مطالعه سیتوژنتیکی برخی از گونه‌های آویشن بومی ایران

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• مهدی مرادی ¹
• حسین نستری نصرآبادی ²
• کمال قاسمی بزدی ³

¹ گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی و دامپروری، مجتمع آموزش عالی تربت جام، تربت جام، ایران

² مجتمع آموزش عالی کشاورزی و دامپروری تربت جام، تربت جام، ایران

³ سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مشهد، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2022.72022.1082

چکیده

آویشن از مهمترین گیاهان دارویی است که کاربردهای وسیعی در صنایع دارویی، غذایی، آرایشی و بهداشتی دارد. پژوهش‌های سیتوژنتیکی، نقش مهمی در تعیین قرابت گونه‌ها ایفا می‌کند و به عنوان اولین تجزیه فیلوژنی و تکامل گروه‌های خویشاوند مطرح است. تعداد، اندازه و شکل کروموزوم از فاکتورهای مهم در بررسی تکامل هستند. در اصلاح ژنتیکی هر گونه گیاهی داشتن اطلاعات کافی در خصوص سطح پلوئیدی و ویژگی‌های کاریوتیپی از مهم‌ترین نیازهای اولیه اصلاح‌گران می‌باشد. در این مطالعه ویژگی‌های کاریوتیپی برخی گونه‌های آویشن متعلق به بخش Serpyllum و زیر بخش Kotschyani مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. در این مطالعه از سلول‌های مریستم ریشه‌چه و در مرحله متافاز میتوز برای بررسی ویژگی‌های کروموزومی و کاریوتیپی استفاده شد. بر اساس نتایج، عدد پایه کروموزومی در اکثر گونه‌ها 15=x و در برخی گونه‌ها 14=x بود. دو سطح پلوئیدی (دیپلوئید و تتراپلوئید) در میان گونه‌های مختلف مشاهده شد. کروموزوم‌ها در اکثر گونه‌ها، به صورت متاسانتریک و ساب متاسانتریک بودند. بر اساس تقارن درون کروموزمی (A₁ و TF) برخی جمعیت‌های گونهThymus eriocalyx  متقارن‌ترین و ابتدایی‌ترین کاریوتیپ و گونه‌های Thymus lancifolious وThymus fedtschenkoi نامتقارن‌ترین و کامل‌ترین کاریوتیپ را دارا بودند و بر اساس تقارن بین کروموزمی (A₂) گونه Thymus eriocalyx دارای نامتقارن‌ترین کاریوتیپ بود. بر اساس جدول دوطرفه استیبنز اکثر جمعیت‌ها در کلاس 1A و 1B قرار گرفتند ولی در جمعیت‌های گونهT. lancifolious کلاس 2A و3B  نیز مشاهده شد. نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه می‌تواند برای درک بهتر جایگاه تاکسونومیکی و برنامه‌های اصلاح و اهلی‌سازی مفید باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• آویشن
• تاکسونومی
• زیر بخش kotschyani
• سیتوژنتیک

20.1001.1.20084730.1401.36.4.10.3

موضوعات

• گیاهان دارویی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Cytogenetic Study of the Genus Thymus (Lamiacea) in Iran

نویسندگان [English]

• Mehdi Moradi ¹
• Hossein Nastari Nasrabadi ²
• Kamal Ghasemi Bezdi ³

¹ Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science, University of Torbat-e Jam, Torbat-e Jam, Iran

² University of Torbat-e Jam, Torbat-e Jam, Iran

³ Department of Agricultural and Horticultural Research, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Khorasan Razavi, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, University of Torbat-e Jam, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
 The Genus Thymus is one of the most important genera of the Lamiaceae family. According to Jalas (1971), Thymus is divided into eight sections: Micantes, Mastichina, Piperella, Teucrioides, Pseudothymbra, Thymus, Hyphodromi, and Serpyllum. About 18 species exist in some areas of Iran and most of them belong to Serpyllum Section and kotschiani Subsection. Chromosomal information is an important key for taxonomy, phylogeny, evolution, genetics and breeding in thyme. Therefore, this work was carried out to study the cytogenetic characteristics of genus Thymus belonging to the Subsection Kotschyani for breeding purposes and taxonomy.
Materials and Methods
Seeds were collected from 5 wild populations and germinated on wet filter paper at 20 ^oC. One cm long roots were pretreated with 8-hydroxyquinolin and then washed in distilled water and fixed in carnoy solution for 24 hours. Hydrochloric acid (1N) was applied for 7 min to hydrolyze the roots. Staining was done by orcein for 24 h at room temperature. Stained roots squashed in one drop of 45% acetic acid and examined by a ZEISS Axiophot compound microscope. Cells in metaphase stage were photographed with a D450; Canon Inc. Japan digital camera. Ten well prepared metaphasic cells were selected and some chromosomal characteristics such as total chromosomal length (TL), long arm length (L), short arm length (S), the arm ratio (AR) [LA/SA], and centromeric index (CI), were measured using Micro Measure ver. 3.3 software. The following karyological parameters were determined: total chromosome form (TF%), intrachromosomal asymmetry index (A₁) and interchromosomal asymmetry index (A₂). Karyotypic characteristics have been determined using the symmetry classes of Stebbins (SC). Karyotype formula was determined from chromosome morphology based on centromere position in accordance with the classification of Levan.
Results and Discussion
 This study reports the chromosome number and meiotic behavior of 31 populations belonging to 8 species of Thymus Subsect. kotschyani from Iran. In most species of this subsection, the base number of chromosome x = 15 and two diploid and tetraploid ploidy levels with chromosome number of 2n = 30 and 60 were observed. Only in T. migricus species, the base number of chromosome x = 14 was reported with two levels of diploid and tetraploid ploidy and chromosome numbers of 2n= 28 and 56. The chromosomes were mostly metacentric (m) or sub-metacentric (sm) in all species Among the various species with basic number of x= 15, the highest percentage of TF and the lowest amount of A₁ were observed in populations belonging to T. eriocalyx (T7) indicating that this species has the most symmetric karyotypes. The lowest percentage of TF and the highest amount of A₁ are in population of T. lancifolious (27) and T. fedtschenkoi (T28) species; this shows that the species has the most asymmetric karyotype among the species of this subsection. The highest amount of A₂ was observed in T. eriocalyx (T7) species, indicated the asymmetry between chromosomes and chromosomal length. The difference in the number of chromosomes, ploidy levels and karyotype asymmetry in the populations and different species may be related to different environmental conditions in their habitat, pollination system (cross pollination) or polyploidy (Aneuploidy) in this genus.
Conclusion
 The results showed that basic chromosome number in most species is 15 (x= 15). Two ploidy levels (diploid and tetraploid) were observed among different species. Chromosomes in most species, were metacentric and sub-metacentric. Based on intra- chromosomal symmetry (A₁ and TF) T. eriocalyx species (T7) has the most symmetric and most primitive karyotype and the species T. lancifolius (T27) and T. fedtschenkoi (T28) have the most complete and the most asymmetric karyotypes. Also based on inter- chromosomal symmetry, (A₂) T. eriocalyx (T) species has the most asymmetric karyotype.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Cytogenetic
• Karyotype
• Subsec. Kotschyani
• Taxonomy
• Thymus spp

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