Studying the Phytochemical Compounds of Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Three Ecotypes of Artemisia aucheri

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• S. Houshmand ¹
• S. Alizadeh- Salteh ¹
• S. Bolandnazar ¹
• E. Aryakia ²

¹ Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

² Department of Plant Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Center (IBRC)(ACECR), Tehran, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2024.80951.1233

Abstract

Introduction
Taking into account Iran's unique meteorological and biological characteristics due to its geographic position. This has contributed to the variety and abundance of plant species cultivated there. The Artemisia species, which are among Iran's most valuable plants, are members of the Asteraceae family and are found across the country in reasonably large numbers. Antioxidants now play an indisputable role in the food, pharmaceutical, and healthcare industries. Given that the antioxidant capability is greatly influenced by the kind of solvent used, the technique used to extract the plants that were harvested from each location, as well as other factors like the weather, altitude, and light. The substantial antioxidant activity of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and their protective significance in cancer illnesses are caused by these compounds' regenerative properties.
 
Materials and Methods
In this work, Artemisia aucheri, a medicinal plant, was gathered from Semnan, Mazandaran, and Isfahan in Iran, and the antioxidant activity of these ecotypes was assessed. In this study, the quantity of total phenol and flavonoids in polar (ethanol) and non-polar (ethyl acetate) extracts, as well as the proportion and diversity of essential oil components, were assessed. Antioxidant content was also determined using the DPPH and FRAP techniques.
 
Results and Discussion
The most active antioxidant is found in the Semnan ecotype. The polar solvent of ethanol showed the strongest inhibition whereas the non-polar solvent of ethyl acetate shown stronger reducing activity, proving the importance of the extraction solvent on antioxidant activity in various processes. The non-polar extract (ethyl acetate) from the Mazandaran ecotype had the greatest flavonoid concentration, while the polar extract (ethanol) from the Isfahan ecotype had the highest phenolic content. The ethanolic extract performed the best when assessing total phenol. The most crucial elements of essential oils are oxidized monoterpenes. Oxygenated monoterpenes are present in 54.82% of the Semnan ecotype, 38.81% of the Mazandaran ecotype, and 24.41% of the Isfahan ecotype. In comparison to other ecotypes, the Semnan ecotype exhibited the most oxygenated monoterpene compounds and the greatest number of essential oil-containing compounds.
 
 
Conclusion
These findings suggest that A. aucheri possesses abundant natural antioxidant sources and is useful in both the food and pharmaceutical industries. A key aspect is the act of extraction, which is focused on the extraction's goal. The solvent used during extraction significantly affects the outcomes. Regarding the chemical makeup of the compounds, the solvent's polarity directly affects the solutes that are extracted. Since phenolic chemicals are more attracted to polar solvents, they are found in plant samples. The kind of flavonoids found in plants and their degree of polarity determine the variation in the quantity of flavonoid content between polar and non-polar extracts. On the other hand, a variety of ecological, genetic, regional, and dietary variables may have contributed to the variation in phenolic contents, essential oils, and antioxidant chemicals found in the three analyzed ecotypes.

