نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسنده

پژوهشکده میوه‌های معتدله و سردسیری، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

زرشک از گیاهان بومی ایران و متحمل به تنش­های محیطی بخصوص خشکی است. تنوع ژنتیکی 25 ژنوتیپ زرشک وحشی در دامنه­های شمالی استان­های تهران و البرز با استفاده از خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. 32 صفت کمّی و کیفی مورفولوژیکی و باغبانی بر اساس دستورالعمل UPOV (TG 68/3) ارزیابی شدند که از این تعداد 11 صفت کمی قابل اندازه­گیری شامل‌ طول و عرض برگ، طول و عرض میوه، طول دمگل، تعداد حبه در خوشه، طول خار، ویتامین ث، TA (Titratable Acidity) و TSS (Total Soluble Solid) مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. برای تعیین فاصله ژنتیکی بین ژنوتیپ­ها از روش‌های آماری چند متغیره شامل تجزیه به عامل­ها، تجزیه خوشه­ای و ضرایب همبستگی بین صفات استفاده شد. نتایج تجزیه واریانس اختلاف معنی‌داری را بین ژنوتیپ‌ها برای تمام صفات کمّی مورد ارزیابی نشان داد. تعداد حبه در خوشه با 55/45 ، طول خار با 67/28 و اسید قابل تیتراسیون با 58/26 درصد بیشترین دامنه تغییرات را داشتند. ژنوتیپ­های وحشی زرشک با دارا بودن حداقل میزان 7/4 میلی­گرم ویتامین ث در صد گرم میوه تازه (ژنوتیپ آسارا یک) و بیشترین مقدار ویتامین ث 57/10 (طالقان 4) و 63/9 (چالوس 8) و 4/9 (طالقان 8) در مقایسه با میوه های معتدله مانند سیب، انگور، گیلاس و هلو قابل توجه هستند. طبق تجزیه خوشه­ای ژنوتیپ‌های زرشک وحشی به پنج گروه اصلی و ده زیر گروه و یک ژنوتیپ مستقل (چالوس 9) تقسیم شدند. در اکثر موارد ژنوتیپ‌ها با موقعیت اقلیمی یکسان رویشی در یک گروه قرار گرفتند. ژنوتیپ­های گروه یک بالاترین طول و عرض میوه، طول و عرض برگ و طول خار را داشتند. در این میان ژنوتیپ­های چالوس 8 و طالقان 8 با دارا بودن مقدار بالای ویتامین ث، در یک زیر گروه قرار گرفتند. ژنوتیپ­های طالقان4، چالوس 8 و  طالقان 8 با بیشترین میزان ویتامین ث قابل اهمیت در برنامه‌های اصلاحی هستند. تنوع مشاهده شده در بین ژنوتیپ­های زرشک وحشی زمینه مناسبی برای برنامه‌های اصلاحی و انتقال صفات مطلوب می­باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of Genetic Diversity of Some Wild Barberry Genotypes (Berberis spp.) in Alborz and Tehran Provinces Using Morpho-pomological Markers

نویسنده [English]

