Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

2 , Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Citrus fruits are one of the most commercial fruit products in the world, whose growth and production are affected by abiotic stresses. Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that affects all the vital processes of the plant. One of the ways to moderate the negative effects of drought stress is the use of polyamines. Polyamines are a group of biochemical compounds that are used as one of the most effective compounds to resist environmental stresses. Polyamines have a wide role in various plant growth processes, such that they play a significant role in modulating various types of biotic and abiotic stresses. Studies have shown that application of putrescine increases the fresh and dry weight of the shoot and root parts, leaf relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, leaf surface, and photosynthesis in plants under drought stress.
 
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of putrescine (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) and different levels of irrigation (100, 75 and 50% of evotranspiration potential) on morpho-physical traits of lime seedlings as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications.
Two-year-old lime seedlings were obtained from a commercial nursery located in Dezful city (approved by the Khuzestan Agricultural Jihad Organization). Then, they were located in 15-kilogram pots and kept for 2 months in the greenhouse to adapting to the environmental conditions. In order to apply the irrigation regime, 4 pots were considered as reference plants and the amount of irrigation water was determined by weighing these pots. First, the weight of reference pots was calculated in field capacity mode. Then, after 7 days, the pots were weighed again and the difference between the primary and secondary weights was considered as the amount of irrigation water of 100% plant evaporation and transpiration, and according to that, 75% irrigation and 50% evaporation and transpiration potential were applied. The first foliar spraying with putrescine was done at first of March in Field capacity (foliar spraying was done once every month for 4 months from March to June). At the end of the experiment, the fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, number of leaves, relative water content, leaf water potential, photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, were measured. Statistical data analysis was done using MSTATC software and, Duncan's multi-range test was used to mean comparation at the 5% probability level.
 
Results and Discussion
Results showed that the rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, relative water content of leaves, fresh and dry weight of aerial part and root decreased by reducing the amount of irrigation from 100 to 75 and 50%, of ETcrop. The reduction of growth parameters under drought stress can be due to the closing of the stomata and the reduction of carbon dioxide emission into the leaves, which can lead to lower levels of chlorophyll and photosynthesis, induction of oxidative stress, and finally less growth in plants. It has also been stated that the decrease in growth caused by drought stress in the initial stages of the stress can be due to the decrease in cell growth and development due to the decrease in turgor pressure and the decrease in the intensity of photosynthesis due to the closing of stomata. Also, the results showed that foliar spraying with 2 mM putrescine increased photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, relative water content of leaves, wet and dry weight of aerial parts and roots at all irrigation levels. The researchers believed that the increase in growth parameters, relative water content and photosynthetic pigments with putrescine foliar spraying can be related to the antioxidant properties of putrescine and its osmolality role in dry conditions. Other researches have shown that putrescine may modulate certain ion channels and increase the permeability of the membrane to calcium and cause a decrease in the entry of potassium into the membrane, which causes a decrease in the exit of water from the cell. Also, putrescine may increase leaf water potential and leaf content through osmotic regulation of the plant by increasing proline.
 
Conclusion
In general, the results showed that foliar spraying of putrescine, especially at 2 mM concentration has the greatest effect on increasing growth parameters, including fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, leaf area, increasing the relative water content, leaf water potential and Gas exchanges and reducing the amount of ion leakage under drought stress conditions.

