نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

چکیده

سیب (Malus domestica) یکی از میوه‌های تجاری مهم می‌باشد که به‌دلیل الگوی تنفسی فرازگرا در پس ‌از‌ برداشت فساد‌پذیری بالایی دارد. یکی از بزرگ‌ترین چالش‌های محققان کشاورزی افزایش کمیت و کیفیت مواد غذایی است و به‌دلیل اثرات نامطلوب مواد شیمیایی بر سلامت انسان و ایمنی محیط زیست، تولید محصولات ارگانیک به‌عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین مسائل در سیستم‌های تولید مواد‌غذایی مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. استفاده از تیمار‌های نانو‌کیتوسان و اسید‌ فرولیک به‌عنوان ترکیبات سالم و طبیعی در فرایند تولید محصولات باغی می‌تواند تأثیرات بسیار مطلوبی در فرایند تولید داشته باشد. در این آزمایش که در سال 1398 در باغ سیب ̓رد‌ دلیشز̒ در منطقه زرآباد شهرستان خوی واقع در شمال غرب استان آذربایجان غربی به‌منظور بهبود کیفیت میوها در زمان ‌برداشت انجام گرفت، درختان سیب در سه مرحله با محلول نانوکیتوسان در سه غلظت (صفر، 5 و 10 میلی‌لیتر) و اسید‌ فرولیک در سه غلظت (صفر، 0/1 و 1 میلی‌مولار) به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی و در چهار تکرار مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و خصوصیات کیفی و بیوشیمیایی میوه‌ها در زمان ‌برداشت بررسی شدند. نتایج نشان داد که تیمار با نانوکیتوسان و اسید فرولیک تأثیر معنی­داری بر صفات اندازه­گیری شده داشت، بیشترین میزان سفتی بافت میوه در زمان ‌برداشت در تیمار نانوکیتوسان 10 میلی‌لیتر و اسید فرولیک 1 میلی‌مولار،کمترین میزان اسیدیته قابل تیتراسیون در شاهد، بیشترین میزان ویتامین ث و آنزیم PAL در تیمار نانوکیتوسان 10 میلی‌لیتر و اسید فرولیک 1 میلی‌مولار و بیشترین میزان pH و کمترین میزان مواد جامد محلول در شاهد مشاهده گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Foliar Spray with Ferulic Acid and Nano-chitosan on some Quality Attributes, Phytochemical Compounds of Apple Fruit cv Red Delicious

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sajjad Mostafayi
  • Mohammad Reza Asghari

Horticulture Science Departement, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia Uversity, Urmia, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Apple (Malus domestica) is considered as one of the important members of the Rosaceae family and is among the most consumed fruits in the world. One of the biggest challenges for agricultural researchers is to increase the quantity and quality of food to feed the growing population, without negatively affecting the health of the soil and agricultural ecosystems. Due to the adverse effects of chemicals on human health and environmental safety, the production of organic products has been considered as one of the most important issues in food production systems. It is utilized in various forms, including fresh fruit or processed as industrial products. Based on the respiratory and ethylene production pattern, apples are classified as climacteric fruits. Metabolic activities and ripening continue after harvest, so apples have the potential to transform into highly perishable products after harvest. Post-harvest treatments are certainly not the most suitable method for preserving the shelf life and quality of fruits during the post-harvest period. Therefore, employing new and effective methods to enhance quality, control decay, and consequently extend the post-harvest life of apples appears to be essential. Organic farming, as an agricultural system to protect human health and the environment, can improve product quality and shelf life.
 
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted on an apple orchard (Malus domestica) in Zarabad area of Khoy city located in the northwest of Iran (with the same management and growth conditions) in 2018-2019. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a completely randomized block design in 4 replications. The experimental factors included spraying fruit trees with nano-chitosan in 3 concentrations (zero, 5 and 10 ml) and ferulic acid in 3 concentrations (zero, 0.5 and 1 mM). Apple trees in three times, the first stage in the hazelnut time. Fruit drop, the second stage 20 days after the first stage and the third stage 20 days after the second stage spraying, were sprayed in the afternoon using a Cross mark PB20 manual sprayer. The harvested fruits were sprayed according to the treatments were packed and labeled and transferred to the central laboratory of horticultural sciences of Urmia University. After 24 hours of storage at the laboratory temperature, the measurement of the studied traits started on the fruits, the control treatment in this experiment was distilled water with Tween 80 (0.1/v/v).
 