Keywords

• Artemisia
• DPPH
• Non-polar extract
• Phenol
• Polar extract

Main Subjects

• Medicinal Plants

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

References

• Aghaee, Z., Alizadeh, A., Honarvar, M., & Babadaei Samani, R. (2022). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Salvia sharifii & Esfand from Iran. Natural Product Research, 36(10), 2585-2590. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2021.1906241
• Amirmohammadi, F., Azizi, M., & Nemati, S.H. (2020). Comparison of phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of seven Nepeta species cultivated in Mashhad. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 21(1), 23-40. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.16807154.1399.21.1.5.9
• Asgari-kafrani, A., Fazilati, M., & Nazem, H. (2021). Evaluation the effect of different solvents and extraction method on phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Food Science and Technology, 18(114), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.52547/fsct.18.114.133
• Bahrami Samani, L., Fooladger, M., & Amjad, L. (2015). The effect of storage time of Artemisia deserti on phytochemistry and essential oil and extract yields. Applied Chemistry, 10(35), 111-130(In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22075/chem.2017.715
• Bahukhandi, A., Rawat, S., Bhatt, I.D., & Rawal, R.S. (2013). Influence of solvent types and source of collection on total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Acorus calamus National Academy Science Letters, 36, 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40009-012-0109-8
• Benzie, I.F., & Strain, J.J. (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1), 70-76.‏ https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
• Bidgoli, R.D., Pessarakli, M., Heshmati, G.A., Ebrahimabadi, A.H. (2013). Effects of topographic factors of the site on the essential oil compounds of Artemisia aucheriaerial parts Grown in a Mountainous region. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 44(17), 2618-2624. http://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/00103624.2013.803570
• Bora, K.S., Sharma, A. (2011). The genus Artemisia: A comprehensive review. Pharm Biol, 49(1), 101-109.
• Bovicelli, P. (2010). Radical-scavenging polyphenols: new strategies for their synthesis. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 59(12), 1703-1710. https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp.59.12.0013
• Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E., & Berset, C.L.W.T. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25-30.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
• Ehsani, A., Ahmdian, M., Rashvand, S., DehghaniTafti, M.A., & Zare, M. (2014). Comparison of phenology of Artemisia aucheri in semi-steppe regions of Iran. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 21(1), 13-24 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22092/ijrdr.2014.8067
• Fang, Z., Zhang, Y., Lü, Y., Ma, G., Chen, J., Liu, D., & Ye, X. (2009). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities of bayberry juices. Food Chemistry, 113, 884-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.102
• Gulcin, İ. (2020). Antioxidants and antioxidant methods: an updated overview. Archives of Toxicology, 94(3), 651-715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02689-3
• Haider, F., Kumar, N., Banerigee, S., Naqvi, A., & Baggi, G. (2009). Effect of altitude on the essential oil constituents of Artemisia roxburghiana Besser Var. Purpurascens (Jacq) Hook. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 21, 127-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2009.9700177
• Hoareau, , Dasilva E.J. (1999). Medicinal plants: A reemerging health aid. Journal of Electronic Biotechnology, 2(2), 3-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-34581999000200002
• Hosseini, S.Z., Kappas, M., Zare Chahouki, M.A., Gerold, G., Erasmi, S., & Rafiei Emam, A. (2013). Modelling potential habitats for Artemisia sieberi and Artemisia aucheri in Poshtkouh area, central Iran using the maximum entropy modeland geostatistics. Ecological Informatics, 18, 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2013.05.002
• Hosu A., Cristea, V.M., & Cimpoiu, C. (2014). Analysis of total phenolic, flavonoids, anthocyanins and tannins content in Romanian red wines: Prediction of antioxidant activities and classification of wines using artificial neural networks. Food Chemistry, 150, 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.153
• Judzentiene, A., Tomi, F., & Casanova, J. (2009). Analysis of essential oils of Artemisia aucheri from Lithuania by CC, GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR. Natural Product Communications, 4(8), 1934578X0900400820. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X0900400820
• Khalili, M., & Ebrahimzadeh, M. (2015). A review on antioxidants and some of their common evaluation methods. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 24, 188-208. http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-4858-en.html
• Kooltheat, N., Chujit, K., Nuangnong, K., Nokkaew, N., Bunluepuech, K., Yamasaki, K., & Chatatikun, M. (2021). Artemisia lactiflora extracts prevent inflammatory responses of human macrophages stimulated with charcoal pyrolysis smoke. Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine, 26, 2515690X211068837. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515690X211068837
• Kruzinauskaite, J., & Raudone, (2021). Determination of phenolic compounds content and antiradical activity in Artemisia aucheri l. During different vegetation periods. Thesis in Universiteto mokslo publikacijos.
• Lee, Y.J., Thiruvengadam, M., Chung, I.M., & Nagella, P. (2013). Polyphenol composition and antioxidant activity from the vegetable plant Artemisia aucheri, Australian Journal of Crop Science, 7(12), 1921-1926.
