تغییرات برخی ویژگی‌های بیوشیمیایی برگ انگور بیدانه قرمز متأثر از تنش خشکی و کاربرد برخی کودهای آلی و شیمیایی

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• آسیه صفری ¹
• اکرم فاطمی ¹
• محسن سعیدی ²
• زهرا کلاه چی ³

¹ گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه

² گروه ژنتیک و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه

³ گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2021.61898.0

چکیده

انگور (Vitis vinifera) یکی از مهمترین محصولات باغی در دنیا و ایران به شمار می­رود. خشکسالی یکی از مهمترین عوامل محدود کننده رشد گیاه و تولیدات کشاورزی در سراسر جهان بخصوص در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک است. کاربرد کودهای آلی و شیمیایی به عنوان بهبود دهنده ویژگی­های خاک یکی از راهکارهای کاهش اثرات تنش خشکی می­باشد. به منظور بررسی اثر کاربرد کمپوست، بایوچار و سولفات پتاسیم بر وزن خشک برگ، محتوای رطوبت نسبی برگ، کلروفیل a،b، کل،کاروتنوئید و عناصر برگ انگور رقم بیدانه قرمز در شرایط بدون تنش خشکی (در حد ظرفیت زراعی) و تنش خشکی (40 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) پژوهشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار در سال1396 در دانشگاه رازی (کرمانشاه) انجام شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد وزن خشک برگ انگور برای تیمارهای کودی سولفات پتاسیم، کمپوست و بایوچار به ترتیب 7/3، 6/3 و 5/3 گرم به دست آمد. محتوی رطوبت نسبی، غلظت کلروفیل a وکارتنوئید برگ بین تیمارهای کودی اختلاف معنی­داری نداشت. افزایش نسبت کلروفیل a به b، 95/2، 30/3 و 02/7 درصد به ترتیب در تیمارهای بایوچار، سولفات پتاسیم و کمپوست در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد تغییر کرد. در شرایط تنش خشکی با کاربرد بایوچار در مقایسه با کمپوست و سولفات پتاسیم، غلظت فسفر، پتاسیم، منیزیم و مس برگ انگور به طور معنی‌داری بیشتر بوده در نتیجه نسبت کروفیل a به b و وزن خشک برگ انگور در مقایسه با شرایط بدون کاربرد کود بهبود یافت. براساس یافته­های این پژوهش برای کاهش اثرات منفی تنش خشکی بر ویژگی­های بیوشیمیایی و وزن خشک برگ انگور، کاربرد بایوچار سپس سولفات پتاسیم و کمپوست در گزینه­های بعد توصیه می­شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• بایوچار
• سولفات پتاسیم
• کمپوست
• کلروفیل
• کاروتنوئید

20.1001.1.20084730.1400.35.2.8.0

موضوعات

• میوه کاری

عنوان مقاله [English]

Some Biochemical Characteristic Changes of Grapevine ‘Bidane-Ghermez’ Influenced by Drought Stress using Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers

نویسندگان [English]

• Asiyeh Safari ¹
• Akram Fatemi ¹
• Mohsen Saeedi ²
• Zahra Kolahchi ³

¹ Department of Soil Science, Razi University, Kermanshah

² Department of Agronomy, Razi University, Kermanshah

³ Department of Soil Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan

چکیده [English]