Results and Discussion
Compared to the control group, fruits treated with a combination of chitosan and ferulic acid exhibited a significant increase in firmness after harvest. Notably, the most effective treatment involved a combination of 10 milliliters of nano-chitosan and 1 millimolar ferulic acid, resulting in the highest level of firmness among all treatments.As a result, the combined treatment of chitosan and ferulic acid can delay the aging process by reducing the activity of enzymes involved in cell wall degradation and maintain firmness in apples, contributing to a positive effect. According to the obtained results, fruits treated with nano-chitosan and ferulic acid showed a higher soluble solid content compared to the control fruits, and this amount increased with the higher concentrations of nano-chitosan and ferulic acid. The minimum level of TA was observed in the control treatment, and the highest level was observed in the treatment with 10 milliliters of chitosan and 1 millimolar ferulic acid. The treatment with 1 millimolar ferulic acid and 10 milliliters of chitosan showed the highest percentage of TA content compared to the control. The combination of nano-chitosan and ferulic acid treatment led to a reduction in fruit juice pH, with the lowest pH observed in the treatment with 1 millimolar ferulic acid and 10 milliliters of chitosan, and the highest pH observed in the control treatment. Vitamin C is the primary water-soluble antioxidant that directly reduces damage caused by free radicals. According to the obtained results, the maximum content of vitamin C was observed in the treatment with 1 millimolar ferulic acid and 10 milliliters of chitosan. According to the obtained results, the maximum PAL enzyme activity was observed in the treatment with 1 millimolar ferulic acid and 10 milliliters of chitosan.
 
Conclusion
In general, the findings of the current study showed that pre-harvest treatment with nano-chitosan and ferulic acid had a positive effect on the post-harvest quality of apple fruits. The fruits treated with the highest concentration of nano-chitosan and ferulic acid exhibited the highest fruit firmness, titratable acidity, vitamin C content, PAL enzyme activity, and the lowest pH compared to the control fruits. These results indicate that nano-chitosan and ferulic acid treatment can be proposed as a promising and healthy method for improving the post-harvest quality of apple fruits.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Acidity
  • PAL
  • Pre-Harvest
  • Totatl-acidity

