Science and Technology of Natural Research, 47, 649–656 (In Persian)

21- Jerzy, M., & Schroeter, A. (2004). The dynamics of growth and flowering of marigold cultivated from trans-plants treated with different retardants used to leaves and directly to peat-substrate. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-Horturom Cultus, 3, 11–23. https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2003.1.5

22- Joyce, G., Latimer, H., Scoggins, L., & Thomas, J. (2004). Using plant growth regulators on containerized herbaceous perennials. Virginia State University.

23- Kamali Jamkani, Z., Peyvandi, M., & Mirza, M. (2011). Comparison of the effect of iron nano-chelate and iron-chelate fertilizer on antioxidant activities of Satureja hortensis. First International Congress on Agricultural Modern Issues, 1–5. (In Persian)

24- Kamali Sarvestani, M., Shariati, M., & Madadkar Haghjoo, M. (2013). Effect of iron on cellular division, intra-cellular ß-carotene and chlorophyll synthesis in Dunaliella, a unicellular green algai. Cell and Tissue Journal, 5(2), 207–215. (In Persian)

25- Karlović, K., Vršek, I., Šindrak, Z., & Židovec, V. (2004). Influence of growth regulators on the height and number of inflorescence shoots in the Chrysanthemum cultivar Revert. Agricultural Conspectus Science, 69, 63–66.

26- Landa, P., Cyrusova, T., Jerabkova, J., Drabek, O., Vanek, T., & Podlipna, R. (2016). Effect of metal oxides on plant germination: Phytotoxicity of nanoparticles, bulk materials, and metal ions. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 227, 448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-3156-9

27- Larsen, R.U., & Lieth, J.H. (1993). Modeling shoot elongation retardation due to daminozide in Chrysanthemum. (http://lieth.ucdavis.edu/Research/MumRet/B9MOD1.htm).

28- Latimer, J.G., Scoggins, H.L., & Banko, T.J. (2001). Using plant growth regulators on containerized herbaceous perennials. Virginia Technology Publication, No. 430-103, Blacksburg, VA.

29- Leclerc, M., Caldwell, C.D., & Lade, R.R. (2006). Effect of plant growth regulators on propagule formation in Hemerocallis spp. and Hosta spp. HortScience, 47, 651–653. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.651

30- Lewis, K.P., Faust, J.E., Sparkman, J.D., & Grimes, L.W. (2004). The effect of daminozide and chlormequat on the growth and flowering of poinsettia and pansy. HortScience, 39, 1315–1318. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.39.6.1315

31- Lodeta, K.B., Ban, S.G., Perica, S., Dumičić, G., & Bućan, L. (2010). Response of poinsettia to drench application of growth regulators. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 8(1), 297–301.

32- Magnitskiy, S.V., Pasian, C.C., Bennett, M.A., & Metzger, J.D. (2006). Controlling plug height of verbena, celosia, and pansy by treating seeds with paclobutrazol. HortScience, 47, 158–167. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.41.1.158

33- Mazaherinia, S., Astaraei, A.R., Fotovat, A., & Monshi, A. (2010). Nano iron oxide particles efficiency on Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu concentrations in wheat plant. World Applied Science Journal, 7(1), 36–40.

34- Mazumdar, B.C., & Majumder, K. (2003). Methods on physcochemical analysis of fruits. University College of Agriculture, Calcutta University, 136–150.

35- Megersa, H.G., Lemma, D.T., & Banjawu, D.T. (2018). Effects of plant growth retardants and pot sizes on the height of potting ornamental plants: A short review. Journal of Horticulture, 5(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0354.1000220

36- Ngan, H.T.M., Tung, H.T., Le, B.V., & Nhut, D.T. (2020). Evaluation of root growth, antioxidant enzyme activity and mineral absorbability of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus “Express golem” cultured in two culture systems supplemented with iron nanoparticles. Scientia Horticulturae, 272(15), 109612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109612

37- Niu, G., Heins, R., & Carlson, W. (2002). Using paclobutrazol to control height of poinsettia ‘Freedom’. HortTechnology, 12, 232–236. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.12.2.232

38- Peyvandi, M., Parande, H., & Mirza, M. (2011). Comparison of nano Fe chelate with Fe chelate effect on growth parameters and antioxidant enzymes activity of Ocimum basilicum. New Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, 1(4), 89–99.

39- Pobudkiewicz, A. (2014). Influence of growth retardant on growth and development of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch. Acta Agrobotanica, 67(3), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.2014.030

40- Pobudkiewicz, A., & Nowak, J. (1992). Effect of flurprimidol and silver thiosulfate (STS) on the growth and flowering of “Prima” lilies grown as pot plants. Acta Horticulturae, 325, 193–198.