Introduction: the lack of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions is one of the most important limiting factors of the growth of plants, especially fruit trees. Grapevines are one of the most important horticultural products in the world as well as in Iran. The water content of plant tissues, their growth, and the availability of different nutrients in the soil are significantly reduced under water stress conditions. Therefore, the successful production of the plant under water stress conditions depends on the management of plant nutrition. By application of organic and chemical fertilizers, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil can be improved. Besides, it can reduce the adverse effects of drought stress conditions.    
Materials and Methods: To evaluate the effect of compost, biochar, and potassium sulfate application on dry matter, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll a, b, total, and carotenoid contents, as well as the concentration of macro-and micronutrients of leaves of grapevines ‘Bidane-Ghermez’ under two drought stress conditions, this experiment, was conducted in the research greenhouse during 2017-2018. The experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and four replications. The first factor, without drought stress conditions (80% field capacity (FC)), and drought stress conditions (40% FC), and fertilizer treatments included potassium sulfate (1.25 g.kg^-1), compost (5 % w/w), and biochar (10% w/w).
  Results and Discussion: The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the interaction effect of drought stress ×fertilizers application was not significant for dry matter, and RWC (P>0.05). Also, the results of ANOVA indicated that the simple effect of drought stress conditions was not significant for dry matter but the simple effect of fertilizer application was significant for leaf dry matter (P<0.01). Without drought stress conditions, there were no significant differences in leaf dry matter between different fertilizer treatments. However, under drought stress conditions, the highest dry matter of grapevine leaves was observed in biochar, compost, and potassium sulfate, respectively. Also, there were no significant differences in leaf dry matter of grapevine between biochar treatment under drought stress conditions and all fertilizer treatments without drought stress conditions. The simple effect of drought stress conditions was significant for leaf dry matter (P<0.05). The results of ANOVA revealed that the interaction effect of drought stress ×fertilizer application was not significant for chlorophyll a, b, total, and carotenoid contents of grapevine leaves. However, the simple effects of drought stress conditions and fertilizer application were significant for chlorophyll a, b, total, and carotenoid contents of grapevine leaves (P<0.01). Relative water, chlorophyll a and carotenoid contents of grapevine leaves were not significantly different among fertilizers treatments. The increase of chlorophyll a/b ratio compared with control was changed in order biochar>potassium sulfate>compost. Moreover, the interaction effect of drought stress ×fertilizer application was significant for nitrogen (N), magnesium (Mg), ferrous (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) concentrations of grapevine leaves (P<0.01). The ANOVA indicated that the simple effects of drought stress conditions and fertilizer application had a significant effect (P<0.01) on macro- and micro-elements concentrations of grapevine leaves. By application of biochar, the concentration of P, K, Mg, and Cu of grapevine leaves significantly were higher than compost and potassium sulfate applications. This consequently resulted in higher chlorophyll a/b ratio and dry matter of grapevine leaves in biochar treatment for control under drought stress conditions.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the application of fertilizers reduced drought stress effects on biochemical characteristics and dry matter of grapevine leaves. According to the results, at first the application of biochar is recommended, then potassium sulfate and compost. Our previous results indicated that by application of compost, the available sodium (Na) of soil was increased 8.53 and 60.52 % for potassium sulfate and compost treatments compared to control, respectively. While, by application of biochar, the available Na of soil reduced 3.73 % in comparison with control. This finding is so important regarding the Na effects on soil structure, the toxicity of Na for plants as well as the interaction between Na and K. Considering K is a critical element to regulate the water content of plant tissue and reduces the hazards of water stress conditions, the higher concentration of Na prevents K uptake from the soil solution by plant.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Biochar
• Carotenoid
• Chlorophyll
• Compost
• Potassium sulfate

مراجع

1-       Abdulraheem Z., and Hadi R. 2017. Effect of some organic nutrients and NPK on growth properties and leaves content of some nutrients of grape transplants cv. Summer Royal. The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Science 48: 1169-1175.

2-       Agricultural statistical report. 2020. The statistics of area under cultivation, production, and yield of horticulture productions. (In Persian)

3-       Ahmadi A., and Siosemardeh A. 2005. Investigation on the physiological basis of grain yield and drought resistance in wheat: leaf photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and non-stomatal limitations. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 7(5): 807-811.

4-       Ali S., Rizwan M., Qayyum M.F., Ok Y.S., Ibrahim M., Riaz M., Arif M.S., Hafeez F., Al-Wabel M.I., and Shahzad A.N. 2017. Biochar soil amendment on alleviation of drought and salt stress in plants: a critical review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24: 12700-12712.