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

  • Abbasi, N.A., Iqbal, Z., Maqbool, M., & Hafiz, I.A. (2009). Postharvest quality of mango (Mangifera indica ) fruit as affected by chitosan coating. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 41(1), 343-357.
  • Alves, M.M., Gonçalves, M.P., & Rocha, C.M. (2017). Effect of ferulic acid on the performance of soy protein isolate-based edible coatings applied to fresh-cut apples. Food Science and Technology, 80, 409-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.03.013
  • Aranzana, M.J., Abbassi, E.K., Howad, W., & Arús, P. (2010). Genetic variation, population structure and linkage disequilibrium in peach commercial varieties. BMC Genetics, 11, 1-11. https://doi.org/1186/1471-2156-11-69
  • Baswal, A.K., Dhaliwal, H.S., Singh, Z., Mahajan, B.V.C., Kalia, A., & Gill, K.S. (2020). Influence of carboxy methylcellulose, chitosan and beeswax coatings on cold storage life and quality of Kinnow mandarin fruit. Scientia Horticulturae, 260, 108-887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108887
  • Beaudoin-Eagan, L.D. & Thorpe, T.A. (1985). Tyrosine and phenylalanine ammonialyase activities during shoot initiation in tobacco callus cultures. Plant Physiology, 78(3), 438-441. https://doi.org/10.1104
  • Bellincontro, A., De Santis, D., Botondi, R., Villa, I., & Mencarelli, F. (2004). Different postharvest dehydration rates affect quality characteristics and volatile compounds of Malvasia, Trebbiano and Sangiovese grapes for wine production. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 84(13), 1791-1800. https://doi.org/1002/JSFA.1889
  • Chitarra, M.I.F., & Chitarra, A.B. (2005). Post-harvest of fruits and vegetables, Physiology and Handling. 2nd Edition, FAEPE, Lavras, Lavras, 785 p.
  • Cosme Silva, G.M.C., Silva, W.B., Medeiros, D.B., Salvador, A.R., Cordeiro, M.H.M., da Silva, N.M., & Mizobutsi, G.P. (2017). The chitosan affects severely the carbon metabolism in mango (Mangifera indica cv. Palmer) fruit during storage. Food Chemistry237, 372-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.123
  • Dang, Q.F., Yan, J.Q., Li, Y., Cheng, X.J., Liu, C.S., & Chen, X.G. (2010). Chitosan acetate as an active coating material and its effects on the storing of Prunus avium Journal Food Science, 75(2), S125-S131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01483.x
  • Sahraei Khosh Gardesh, A.S.K., Badii, F., Hashemi, M., Ardakani, A.Y., Maftoonazad, N., & Gorji, A.M. (2016). Effect of nanochitosan based coating on climacteric behavior and postharvest shelf-life extension of apple cv. Golab Kohanz. Food Science and Technology, 70, 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.02.002
  • Shazly, S.M., Eisa A.M., Moatamed, A.M.H., & Kotb, H.R.M. (2013). Effect of some agrochemical pre harvest foliar application on yield and physiology molecular biology plants quality of Swelling peach trees. Alexander Journal of Agriculture Research, 58(3), 219-229.
  • Egan, H., Kirk, R.S., & Sawyer, R. (1981). Pearson’s chemical analysis of food 8th Edt. Churchill livingstone, medical division of longman group Ltd. Great Britain, 591.‏
  • Ferrochio, L., Cendoya, E., Farnochi, M.C., Massad, W., & Ramirez, M.L. (2013). Evaluation of ability of ferulic acid to control growth and fumonisin production of Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum on maize based media. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 167(2), 215-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.09.005
  • Ferruz, E., Atanasova-Pénichon, V., Bonnin-Verdal, M.N., Marchegay, G., Pinson-Gadais, L., Ducos, C., Lorán, S., Ariño, A., Barreau, C., & Richard-Forget, F. (2016). Effects of phenolic acids on the growth and production of T-2 and HT-2 toxins by Fusarium langsethiae and F. sporotrichioides. Molecules, 21(4), p.449. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21040449
  • Goutam, M., Dhaliwal, H.S., & Mahajan, B. (2010). Effect of pre-harvest calcium sprays on post-harvest life of winter guava (Psidium guajava). Journal of Food Science and Technology, 47, 501-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-010-0085-2
  • He, J., Ma, L., Wang, D., Zhang, M., & Zhou, H. (2019). Ferulic acid treatment reinforces the resistance of postharvest apple fruit during gray mold infection. Journal of Plant Pathology, 101, 503-511. https://doi.org/1007/s42161-018-00223-0
  • Hernandez-Munoz, P., Almenar, E., Del Valle, V., Velez, D., & Gavara, R. (2008). Effect of chitosan coating combined with postharvest calcium treatment on strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa) quality during refrigerated storage. Food Chemistry, 110(2), 428-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.020
  • Imran, A., Rafiullah, K., & Muhammad, A. (2000). Effect of added sugar at various concentration on the storage stability of guava pulp. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture16(1), 89-93.‏
  • Kelebek, H., Canbas, A., & Selli, S. (2008). Determination of phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of blood orange juices obtained from cvs. Moro and Sanguinello (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) grown in Turkey. Food Chemistry, 107(4), 1710-1716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.10.004
  • Kirmani, S.N., Wani, G.M., Wani, M.S., Ghani, M.Y., Abid, M., Muzamil, S., Raja, H., & Malik, A.R. (2013). Effect of preharvest application of calcium chloride (CaCl2), gibberlic acid (GA‌3) and napthelenic acetic acid (NAA) on storage of plum (Prunus salicina ), cv. Santa Rosa, under ambient storage conditions. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(9), 812-818. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR12.1708
  • Kittur, F.S., Saroja, N., & Tharanathan, R. (2001). Polysaccharide-based composite coating formulations for shelf-life extension of fresh banana and mango. European Food Research and Technology,213(4), 306-311.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s002170100363
  • Lillioja, S., Neal, A.L., Tapsell, L., & Jacobs Jr, D.R. (2013). Whole grains, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and hypertension: Links to the aleurone preferred over indigestible fiber. Biofactors, 39(3), 242-258. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1077
