Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Birjand University

Abstract

 
Introduction: Sour cherry is one of the most strategically important horticultural products in the Khorasan Razavi province that proper nutrition can improve the performance of the plant. This fruit is rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and soluble fiber, which is very useful for lowering blood pressure. Proper nutrition is one of the important factors in determining the quantity and quality of the fruit. In arid and semi-arid regions, micronutrient elements availability is one of the factors that limits growth, yield, and quality of fruit trees , because absorption of nutrients being limited due to  the alkalinity of the soil. So, the use of an appropriate method to provide the required nutrients by plants is necessary. Foliar application of nutrient is one of the important ways in the food supply for plants. Hence, spraying is an effective way to reduce nutritional disorders in plants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of iron and zinc micronutrients on the yield and physicochemical properties of sour cherry fruit. 
Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of spraying of iron chelate and zinc sulfate on yield and qualitative   characteristics of the sour cherry fruit, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications in the commercial orchard of Astan Quds Razavi, Mashhad, Iran. The first factor was  spraying iron 6% Fe-EDDHA at 3 levels (0, 2 and 4 g l-1) and the second factor was spraying zinc  sulfate at 3 levels (0, 2 and 4 g l-1). The treatments were applied in two stages, 20 days after the whole flowering stage and 20 days after the first spraying. Spraying chemicals was done in the morning when temperature and humidity were not high.. Fruit and leaves samples were collected, at the commercial maturity stage of fruit, from each tree include one kilogram of fruit and half kilogram leaves. Thereafter, healthy fruits and leaves of the same shape, size, and color were selected to determine the biochemical properties of fruit and chlorophyll leaves.  In this experiment, 36 grilled cherry trees of 10 years old with a spacing of 3×4 m were used. The general conditions of the selected trees were similar to other garden trees, and irrigation (dripping), pest and disease control were applied uniformly to all treated trees. The studied traits included the fresh weight of fruit, dry matter percentage, fruit yield, fruit juice acidity, soluble solids, total antioxidant, trace related to chlorophyll content, iron and zinc concentration in leaves.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that different levels of iron chelate, zinc sulfate, and their interaction increased fruit fresh weight, dry matter percentage, fruit yield  and chlorophyll traits.  An individual application of 4 g l-1 of iron or zinc, and also their combination application showed the greatest values on evaluated traits In addition, the soluble solids, total antioxidant, and iron leaf values were only affected by different levels of chelate iron, which improved with increasing spraying levels of the studied traits. Sprayed with zinc sulfate could increase the concentration of zinc in the leaves but the acidity of juice was not affected by the treatments. The results showed that different levels of zinc significantly affected all quantitative traits of sour cherry fruit than iron chelate. However, spraying with iron chelate had a significant effect on the quality traits of fruit, including total soluble solids and total antioxidants. Moreover, the combination effect of chelate iron and zinc sulfate in comparison to their individual application had a better effect on the quantitative and chlorophyll traits of the cherry leaf. The highest increase in both zinc and iron content of leaf samples were obtained in trees that were treated with 4 g l-1 of zinc or iron solutions, respectively. The results show that foliar application of high concentrations of both chemicals increased zinc or iron content of leaf samples about 30% compared to the control. Thus, not only higher yield but also quality improvement of sourcherry fruit occurred in treated trees. Our results was in accordance with the findings of previous studies on different fruit tress like grapes, pistachio and orange. According to the results, it can be concluded that spraying with zinc sulfate and iron chelate during plant growth season can increase yield and improve the physical and chemical properties of the sour cherry fruit.