  • Mohyedin Pirkhezri

Temperate Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
 Barberry is one of the native plants of Iran and tolerates environmental stresses, especially drought. This species can play a special role in the future development of horticulture in Iran. This species is drought tolerant and can be used in the development of rain-fed gardens. The Barberry family contains 15 genera and 650 species, most of which are distributed in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The most important genus in the barberry family is Berberis. This genus has 500 species, some of which, including Zalzalaki, Zarafshani, Khorasani, Rastkhoshe, common and Japanese barberry, exist in Iran (i.e., Berberis vulgaris, B. orthobotrys, B. crataegina, B. integerrima, and B. khorasanica, respectively). This plant is widely distributed in Iran. Various wild species of barberry are distributed in the southern and northern slopes of Alborz from Firoozkooh, Taleghaneh, Miyaneh to Amarlu of Gilan. This genus grows on large areas of the Zagros at an altitude of 1000 to 2500 meters above sea level. Iran is the largest producer of seedless barberry in the world with a cultivated area of ​​18341 hectares and production of 21181 tons of dried barberry. This species can play a special role in the future development of horticulture in the country and reduce the pressure on water resources, especially in rain-fed horticulture.
Materials and Methods
 In this study, 25 genotypes were evaluated from three regions: west of Alborz province (Taleghan region), north of Alborz province (Chalus road and Khuzenkola, Arangeh, Asara to Dizin heights) and northeast of Tehran (Lavasanat). Morphological evaluation was performed according to UPOV instruction (TG 68/3). 32 quantitative and qualitative morphological and horticultural traits were evaluated according to UPOV (TG 3.68). Of which, 11 quantifiable traits including leaf length and width, fruit length and width, pedicel length, Berries per raceme, cluster length, spines length, vitamin C, TA (Titratable Acidity) and TSS (Total Soluble Solid) were analyzed.
Results and Discussion
 The results of analysis of variance showed significant differences between genotypes for all quantative traits evaluated at the level of 1% and for the number of berries per cluster at the level of 5%. The high coefficient of variation indicates high variability for the desired trait, which allows the breeder to have more choices for selecting desired genotypes. The number of fruits per cluster with 45.55, spines length with 28.67 and titratable acid with 26.58 percent malic acid, had the highest range of changes. Qualitative traits included Foliage secondary color, Leaf curvature and Leaf margin, Leaf glossiness, Color of lower side, Fruit tip, Fruit waxiness, Foliage persistence, and Shoot color in spring among the genotypes were uniform and without variance. The lowest coefficient of variation among quantitative traits was related to Brix (7. a16 percent) and fruit length (13.14 percent). The highest number of fruits was belonged to Lavasan genotype (AD8) giving an average of 25 fruits per cluster, which was substantially different from other genotypes. The highest and lowest fruit length and width are related to Taleghan 5 (11.59 mm) and Chalus 7 (3.26 mm) genotypes, respectively. In a study, the average length and width of barberry fruit were 7.69 and 3.32 mm, respectively. Vitamin C is one of the nutritional values of fruits and has direct effects on human health. Wild barberry genotypes possessing the least vitamin C content (4.7 mg/per 100 gram) of fresh fruit (Asara I genotype) and also the fruits containing the highest values (i.e., 10.57 (Taleghan 4), 9.63 (Chalous 8) and 9.4 (Taleghan 8)) yielded more than even temperate fruits such as stone and pome fruits (The mean amount of vitamin C in apples, grapes and black cherries is 4.6, 4, 10 mg/100 g FW, respectively). This value in strawberries as an indicator plant is reported between 10 and 100 and an average of 58.8 and the value for lemons is 53 mg/100 g FW. Khayat and Mahmoud Abadi (2010) reported the amount of vitamin C in seedless barberry treated by fertilizers varied from 4 to 9 mg  per 100 g of fresh fruit.
The highest values of total soluble solids or Brix˚ were related to Chalus 8 genotypes with value of 24.83% and Chalus 1 with value of 23.23% and the lowest amount was related to Asara 2 genotype with 18.1%. Khayat and Mahmoud Abadi (2010) reported the total soluble solids ranged between 18.3 to 33.06 percent in seedless barberry, which is much higher than our experiment. The highest titratable acidity were observed in Taleghan 4, Taleghan 8 and Taleghan 2 genotypes, with 2.66, 2.65 and 2.41 mg/ml malic acid respectively, and the lowest titratable acid was observed in Chalus 9 genotype with 1.12 mg/ml malic acid. This value has been reported in domestic barberry is between 1.07 and 2.95. The highest mean leaf lengths were observed in Chalus cultivars 3 and 5. Among the genotypes, Taleghan 7 has the longest Pedicel length.
Conclusion
The selected genotypes for breeding programs were the Oshan (AD8) genotypes with an average of 25 fruits per cluster. Regarding vitamin C content the prominent genotypes were the Taleghan 4 (10.57), Chalus 8 (9.63) and Taleghan 8 (9.4) mg/100 g F.W. The highest genotypes for total soluble solids were Chalus 8 genotypes with 24.83 and Chalus 1 with 23.23 percent.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Barberry
  • Cluster analysis
  • Genetic distance
  • Vitamin C
Ahmadi K., Ebadzadeh H.R., Hatami F., Hossinpoor and R. Abdshah H. 2019.  Agriculture Statistics of Iran- third dimension-Horticultur crops. (In Persian)
2- Ahmed M., Anjum M.A., Naz R. M.M., Khan M.R., and Hussain S. 2013. Characterization of indigenous barberry germplasm in Pakistan: variability in morphological characteristics and nutritional composition, Fruits 68: 409-422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2013085.
3- Akbulut M., Çalis S., Marakoglu T., and Çoklar H. 2009. Some physico-mechanical and nutritional properties of  Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.), Journal of  Food Process Engineering 32: 497-511. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4530.2007.00229.x.
