Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, International Branch

2 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

3 Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Province Fars

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of medicinal plant storage is to preserve qualitative and quantitative properties of active substance. Carum copticum fruits (Zenyan in Persian) were used for its therapeutic effects. Seed storage condition after harvest till to extraction time is not suitable in our country and the major part of seed quality deteriorates during the storage period. So, the loss of seed qualitative and quantitative characteristics will increase during unsuitable storage condition. Appropriate storage conditions and management preserve seed active substance, seed viability and vigor for long periods by reducing the rate of seed deterioration. Optimal seed storage can be achieved by modifying the environment around the seeds. Numerous storage systems have evolved over the years for post harvest preservation of crop seeds. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of various storage conditions and storage time on essential oil percentage and germination factors in C. copticum seeds during the storage period. The results of this research will be used for optimum storage of these seeds to better preserve their quality.
Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effects of storage conditions (packaging materials and temperature) and storage time on quality of C. copticum stored seeds, a split-plot factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications is performed in Faculty of Agriculture at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2013 and 2014.Tukey's range test was performed to determine the significant difference between treatments. The calculations were conducted by JMP 8 software. Temperature) at two levels: 20±3°C and 30±3°C( as main plots and packaging materials (at six levels: paper, polyethylene, aluminum foil under vacuum condition, Polyethylene-polyamide packages under vacuum condition, Polyethylene-polyamide packages with a gas composition of [98%N2 + 2%O2] and [90%N2 +10%O2] ) and storage periods (at four levels: 0, 3, 6 and 9 months) as sub plots were considered. Seed samples were taken randomly from each package at four times period. Essential oil percentage, seed weight, gas composition in packages with modified atmosphere and seed germination factors (seed germination percentage (SGP), germination rate (GR), mean germination time (MGT), and germination Index (GI)) were evaluated during this nine months Storage.
Results and Discussion: The highest weight loss was 2/43% in the paper bags stored at 30°C at the fourth to sixth months especially in the fifth month. Aluminum foil package under vacuum condition stored at 30°C had the lowest weight and minimum weight changes during nine months of storage, so it was the best packages compared to others. The results show that Polyethylene-polyamide packages and Aluminum foil packages under vacuum condition are almost impermeable to air and moisture. Increasing weight at 20°C may be due to accumulation of water vapor from the respiration during early period of storage. Seed germination test provides an indication about seedling vigor as well as performance of seed in the field. In most cases, performance relates to the ability of seeds to germinate and produce a seedling that will emerge from the soil and development into a healthy vigorous plant. Packages with different combinations of gas (2% and 10% oxygen) at 30°C,aluminum foil under vacuum condition and Polyethylene-polyamide packages with a gas composition of [98%N2 + 2%O2] at 20°C were packages with higher germination percentage after nine months storage. Based on this results, it appears that packaging materials and storage temperature did not show any significant difference on essential oil percentage and further changes in the amount of oil related to duration of storage. Kumar et al. (2013) showed that the essential oil content and composition were affected by harvest time and storage conditions. Kazaz et al. (2009) investigated the effect of different storage temperatures (0◦C and 3◦C) and durations (7, 14, 21 and 28 days) on oil yield and essential oil components of oil rose (Rosa damascena Mill.). Their results showed that the effect of storage temperatures on oil content were not significant whereas the effect of storage duration was significant and it was similar to our results.
Conclusion: Essential oil percentage as the most important property of Carum copticum and germination percentage decreased significantly with increasing of storage period. Finally, results show that Polyethylene-polyamide packages with a gas composition of [98%N2 + 2%O2] and [90%N2 +10%O2] in 9 months storage time and 30±3°C storage temperature preserve qualitative properties better than other conditions. Whereas, aluminum foil package under vacuum condition and 20±3°C storage temperature are recommended for 6 month storage time.