Keywords

Main Subjects

©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

  1. Ahmed, A.H.H., Darwish, E., & Alobaidy, M.G. (2017). Impact of putrescine and 24-epibrassinolide on growth, yield and chemical constituents of cotton (Gossypium barbadense ) plant grown under drought stress conditions. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 16(1), 9-23. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2017.9.23
  2. Ahmed, M.MR.M., & Sadak, M.Sh. (2016). Effect of putrescine foliar application on Wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum) under water stress conditions. International Journal of Pharmtech Research, 9(8), 94-102.
  3. Amooaghaie,, & Moghym, S. (2011). Effect of polyamines on thermo tolerance and membrane stability of soybean seedling. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10, 9673-9679. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb10.2446
  4. Amri, E., & Mohammadi, M.J. (2012). Effects of timing of drought stress on pomegranate seedlings (Punica granatum cv ‘Atabaki’) to exogenous spermidine and putrescine polyamines. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 6(25), 5294-5300. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR11.1355
  5. Arji, I., Arzani, K., & Mirlatifi, M. (2002). Effect of different irrigation amounts on physiological and anatomical responses of olive (Olea europaea cv. Zard). Journal of Soil and Plant Sciences, 16(1), 112-120. (In Persian with Engligh abstract)
  6. Bolat, I., Dikilitas, M., Ercisli, S., Ikinci, A., & Tonkaz, T. (2014). The effect of water stress on some morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and bud success on apple and quince rootstocks. The Scientific World Journal, 769732, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/769732
  7. Cameron, R.W.F., Harrison- murray, R.S., & Seott, M.A. (1999). The use of controlled water stress to manipulate growth of container- grown Rhododendron CV. Happy. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 74, 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1999.11511089
  8. Chartzoulakis, K., Bosabalidis, A., Patakas, A., & Vemmos, S. (1993). Effect of water stress on water realtions, gas exchange and leaf structure of olive trees. Acta Horticulturae, 537, 241-247. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.537.25
  9. Downton, W.J., Loveys, B.R., & Grant, W.J.R. (2006). Salinity effects on the stomatal behavior of grapevine. New Phytology, 116, 499–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00535.x
  10. Duan, J., Li, J., Guo, Sh., & Kang, Y. (2008). Exogenous spermidine affects polyamine metabolism in salinity-stressed Cucumis sativus roots and enhances short-term salinity tolerance. Journal of Plant Physiology, 165, 1620-1635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2007.11.006
  11. Fifaei,, Taheri, H., Tajvar, Y., & Gholamian, E. (2022). Effect of water stress on some morphological and physiological characteristics of Citrus natural genotypes seedling. Journal of Horticultural Science, 36(1), 103-115. (In Persian with Engligh abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/JHS.2021.69052.1027
  12. Fotohi Ghazvini, R.O., & Fatahi Moghadam, J. (2016). Breeding citrus in Iran. (4th). Gilan University Press. (In Persian)
  13. Gupta, , Agarwal, V.P., & Gupta, N.K. (2012). Efficacy of putrescine and benzyladenine on photosynthesis and productivity in relation to drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 18(4), 331–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-012-0123-9
  14. Hasan, M., Skalicky, M., Jahan, M.S., Hossain, M., Anwar, Z., Nie, Z.F., Alabdallah, N.M., Brestic, M., Hejnak, V., & Fang, X.W. (2021). Spermine: Its emerging role in regulating drought stress responses in plants. Cells, 10(2), 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10020261
  15. Hojjatipour, H., & Hassanpour Asil, M. (2022). Effect of gibberellic acid and putrescine on growth, flowering and vase life of Lily cut flower (ʻLesothoʼ). Journal of Horticultural Science, 36(1), 163-175. (In Persian with Engligh abstract). https://doi.org/22067/JHS.2021.69012.1025
  16. Hossain, A.B.S., Sears, R.G., Cox, T.S., & Paulses, G.M. (1990). Desiccation tolerance and its relationship to assimilate partitioning in winter wheat. Crop Science, 30(3), 622-627. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183X003000030030x
  17. Hu, Y.Y., Zhang, Y.L., Yi, X.P., Zhan, D.X., Luo, H.H., Chow, W.S., & Zhang, W.F. (2013). The relative contribution of non-foliar organs of cotton to yield and related physiological characteristics under water deficit. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 3119(13), 60568-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60568-7
  18. Hussein, M.M., Nadia EL-Gereadly, H.M., & EL-Desuki, M. (2006). Role of putrescine in resistance to salinity of pea plants (Pisum sativum L.). Applied Science Research, 2(9), 598-604.
  19. Ioannidis, E., & Kotzabasis, K. (2007). Effects of polyamines on the functionality of photosynthetic membrane in vivo and in vitro. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1767, 1372–1382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2007.10.002
  20. Kamiab, F., Talaie, A.R., Khezri, M., & Javanshah, A. 2013. Exogenous application of free polyamines enhance salt tolerance of pistachio (Pistacia vera ) seedlings. Plant Growth Regulators, 72(3), 257-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-013-9857-9
  21. Krouma, A., Fujimura, T., & Abdely, C. (2015). Growth, photosynthetic activity and water relations three Tunsian chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum ) subjected to a progressive water deficit stress. International Research Journal, 5, 206-214.
  22. Lobato, A.K.S., Oliveira Neto, C.F., Santos Filho, B.G., Costa, R.C., Cruz, F.J.R., Neves, H.K.B., & Lopes, M.J.S. (2008). Physiological and biochemical behavior in soybean (Glycine max) plants under water deficit. Australian Journal Crop Science, 2(1), 25-32.
  23. Lopez, F.B., Setter, T.L., & McDavid, C.R. (1988). Photosynthesis and water vapor exchange of pigeonpea leaves in response to water deficit and recovery. Crop Science, 28(1), 141-145. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1988.0011183X002800010030x