5-       Amini Z., and Haddad R. 2014. Role of ohotosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes against oxidative stress. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Research (Iranian Journal of Biology) 26(3): 251-265. (In Persian with English abstract)

6-       Aran M., Abedi B., Tehranifar A., and Parsa M. 2017. Effects of drought stress and rewatering on some morphological and physiological properties of three grapevine cultivars. Journal of Horticultural Sciences 31(2). 315-326. (In Persian with English abstract)

7-       Aravind P., and Prasad M.N.V. 2004. Zinc protects chloroplasts and associated photochemical functions in cadmium exposed Ceratophyllum demersum L. a freshwater macrophyte. Plant Science 166 (5): 1321-1327.

8-       Atkinson C.J., Fitzgerald J.D., and Hipps N.A. 2010. Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils: a review. Plant and Soil, 337(1-2): 1-18.

9-       Azizi H., Hassani A., Abbaspour N., Rasouli Sadaghiani M., Doulati Baneh H. 2017. Effect of foliar application of potassium silicate and zinc sulphate on some physiological parameters of two grapevine cultivars under salt stress conditions Iranian Journal of Horticultural Sciences (Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences) 47: 797-810 (In Persian with English abstract)

10-   Barker A.V., and Pilbeam D.J. 2015. Handbook of Plant Nutrition. CRC press. 773.

11-   Baronti S., Vaccari F.P., Miglietta F., Calzolari C., Lugato E., Orlandini S., Pini R, Zulian C., and Genesio L. 2014. Impact of biochar application on plant water relations in Vitis vinifera (L.) European Journal of Agronomy 53:38–44.

12-   Biederman L.A., and Harpole W.S. 2013. Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta‐analysis. GCB Bioenergy 5(2): 202-214.

13-   Cakmak I. 2002. Plant nutrition research: Priorities to meet human needs for food in sustainable ways. In Progress in Plant Nutrition: Plenary Lectures of the XIV International Plant Nutrition Colloquium 3-24.

14-   Conesa M.R., de la Rosa J.M., Domingo R., Bañon S. and Pérez-Pastor A. 2016. Changes induced by drought stress on water relations, stomatal behaviour and morphology of table grapes (cv. Crimson Seedless) grown in pots. Scientia Horticulturae 202: 9-16.

15-   Everitt J.H., Richardson A.J., and Gausman H.W. 1985. Leaf reflectance–nitrogen- chlorophyll relations in buffelgrass. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 51(4): 463-466.

16-   Ewulo B.S. 2005. Effect of poultry dung and cattle manure on chemical properties of clay and sandy clay loam soil. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 4(10): 839-841.

17-   FAO. 2020. Production statistics crops processed. knoema.com.

18-   Fuertes A.B., Arbestain M.C., Sevilla M., Macia J.A., Fiol S., Lopez R., Smernik R.J., Aitkenhead W.P., Arce F., and Macìas, F. 2010. Chemical and structural properties of carbonaceous products obtained by pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonisation of corn stover. Soil Research 48(7): 618-626.

19-   Genesio L., Miglietta F., Baronti S., and Vaccari F.P. 2015. Biochar increases vineyard productivity without affecting grape quality: Results from a four years field experiment in Tuscany. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 201: 20-25.

20-   Ghaderi N., Talaei A., Ebadi A., and Lesani H. 2010. Study of some physiological characteristics in'Sahani','Bidane-sefid'and'Farkhii'grapes during drought stress and their subsequent recovery. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science 41(2): 179-188. (In Persian with English abstract)

21-   Ghaserldashti A., Balochi H.R., Iadoi A.R., and Ghobadi M. 2014. The effect of application of different levels of municipal waste compost and nitrogen fertilizer on the concentration of some elements of sweet corn seeds and (Zea mays L. saccharata) soil characteristics in Marvdasht conditions. Journal of Agricultural Ecology 6(1): 118-129.