Keywords

1- Ader F. 1978. Moisture content and storage conditions for pelleted vegetable and seed and their influence on germination and plant growth. Seed Science and Technology, 6(4):1033-1051.
2- Agha S. K., Malik Z. H., Hatam M., and Jamro G. H. 2004. Emergence of healthy seedlings of soybean as influenced by seed storage containers. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science, 7(1): 42-44.
3- Aghilian Sh., Khajeh-Hosseini M., and Anvarkhah S. 2014. Evaluation of seed storage potential in forty medicinal plant species. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 7 (10): 749-759.
4- Alizadeh M., and Isavand H. R. 2004. Evaluation and the study of germination potential, speed of germination and vigor index of the seeds of two species of medicinal plants (Eruca sativa Lam., Anthemis altissima L.) under cold room and dry storage condition. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 20(3):301-307.
5- Abdullah T.L., Ahmed S.H., and Rejab N.A. 1993.Determination of floral stage and packaging method for prolonged storage of Jasminum multiflorum. Acta Horticulturae, 331: 325-329.
6- Atkin O.K., and Tjoelker M.G. 2003. Thermal acclimation and the dynamic response of plant respiration to temperature. Trends in Plant Science, 8(7):343-351.
7- Barua H., Rahman M.M., and Masud M.M. 2009. Effect of storage containers environment at different storage period on the quality of chilli seeds. International Journal Sustain Crop Production, 4(4):28–32.
8- Ellis R. H., and Roberts E. H. 1981. The quantification of ageing and survival in orthodox seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 9: 377-409.
9- Exama A., Arul J., Lencki R., and Li Z. 1993. Suitability of various plastic films for modified atmosphere packaging of fruits and vegetables: gas transfer properties and effect of temperature fluctuation. Acta Horticulturae, 343: 175-180.
10- Fleurat-Lessard F., Just D., Barrieu T.P., LeTorch J.M., Raymond P., and Saglio P. 1994. Effect of modified atmosphere storage on wheat seed germination vigour and on physiological criteria of the ageing process. Proceedings of the 6th International Working Conference on Stored- Product Protection, 2:695-700.
11- Ghoreyshi Gh.R., and Nakhchyan H. 2003. Controlled atmosphere storage of fruits and vegetables (Translation). Teyhu, 284 p.
12- Hartman H. T., Kester D.E., and Davis F. 1990. Plant Propagation, Principle and Practices. Prentice Hall International Editions, 647pp.
13- Hartmann H.T., and Kester D.E. 1993. Principle and practices of plant propagation and storage.4th Ed. New Jersey, Prentice Hall Press, 928 p.
14- Husnu K. 1997. Industrial Utilization of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Acta Horticulturae, 503:177-192.
15- Jacxsens L., Devlieghere F., Rudder T.D., and Debevere J. 2000. Designing equilibrium modified atmosphere packages for fresh-cut vegetables subjected to changes in temperature. LWT- Food Science and Technology, 33(3): 178-187.
16- Kazaz S., Erbas S., and Baydar H. 2009. The effects of storage temperature and duration on Essential oil content and composition oil Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.). Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 14(2): 89–96.
17- Khalequzzaman K.M., Rashid M.M., Hasan M.A., and Reza M.A. 2012. Effect of Storage Containers and Storage Periods on The Seed Quality of French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 37(2):195-205.
18- Lopez-Briones G., Varoquaux P., Bureau G., and Pascat B. 1993. Modified atmosphere packaging of common mushroom. Food Science and Technology, 28(1): 57-68.
19- Maguire J. D. 1962. Speed of germination in selection and evaluation for seedling vigor. Crop Science, 2: 176-177.
20- Martinazzo A.P., Melo E. C., Barbosa L. C. de A., Soares N. de F. F., Rocha R. P., Randuz L. L., and Randuz R. P. 2009. Quality parameters of Cymbopogon citratus leaves during ambient storage. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 25(4): 543‐547.
21- Matthews S., and Khajeh-Hosseini M. 2006. Mean germination time as an indicator of emergence performance in soil of seed lots of maize (Zea mays). Seed science and technology, 34: 339-347.
22- Matthews S., and Khajeh-Hosseini M. 2007. Length of lag period of germination and metabolic repair explain vigour differences in seed lots of maize (Zea mays). Seed science and technology, 35: 200-212.
23- Monira U.S., Amin M. H. A., Aktar M. M., and Mamun M.A.A. 2012. Effect of Containers on Seed Quality of Storage Soybean Seed. Bangladesh Research Publications Journal, 7(4): 421-427.
24- Nagalakshmi S., Shankaracharya N.B., Naik J.P., and Rao L.J.M. 2000. Studies on chemical and technological aspects of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) seeds. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 37(3): 277-281.
25- Oladiran J.A., and Agunbiade S. A. 2000.Germination and seedling development from pepper (Capsicum annum L.) seeds following storage in different packaging materials. Seed Science Technology, 28(2):413-419.
26- Oskouei B., Divsalar M., Yari L., and Zare'ian AS. 2013. Effects of different kinds of packaging on seed vigor stored canola varieties in Qom province. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 2(1): 65-72.
27- Owolade O. F., Olasoji J. O., and Afolabi C. G. 2011. Effect of storage temperature and packaging materialson seed germination and seed-borne fungi of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) in South West Nigeria. African Journal of Plant Science 5(15): 873-877.
28- Paakkonen K., Malmsten T., and Hyvonen L. 1989. Effects of Drying Method, Packaging, and Storage Temperature and Time on the Quality of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Journal of Food Science, 54(6): 1485- 1787.
29- Paine A.F., and Paine Y.H. 1992. Modified atmosphere packaging. Hand book of Food Packaging‚ Chapman & Hall‚ 242-246.
30- Raghavan B., Rao L., Singh M., and Abraham K. 1997. Effect of drying methods on the flavor quality of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.).Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 41(3): 159-161.
31- Sandhya. 2010. Modified atmosphere packaging of fresh produce. LWT- Food Science and Technology, 43(3):381–392.
32- Saxena O.P., Singh G., Pakeeraiah H., and Pandey N. 1987. Seed deterioration studies in some vegetable seeds. Acta Horticulture, 215: 39-44.
33- Schmidt R. 2000. Chapter 8, In Guide to Handling of Tropical and Subtropical Forest Seed. Danida Forest Seed Centre. Taylorson RB. 1987. Environmental and chemical manipulation of weed seed dormancy. Weed Science, 3: 135-154.
34- Sedaghat N. 2006. Principles of Food Packaging Technology. Barsava, 135 p.
35- Sharma P.K., and Sharma S. 2010. Effect of storage and cold-stratification on seed physiological aspects of Bunium persicum: A Threatened Medicinal Herb of Trans-Himalaya. International Journal of Botany, 6(2):151-156.
36-Silva S.G.R., Peiris D., and B.C.N. 1997. Effect of packing material on the storability of chilli seeds in Sri Lanka. Tropical Agricultural Research, 6: 23-30.
37- Tatipata A. 2010. The Effect of Initial Moisture Content, Packaging and Storage Period on Succinate Dehydrogenase and Cytochrome Oxidase Activity of Soybean Seed. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology, 17(1):31-41.
38- Tekrony D.M., and Egli D.B. 1991. Relationship of seed vigor to crop yield: a review. Crop Science, 31:816-822.
39- Wahid A., Gelani S., Ashraf M., and Foolad M. R. 2007.Heat tolerance in plants: An overview. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 61: 199–223.
CAPTCHA Image