41- Pobudkiewicz, A., Nowak, J., Podwyszyńska, M., & Przybyła, A. (2000). The effect of growth retardants on growth and flowering of dwarf alstroemeria. Acta Agrobotany, 53(2), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.2000.017

42- Pobudkiewicz, A., & Treder, J. (2006). Effects of flurprimidol and daminozide on growth and flowering of oriental lily “Mona Lisa”. Scientia Horticulturae, 110(4), 328–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2006.07.019

43- Rajabbeigi, A., Ghanati, F., Sefidkon, F., & Abdolmaleki, P. (2008). Evaluation of the effect of iron on the content of Ocimum basilicum. Science Journal, 4, 49-53 (In Persian)

44- Rastogi, A., Zivcak, M., Sytar, O., Kalaji, H.M., He, X., Mbarki, S., & Brestic, M. (2017). Impact of metal and metal oxide Nanoparticles on plant: A critical review. Frontiers in Chemistry, 5(78), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2017.00078

45- Rossini Pinto, A.C., Rodrigues, Td.J.D, Leits, C.I., & Barbosa, J.C. (2005). Growth retardants on development and ornamental quality of potted. ‘Liliput’ Zinnia elegans JACQ. Scientia Agriculture, 62, 337–345. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162005000400006

46- Sajedi, N.A., & Ardakani, M.R. (2009). Effect of different concentrations of nitrogen, zinc and iron on physiologic parameters of fodder in Markazi province. Iranian Journal of Agronomy Researches, 6(1), 99–109 (In Persian)

47- Saffari, V.R., Khalighi, A., Lesani, H., Babalar, M., & Obermaier, J.F. (2004). Effect of different plant growth regulators and time of pruning on yield components of Rosa damascena Hill. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6(6), 1040–1042. 1560–8530/2004/06–6–1040–1042

48- Schuch, U.K. (1994). Response of chrysanthemum to uniconazole and daminozide applied as dip to cuttings or as foliar spray. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 13(3), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00196374

49- Schwartz, M.A., Payne, R.N., & Sites, G. (1985). Residual effect of chlormequat on garden performance in sun and shade of seed and cutting-propagated cultivars of geraniums. HortScience, 20, 368–370. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.20.3.368

50- Setha, S., & Kondo, S. (2009). Abscisic acid levels and antioxidant activity are affected by an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 in apple seedlings. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 84, 340–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2009.11512528

51- Shekari, F., Ebrahimzadeh, A., & Esmaeilpour, B. (2004). Plant Growth Regulators in Agriculture and Horticulture. Zanjan University Press, Zanjan, Iran. (In Persian)

52- Sheykhbaglou, R., Sedghi, M., Tajbakhsh Shishevan, M., & Seyed Sharifi, R. (2010). Effects of nano-iron oxide particles on agronomic traits of soybean. Notrition Science and Biology, 2(2), 112–113. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb224667

53- Shoa Kazemi, Sh., Hashemabadi, D., Mohammadi Torkashvand, A., & Kaviani, B. (2014). Effect of cycocel and daminozide on vegetative growth, flowering and the content of essence of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis). Journal of Ornamental Plants, 4(2), 107–114.

54- Taherpazir, S., & Hashemabadi, D. (2016). The effect of cycocel and pot size on vegetative growth and flowering of zinnia (Zinnia elegans). Journal of Ornamental Plants, 6(2), 107–114.

55- Thakur, R., Sood, A., Nagar, P.K., Pandey, S., Soboti, R.C., & Ahuja, P.S. (2006). Regulation of growth of lilium plantlets in liquid medium by application of paclobutrazol or ancymidol, for its amenability in a bioreactor system: Growth parameters. Plant Cell Reports, 25, 382–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-005-0094-1

56- Tripathi, D.K., Singh, S., Singh, S., Srivastava, P.K., Singh, V.P., Singh, S., Prasad, S.M., Singh, P.K., Dubey, N.K., Pandey, A.C., & Chauhan, D.K. (2017). Nitric oxide alleviates silver nanoparticles (AgNps)-induced phytotoxicity in Pisum sativum seedlings. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 110, 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.015

57- Ulger, S., Akdesir, O., Demiral, S., & Atmaca, A. (2010). Investigation of the effects of external daminozide application on endogenous hormone levels in “Memecik” olive trees. Acta Horticulturae, 884, 153–156.  https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.2014.030

58- Warner, R.M., & Erwin, J.E. (2003). Effect of plant growth retardants on stem elongation of hibiscus species. HortTechnology, 13, 293–296. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.13.2.0293