  • Li, H., & Yu, T. (2001). Effect of chitosan on incidence of brown rot, quality and physiological attributes of postharvest peach fruit. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture81(2), 269-274.‏
  • Ma, Z.C., Hong, Q., Wang, Y.G., Tan, H.L., Xiao, C.R., Liang, Q.D., Cai, S.H., & Gao, Y. (2010). Ferulic acid attenuates adhesion molecule expression in gamma-radiated human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 33(5), 752-758.
  • Magné, C., Saladin, G., & Clément, C. (2006). Transient effect of the herbicide flazasulfuron on carbohydrate physiology in Vitis vinifera Chemosphere, 62(4), 650-657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.04.119
  • Mathew, S., & Abraham, T.E. (2006). Bioconversions of ferulic acid, an hydroxycinnamic acid. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 32(3), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408410600709628
  • Navarrete, S., Alarcón, M., & Palomo, I. (2015). Aqueous extract of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and ferulic acid reduce the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in LPS-activated macrophages. Molecules, 20(8), 15319-15329. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200815319
  • Nia, A.E., Taghipour, S., & Siahmansour, S. (2021). Pre-harvest application of chitosan and postharvest Aloe vera gel coating enhances quality of table grape (Vitis vinifera cv.‘Yaghouti’) during postharvest period. Food Chemistry, 347, 129012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129012
  • Orzali, L., Forni, C.I.N.Z.I.A., & Riccioni, L. (2014). Effect of chitosan seed treatment as elicitor of resistance to Fusarium graminearum in wheat. Seed Science and Technology, 42(2), 132-149. https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2014.42.2.03
  • Paniagua, C., Posé, S., Morris, V.J., Kirby, A.R., Quesada, M.A., & Mercado, J.A. (2014). Fruit softening and pectin disassembly: An overview of nano structural pectin modifications assessed by atomic force microscopy. Annals of Botany, 114(6), 1375-1383. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu149
  • Reddy, M.B., Belkacemi, K., Corcuff, R., Castaigne, F., & Arul, J. (2000). Effect of pre-harvest chitosan sprays on post-harvest infection by Botrytis cinerea and quality of strawberry fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 20(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00108-3
  • Saavedra, G.M., Figueroa, N.E., Poblete, L.A., Cherian, S., & Figueroa, C.R. (2016). Effects of preharvest applications of methyl jasmonate and chitosan on postharvest decay, quality and chemical attributes of Fragaria chiloensis Food Chemistry, 190, 448-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.107
  • Sajid, M., Basit, A., Ullah, Z., Shah, S.T., Ullah, I., Mohamed, H.I., & Ullah, I. (2020). Chitosan-based foliar application modulated the yield and biochemical attributes of peach (Prunus persica) cv. Early Grand. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00405-w
  • Shiekh, R.A., Malik, M.A., Al-Thabaiti, S.A., & Shiekh, M.A. (2017). Chitosan as a novel edible coating for fresh fruits. Food Science and Technology Research, 19(2), 139–155.
  • Sofy, A.R., Dawoud, R.A., Sofy, M.R., Mohamed, H.I., Hmed, A.A., & El-Dougdoug, N.K. (2020). Improving regulation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and stress-related gene stimulation in cucumber mosaic cucumovirus-infected cucumber plants treated with glycine betaine, chitosan & combination. Molecules, 25(10), 2341. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102341
  • Srinivasa, P., Baskaran, R., Ramesh, M., Harish Prashanth, K., & Tharanathan, R. (2002). Storage studies of mango packed using biodegradable chitosan film. European Food Research and Technology, 215, 504-508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-002-0591-1
  • Vinayagam, R., Jayachandran, M., & Xu, B. (2016). Antidiabetic effects of simple phenolic acids: A comprehensive review. Phytotherapy Research, 30(2), 184-199. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5528
  • Wang, L.Z., Liu, L., Holmes, J., Kerry, J.F., & Kerry, J.P. (2007). Assessment of film‐forming potential and properties of protein and polysaccharide‐based biopolymer films. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 42(9), 1128-1138. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2006.01440.X
  • Wang, S.Y., & Gao, H. (2013). Effect of chitosan-based edible coating on antioxidants, antioxidant enzyme system, and postharvest fruit quality of strawberries (Fragaria x aranassa Duch.). LWT-Food Science and Technology, 52(2), 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2012.05.003
  • Wongmetha, O., & Ke, L.S. (2012). The quality maintenance and extending storage life of mango fruit after postharvest treatments. International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 6(9), 798-803.
  • Xing, Y., Yang, H., Guo, X., Bi, X., Liu, X., Xu, Q., Wang, Q., Li, W., Li, X., Shui, Y., & Chen, C. (2020). Effect of chitosan/Nano-TiO2 composite coatings on the postharvest quality and physicochemical characteristics of mango fruits. Scientia Horticulturae, 263, p.109135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109135
  • Xu, F., & Liu, S. (2017). Control of postharvest quality in blueberry fruit by combined 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and UV-C irradiation. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 10, 1695-1703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-017-1935-y
  • Yaman, Ö., & Bayoιndιrlι, L. (2002). Effects of an edible coating and cold storage on shelf-life and quality of cherries. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 35(2), 146-150.
  • Zagzog, O.A., Gad, M.M., & Hafez, N.K. (2017). Effect of nano-chitosan on vegetative growth, fruiting and resistance of malformation of mango. Trends in Horticultural Research, 67, 673-681. https://doi.org/10.3923/THR.2017.11.18
  • Zhang, C., Long, Y.H., Wang, Q.P., Li, J.H., Wu, X.M., & Li, M. (2019). The effect of pre harvest 28.6% chitosan composite film sprays for controlling the soft rot on kiwifruit. Horticultural Science, 46(4), 180-194. https://doi.org/10.17221/84/2018-HORTSCI
CAPTCHA Image