22-   Ghosh P.K., Ramesh P., Bandyopadhay K. K., Tripathi A.K., Hati K. M., and Misra A. K. 2004. Comparative effectiveness of cattle manure, poultry manure, phosphocompost and fertilizer-NPK on three cropping systems in vertisols of semi-arid tropics. I. Crop yields and systems in performance. Bioresource Technology 95: 77-83.

23-   Hasani A. 2003. The effects of moisture stress and salinity of sodium chloride on some morphological and physiological characteristics of basil. Tarbiat Modarres University. (In Persian)

24-   Havaux M .1998. Carotenoids as membrane stabilizers in chloroplasts Trends Plant Sci. 3:147-151.

25-   Jackson R.S. 2008. Wine science: principles and applications. Academic press.

26-   Jalili Marandi R. 2010. Tiny fruits. Iranian Students Booking Agency, unit of Urmia, 297 pp. (In Persian)

27-   Jeffery S., Verheijen F.G., Bastos A.C., and Velde M. 2014. A comment on ‘Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta‐analysis': on the importance of accurate reporting in supporting a fast‐moving research field with policy implications. GCB Bioenergy 6(3): 176-179.

28-   Joseph S., Graber E.R., Chia C., Munroe P., Donne S., Thomas T., Nielsen S., Marjo C., Rutlidge H., Pan G.X., and Li L. 2013. Shifting paradigms: development of high-efficiency biochar fertilizers based on nano-structures and soluble components. Carbon Management 4(3): 323-343.

29-   Kammann C.I., Linsel S., Gößling J.W., and Koyro H.W. 2011. Influence of biochar on drought tolerance of Chenopodium quinoa Willd and on soil–plant relations. Plant and Soil 345(1-2): 195-210.

30-   Kaur T., Brar B.S., and Dhillon N.S. 2008. Soil organic matter dynamics as affected by long-term use of organic and inorganic fertilizers under maize–wheat cropping system. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 81(1): 59-69.

31-   Lawlor D.W., and Cornic G. 2002. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and associated metabolism in relation to water deficits in higher plant. Plant, Cell and Environment 25: 275-294.

32-   Minazadeh R., Karimi R., Mohammadparast B. 2018. The effect of foliar nutrition of potassium sulfate on morpho-physiological indices of grapevine under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology 10:83-106. (In Persian with English abstract)

33-   Moayedinezhad A., Mohammadparast B., Hosseini Salekdeh G., Nejatian M.A., and Mohseni Fard E. 2019. Effect of drought stress on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of two grapevine cultivars. Journal of Plant Process and Function 8: 377-390. (In Persian with English abstract)

34-   Navabpour S., Ramezanpour S.S., and Mazandarani A. 2016. Evaluation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense mechanism in response to drought stress during growth stage in soybean Plant Products Technology (Agricultural Research) 15: 39-54. (In Persian with English abstract)

35-   Nourzad S., Ahmadian A., Moghaddam M., Daneshfar E. 2014. Effect of drought stress on yield, yield components and essential oil in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) treated with organic and inorganic fertilizers Journal of Crops Improvement (Journal of Agriculture) 16: 289-302. (In Persian with English abstract)

36-   Porra R.J. 2002. The chequered history of the development and use of simultaneous equations for the accurate determination of chlorophylls a and b. Photosynthesis Research 73(1-3): 149-156.

37-   Pushpavathi Y., Satisha J., Satisha G.C., and Reddy M.L. 2021. Influence of potassium fertilization on yield, petiole and soil nutrient status of table grape cv. Sharad seedless. Journal of Plant Nutrition 1-11. doi:10.1080/01904167.2021.1889595.

38-   Prochazkova D., Sairam R.K., Srivastava G.C., and Singh D.V. 2001.Oxidative stress and antioxidant activity as the basis of senescence in maize leaves. Plant Science 161(4): 765–771.

39-   Rascio A., Russo M., Mazzucco L., Platani C., Nicastro G., and Di Fonzo N. 2001. Enhanced osmotolerance of a wheat mutant selected for potassium accumulation. Plant Science 160(3): 441-448.