4- Alizadeh Sh., and Hassanpour H. 2017. Evaluation of fruit morphological properties of some wild barberry (Berberis spp.) genotypes in West Azerbaijan, Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science 48: 27-37.
5- Anderson G.J., Bernardello G., Stuessy, T.F., and Crawford D.J. 2001. Breeding system and pollination of selected plants endemic to Juan Fernandez Islands. American Journal of Botany 88: 220-233. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657013.
6- A.O.A.C. 2002. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in vitamin preparations and juices: 2, 6 dichloroindophenol titrimetric method final action. In W. Horwitz (Ed.), Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 17th ed. Gaithersburg, MD: Association of Official Analytical Chemists Official Method 967, 21.
7- Blumenthal M. 1998. The complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines, Austin: American Botanical Council.
8- Bottini M.C.J., De Bustos A., Jouve N., and Poggio L. 2002. AFLP characterization of natural populations of Berberis (Berberidaceae) in Patagonia, Argentina, Plant Systematic and Evolution Journal 133-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s006060200015.
9- Bottini M.C.J., Greizerstein E J., Aulicino M.B., and Poggio L. 2000. Relationships among genome size, environmental conditions and geographical distributions in natural populations of NW patagonian species of Berberis, Annals of Botany 86(3): 565-573. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1218.
10- Cadic A. 1992. Breeding for ever-red barberries (Berberis spp.), Acta Horticulturae 320: 85-90.
https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.320.1
1
11- Duke J.A. 2002. Hand book of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition Boca Raton, FL: CR cpress, 899.
12- Eftekhari A., Hasandokht M.R., Fatahi moghaddam M.R., and Kashi K. 2010. Genetic diversity of Iranian spinach genotypes (Spinacia oleracea L.) using morphological traits. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science 83-93. (In Persian with English abstract)
13- Farhadi-Chitgar M., and Shahidi F. 2014. Evaluation of physical and chemical properties of three Iranian native barberries, Journal of Food Research 24: 63-76. (In Persian with English abstract)
14- Fenech M., Amaya I., Valpuesta V., and Botella M.A. 2019. Vitamin C Content in Fruits: Biosynthesis and Regulation. Review, Frontiers in Plant Science 9: 1-21. http:// doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.02006.  
15- Heidary S., Marashi H., Farsi M., and Mirshamsi-Kakhki A. 2009. Assessment of variation in wild and cultivated Berberis populations of Khorasan provinces using morphological markers and comparing to data resulted from AFLP markers, Journal of Iranian Agronomic Investigations 7: 401–410. (In Persian with English abstract)
16- Kafi M., and Balandary A. 2002. Berberis: Production and Processing, Zaban va adab Press Iran, p. 1-209. (In Persian with English abstract)
17- Kim Y.D., and Jansen R.K. 1994. Characterization and phylogenetic distribution of a chloroplast DNA rearrangement in the Berberidaceae, Plant Systematic and Evolution 193: 107-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00983544.
18- Khayyat M., and Mahmudabadi M. 2010. Effect of Mangenez, boron, potassium and zinc sprays on yield and fruit quality of barberry. First international barberry and jujube congress Birjand, Iran. (In Persian with English abstract)
19- Kremer D., Grubesic R., Popovic Z., and Karlovic K. 2012. Fruit and seed traits of Berberis croatica Horvat and Berberis vulgaris L., Acta Botanica Croatica 7(1): 115-123. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10184-010-0028-z.
20- Mezzetti B., Balducci F., Capocasa F., Zhong C.F., Cappelletti R., Di Vittori L., Mazzoni L., Giampieri F., and Battino M. 2016. Breeding strawberry for higher phytochemicals content and claim it: is it possible, Int. Journal Fruit Science 16: 194–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2016.1250695.
21- Naghavi M., Gharehyazi B., and Hoseini Salkadeh Gh. 2007. Molecular Markers. Tehran University Publishment, Tehran. (In Persian with English abstract)
22- Peterson Jr P.D. 2003. The common barberry: the past and present situation in Minnesota and the risk of wheat stem rust epidemics USA. (Ph.D. thesis).
23- Rezaei M., Ebadi A., Reim S., Fatahi R., Balandary A., Farrokhi N., and Magda Viola H. 2011. Molecular analysis of Iranian seedless barberries via SSR, Scientia Horticulturae 129: 702-709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.05.021.
24- Rezaei M., Sarkhosh A., and Balandari A. 2020. Characterization of Valuable Indigenous Barberry (Berberis sp.) Germplasm by Using Multivariate Analysis, International Journal of Fruit Science 20(1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2018.1555508.
25- Sun X., Zhang X., and Hu H. 2009. Berberine  inhibits  hepatic  stellate cell  proliferation and  prevents experimental liver fibrosis, Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 32(9): 1533–1537. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.32.1533.
26- Tahan Z., and Danaee H. 2012. Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Marketing of Exports, Case Study of Barberry, Commercial Reviews 55(4): 72-87. (In Persian)
27- Talebi S., Alizadh M., Ramezanpour S.S., and Ghasemnejad A .2020. Study of morphological characteristics of different Berberis spp. genotypes in northeast of Iran, Journal of Plant Production 27(1): 75–91. DOI: 10.22069/JOPP.2020.15524.2396.
28- Yildiz H., Ercisli S., Sengul M., Topdas E.F., Beyhan O., Cakir O., Narmanlioglu H.K., and Orhan E. 2014. Some physicochemical characteristics, bioactive content and antioxidant characteristics of non-sprayed barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) fruits from Turkey. Erwerbs -Obstbau 56: 123 -129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-014-0216-4.
29- Yilmaz K.U., Zengin Y., Ercisli S., Orhan E., Yalcinkaya E., Taner O., and Erdogan A. 2009. Biodiversity, exositu conservation and characterization of Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) genotypes in Turkey. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equipment 23(1): 1143-1149.
30- Yin J., Xing H., and Ye J. 2008.  Efficacy of berberine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 57(5): 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2008.01.013.   
 
CAPTCHA Image