• Lim, S.N., Cheung, P.C., Ooi, V.E., & Ang, O. (2002). Evaluation of antioxidative activity of extracts from a brown seaweed, Sargassum siliquastrum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(13), 3862-3866. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020096b
• Majdan, M., Kiss, A.K., Hałasa, R., Granica, S., Osińska, E., Czerwińska, M.E. (2020). Inhibition of Neutrophil Functions and Antibacterial Effects of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) infusion-phytochemical characterization. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 947. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00947
• Mirazadi, Z., & Pilehvar, B. (2013). The effects of some ecological factors on Myrtus Communisdistribution in Lorestan province. Iranian Forests Ecology, 1(2), 1-11. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.24237140.1392.1.2.1.9
• Mohabatkar, H., Nosrati, M., Behbahani, M., & Rahiminejad, M.R. (2016). Antibacterial and mutagenicity activity of different species of artimisia and their effect on proliferation of human lymphocytes. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 26(142), 82-95. http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-8792-en.html
• Mohammadnejad Ganji, S.M., Moradi, H., Ghanbari, A., & Akbarzadeh, M. (2017). Quantity and quality of secondary metabolites in lavender plant under the influence of ecological factors. Nova Biologica Reperta, 4, 166-172. https://doi.org/10.21859/acadpub.nbr.4.2.166
• Mohtashamnia, S. (2012). Evaluation of the most important environmental factors affecting the distribution of the genus Artemisia in Fars province (Case: Steppe grasslands in Fars). Natural Ecosystems of Iran, 1(3), 75-86 (In Persian)
• Mole, M.N., & Sabale, A. (2015). Antibacterial and antioxidant potential of ulva and ectocarpus. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 5, 805-808.
• Morshedloo, M.R., Salami, S.A., & Nazeri, V., Maggi, F., & Craker, L. (2018). Essential oil profile of oregano (Origanum vulgare) populations grown under similar soil and climate conditions. Industrial Crops and Products, 119, 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.049
• Mozaffarian, V. (2008). Flora (Persian) Iran No. 59: compositae, Research Institute of Forests and Pastures, Tehran, 203 p. (In Persian).
• Muflihah, Y.M., Gollavelli, G., & Ling, Y.C. (2021). Correlation study of antioxidant activity with phenolic and flavonoid compounds in 12 indonesian indigenous herbs. Antioxidants, 10(10), 1530. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101530
• Najafian, S., Rowshan, V., & Mirzaee, R. (2018). Seasonal changes of myrtle essential oil composition. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 19(1), 89-98 (In Persian). http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.16807154.1397.19.1.4.4
• Nasirpour, M., Yavarmanesh, M., Mohhamadi Sani, A., Nasirpour, M., & Mohamdzade Moghadam., M. (2014). Antibacterial effect of aqueous extract of Artemisia aucheri, Artemisia sieberi and Hyssopus officinalis on the food borne pathogenic bacteria. Food Science and Technology, 12(46), 73-84. (In Persian)
• Rashvand, S., Ehsani, A., Yeganeh, H., & Sanaei, A. (2014). Studying the phenological stages of Thymus kotschyanus and Artemisia aucheri in Alamot semi-steppe rangelands, Ghazvin. Journal of Range and Desert Research, 21(4), 591-603. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22092/ijrdr.2016.13056
• Rezaei, J., Zare Mehrjerdi, M., Mastali, H., & Yazdani, N. (2019). Morphological and phytochemical evaluation in some populations of Allium from Iran. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 20(3), 337-348. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.16807154.1398.20.3.3.4
• Safari, D. (1994). Pharmacognostic study of Artemisia aucheri and Artemisia sieberi in Isfahan. pharma D Thesis. Faculty of pharmacy, the University of Medical Science, p. 128.
• Sapkota, P. (2008). Ethno-ecological observation of Magar of Bukini, Baglung, Western, Nepal. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 2, 227-252.
• Suzuki, M., Watanabe, T., Miura, A., Harashima, E., Nakagawa, Y., & Tsuji, K. (2002). An extraction solvent optimum for analyzing polyphenol contents by folin-denis assay. Japanese Society of Food Science and Technology, 49(7), 507-511. https://doi.org/10.3136/nskkk.49.507
• Taghavizadeh Yazdi, M.E., Darroudi, M., Amiri, M.S., Hosseini, H.A., Nourbakhsh, F., Mashreghi, M., Farjadi, M., Mousavi Kouhi, S.M., & Mousavi, S.H. (2020). Anticancer, antimicrobial, and dye degradation activity of biosynthesised silver nanoparticle using Artemisia kopetdaghensis. Micro and Nano Letters, 15(14), 1046-1050. https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2020.0387
• Thoma, F., Somborn-Schulz, A., Schlehuber, D., Keuter, V., & Deerberg, G. (2020). Effects of light on secondary metabolites in selected leafy greens: A review. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 497. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00497
• Turuspekov, Y., Genievskaya, Y., Baibulatova, A., Zatybekov, A., Kotuhov, Y., Ishmuratova, M., Imanbayeva, A., & Abugalieva, S. (2018). Phylogenetic taxonomy of Artemisia species from Kazakhstan based on Matk analyses. Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences, 72(1), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2017-0068
• Yavari, A., & Shahgolzari, S.M. (2016). Effect of some ecological factors on quality and quantity of effective ingredient of Stachys inflate at Touyserkan region. Agroecology Journal, 12(1), 77-85.
• Zhang, X., Zhao, Y., Guo, L., Qiu, Z., Huang, L., & Qu, X. (2017). Differences in chemical constituents of Artemisia annua L from different geographical regions in China. PLoS One, 12(9), e0183047. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183047
• Zheng, W., & Wan, S.Y. (2001). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(11), 5165-5170. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010697n