  24. Majidiyan, N. (2013). Study some aspects of flower Senescence in Asiatic hybrid lily Seb Dassel. Ph.D. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture Tehran University, Iran. (In Persian)
  25. Mahdavian, M., Sarikhani, H., Hadadinejad, M., & Dehestani, A. (2017). Biochemical and morphological response of Carrizo citrange and Volkameriana rootstocks to putrescine and water stress. In I International Conference and X National Horticultural Science Congress of Iran (IrHC2017) 1315 (pp. 55-62)
  26. Mahdavian, M., Sarikhani, H., Hadadinejad, M., & Dehestani, A. (2021). Exogenous application of putrescine positively enhances the drought stress response in two citrus rootstocks by increasing expression of stress-related genes. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 21(3), 1934-1948. https://doi.org/1007/s42729-021-00491-3
  27. Mohamed, S.A., Ahmed, H.S., & El-Baowab, A.A. (2018). Effect of chitosan, putrescine and irrigation levels on the drought tolerance of sour orange seedlings. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture, 45, 257-273. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejoh.2018.3063.1050
  28. Mullan, D., & Pietragalla, J. (2012).Physiological breeding II: A field guide to wheat phenotyping. The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, CIMMYT.
  29. Nilsen, E.T., & Orcutt, D.M. (1996). The physiology of plants under stress (Abiotic factors). John Wiley and Sons, New York. 689 p.
  30. Osuagwu, G.G.E., & Edeoga, H.O. (2012). The influence of water stress (drought) on the mineral and vitamin content of the leaves of Gongronema latifolium (Benth). International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2(2), 301-309.
  31. Ritchie, S.W., Nguyen, H.T., & Haloday, A.S. (1990). Leaf water content and gas exchange parameters of two wheat genotype differing in drought resistance. Crop Science, 30, 105-111. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183X003000010025x
  32. Rubinowska, K., Pogroszewska, E., & Michalek, W. (2012). The effect of polyamines on physiological parameters of post- harvest quality of cut stems of Rosa ‘Red Berlin’. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 11, 81-93.
  33. Shafiei, N., Khaleghi, E., & Moallemi, N. (2019). Effect of salicylic acid on some morphological and biochemical characteristics of olive (Olea europaea ‘Konservalia’) under water stress. Plant Production, 42(1), 15-30. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22031.1477
  34. Shaimaa, M. (2018). Effect of chitosan, putrescine and irrigation levels on the drought tolerance of sour orange seedlings. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture, 45(2), 257-273. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJOH.2018.3063.1050
  35. Siddique, M.R.B., Hamid, A., & Islam, M.S. (2001). Drought stress effects on water relations of wheat. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica, 41, 35–39.
  36. Singh Gill, S., & Tuteja, N. (2010). Polyamines and abiotic stress tolerance in plant. Plant Signaling and Behavior, 5(1), 26-33. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.5.1.10291
  37. Syed Sarfraz, H., Muhammad, A., Maqbool, A., & Kadambot H.M.S. (2011). Polyamines: natural and engineered abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants. Biotechnology Advances, 29(3), 300-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.01.003
  38. Tie, Z., Bin, P., Feifei, L.I., Xiaochuan, M.A, Mengjing, T., Xuefei, L., Yuanyuan, C., Yuewen, C., & Xiaopeng, L. (2022). Effects of drought stress at enlargement stage on fruit quality formation of Satsuma mandarin and the law of water absorption and transportation in tree after re-watering. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 49(1), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0040
  39. Toupchi Khosrowshahi, Zh., & Slehi-Lisar, S.Y. (2018). Physiological responses of safflower to exogenous putrescine under water deficit. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 14(3), 38-48.
  40. Tripoli, E., La Guardia, M., Giammanco, S., Di Majo, D., & Giammanco, M. (2007). Citrus flavonoids: Molecular structure, biological activity and nutritional properties: A review Food Chemistry, 104(2), 466-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.054
  41. Wu,S., & Zou, Y.N. (2009). Mycorrhizal influence on nutrient uptake of citrus exposed to drought stress. Philippin Agriculture Scientist, 92(1), 33-38.
  42. Yin, Z.P., Li, S., Ren, J., & Song, X.S. (2014). Role of spermidine and spermine in alleviation of drought-induced oxidative stress and photosynthetic inhibition in Chinese dwarf cherry (Cerasus humilis) seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation, 74(3), 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-014-9912-1
  43. Yordanov, I., Velikova, V., & Tsoev, T. (2000). Plant responses to drought, acclimation and stress tolerance. Journal of Photosynthica, 38(2), 171-186. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007201411474
  44. Zandalinas, S.I., Rivero, R.M., Martínez, V., Gómez-Cadenas, A., & Arbona, V. (2016). Tolerance of citrus plants to the combination of high temperatures and drought is associated to the increase in transpiration modulated by a reduction in abscisic acid levels. BMC Plant Biology, 16, 105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-016-0791-7
  45. Zhang, K., & John, P.C.L. (2005). Raised level of cyclin dependent kinase after prolonged suspension culture of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia is associated with more rapid growth and division, diminished cytoskeleton and lost capacity for regeneration: implications for instability of cultured plant cells. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Culture, 82(3), 295-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-005-1542-x
  46. Zhang, R.H., Li, J., & Guo, S.R. (2009). Effects of exogenous putrescine on gas-exchange characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence of NaCl-stressed cucumber seedlings. Photosynthesis Research, 100, 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-009-9441-3
CAPTCHA Image