40-   Rodrigo-Moreno A., Andres-Colas N., Poschenrieder C., Gunse B., Penarrubia L and Shabala S. 2013. Calcium- and potassium-permeable plasma membrane transporters are activated by copper in Arabidopsis root tips: linking copper transport with cytosolic hydroxyl radical production. Plant, Cell and Environment 36(4): 844-855.

41-   Roosta H.R., Estaji A., and Niknam F. 2018. Effect of ferrous, zinc and manganese shortage-induced change on photosynthetic pigments, some osmoregulators and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in lettuce. Photosynthetica 56(2): 606-615.

42-   Sadeghi A.A., Bakhsh Kelarestaghi K., Hajmohammadnia Ghalibaf K. 2014. The effects of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of marshmallow (Altheae officinalis L.). Journal of Agroecology 6(1): 42-50. (In Persian with English abstract)

43-   Safari A., Fatemi A., Saiedi M., and Kolahchi Z. 2020. Effect of fertilizer management systems and water stress conditions on nutritional status of grapes (a greenhouse study). Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production 10(1): 119-136. (In Persian with English abstract)

44-   Sala F., and Blidariu C. 2012. Macro- and micronutrient content in grapevine cordons under the influence of organic and mineral fertilization. Bulletin UASVM Horticulture 69(1): 317-324.

45-   Sekabira K., Oryemndash H., Mutumba G., Kakudidi E., and Basamba T.A. 2011. Heavy metal phytoremediation by Commelina benghalensis (L) and Cynodon dactylon (L) growing in urban stream sediments. International Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 3(8): 133-142.

46-   Shams H., Naghdi Badi H., Omidi H., Rezazadeh S., Sorooshzadeh A., and Sahandi M. 2009. Quantitative and qualitative changes of borage influenced by foliar spray of calcium nitrate. Journal of Medicinal Plants 4: 138-144. (In Persian with English abstract)

47-   Siosemardeh A., Ahmadi A., Poustini K., and Ebrahimzadeh H. 2003. Stomatal and nonstomatal limitations to photosynthesis and their relationship with drought resistance in wheat cultivars. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science 34:93-106. (In Persian)

48-   Soukhtesaraee R., Ebadi A., Salami S.A, and Lesani H. 2017. Evaluation of oxidative parameters in three grapevine cultivars under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science 48: 85-98.(In Persian with English abstract)

49-   Spoor W. 2001. Domestication of plants in the Old World. 316 pp. New York: Oxford University Press.

50-   Sun X.P., Yan H.L., Kang X.Y., and Ma F.W. 2013. Growth, gas exchange, and water-use efficiency response of two young apple cultivars to drought stress in two scion-one rootstock grafting system. Photosynthetica 51(3): 404-410.

51-   Vaccari F.P., Maienza A., Miglietta F., Baronti S., Di Lonardo S., Giagnoni L., Lagomarsino A., Pozzi A., Pusceddu E., Ranieri R., and Valboa G. 2015. Biochar stimulates plant growth but not fruit yield of processing tomato in a fertile soil. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 207: 163-170.

52-   Vinceković M., Maslov Bandić L., Jurić S., Jalšenjak N., Čaić A., Živičnjak I., Đermić E., Karoglan M., Osrečak M., and Topolovec-Pintarić S. 2019. The enhancement of bioactive potential in Vitis vinifera leaves by application of microspheres loaded with biological and chemical agents. Journal of Plant Nutrition 42: 543-558.

53-   Waraich E. A., Ahmad R., and Ashraf M. Y. 2011. Role of mineral nutrition in alleviation of drought stress in plants. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5(6): 764–777.

54-   Weatherely P.E. 1950. Studies in water relation on cotton plants, the field measurement of water deficit in leaves. New Phytologist 49: 81- 87.

55-   Wilhelm M., Eberwein G., Holzer J., Gladtke D., Angerer J., Marczynski B., Behrendt H.H., Ring J., Sugiri D., and Ranft U. 2007. Influence of industrial sources on children’s health-hot spot studies in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 210(5): 591- 599.