Keywords

1. Abd El-Razek E.D., Treutter M.M, Saleh M., El-Shammaa A.A., and Abdel-Hamid N. 2011. Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on productivity and fruit quality of ‘Crimson seedless’ grape. Agricultural Biology Journal of North American, 2: 330–340
2. Abdi G, and Hedayat M. 2010. Yield and fruit physiochemical characteristic of kabkab date palm as affected by methods of iron fertilization. World Applied Sciences Journal, 10: 1328-1333.
3. Ahmad M., and Abdel F.M. 1995. Effect of urea, some micronutrients, and growth regulators folair spray on the yield, fruit quality, and some vegetative of, Washington navel orange trees, Hortscience. 30(4): 774.
4. Almaliotis D., Velemis D., Bladenopoulou S., and Karapetsas, N. 2000. Leaf nutrient levels of strawberries (cv. Tudla) in relation to crop yield, In IV International Strawberry Symposium. 567:447- 450.
5. Anonymous A. 2013. FAO Statistical Databases (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Rome, Italy.
6. Arnon, A. N. (1967. Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal, 23,112-121.
7. Ashouri M., Kalhor M., Lolaii A., and Ershadi A. 2016. The effect of urea, zinc and iron on morphological and physiological indices of grapes. Environmental Physiology Plant, 10(37) 43- (In Persian).
8. Babalar M., Mohebi M., Askari S.M., and Talaee A. 2015. Effect of iron and nitrogen application on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of apple “cv. Fuji”. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology,‏ 27.4: 701-712. (In Persian).
9. Bahure G.K., Mirza I.A.B., Bankar R.T., Puri A.N., and Mirche S.H. 2016. Effect of foliar application of zinc, iron and magnesium on growth, yield and quality economics of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill). Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 22: 129-132.
10. Brown P. H., Cakmac I., and Zhang Q. 1993. Form and function of zinc in plant. Pp. 93-106. In: A. D. Robson (ed.). Zinc in soils and plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherland.
11. De Ancos B., Sgroppo S., Plaza L., and Cano M.P. 2002. Possible nutritional and health related value promotion in orange juice preserved by high pressure treatment. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 82: 790-796.
12. Doleh L., Hasan Porasil M., and Abdollahe H. 2010. Factors determining the commercial maturity of the fruit of pear cultivars (Pyrus communis L). Journal Horticultural Science. 42(2): 196-189. (In Persian).
13. Eisa S.A.L., Taha M.B., and Abdalla M.A.M. 2011. Amendment of soil fertility and augmentation of the quantity and quality of soybean crop by using phosphorus and micronutrients. International Journal of Academic Research. 3: 800-808.
14. Esmaeilizadeh M., Talaie A. R., Lesani H., Javanshah A., Hokmabadi H. 2014. Effect of shoot girdling, fruit thinning and foliar application of urea, zinc sulfate and sucrose on yield, leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate and nut quantitative characteristics of Pistachio cv. ‘Ohadi’. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 3(28): 277-287.
15. Fernandes E., Barranco R.D., and Benlloch M.1993. Overcoming iron chlorosis in olive and peach trees using a low-pressure trunk-injection method. Horticultural Science, 28:192-194
16. Ferretti G., Bacchetti T., Belleggia A., and Neri D. 2010. Cherry antioxidants: From Farm to Table, Review. Molecules. 15: 1420-3049.
17. Ghaderi N., Vezvaei A., Talaei A.R., Babalar M. 2003. Effect of boron and zinc foliar spraying as well as concentrations of these elements on some leaf and fruit characteristics of almond. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, 34(1): 127-135. (In Persian).
18. Ghesmati M., Moradinezhad F., and Khayayt M. 2017. Effects of foliar application of calcium nitrate and calcium chloride on antioxidant properties and quality of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 33(5), 871-881. doi: 10.22092.
19. Ghorbanli M., Babalar M. 2003. Mineral Nutrition of Plants, 1st, Tehran Teacher Training University Pub, Tehran, 356p.
20. Hao H. L., WeiY. Z., Yang X. E., Ying F. E. N. G., and Wu C. Y. 2007. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer levels on Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn concentrations in shoot and grain quality in rice (Oryza sativa). Rice Science, 14(4): 289-294.‏
21. Hasani M., Zamani Z., Savaghebi G. and Fatahi R. 2012. Effects of zinc and manganese as foliar spray on pomegranate yield, fruit quality and leaf minerals. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 12: 471-480. (In Persian with English abstract).
22. Hosseini Molla S. M., Askari Sarcheshmeh , M.A and Orang k. 2016. Effect of iron foliar application on some physiological characteristics and fruit quality of peach (Prunus persica CV. Alberta), Iranin Society of Plant Physiology, 4(14): 112-116. (In Persian with English abstract).
23. Houimli S. I. M., Jdidi H., Boujelben F., and Denden M. 2016. Fruit yield and quality of iron-sprayed tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown on high pH calcareous soil. International Journal of Innovation Science and Research, 20(2): 268-271.‏ (In Persian).
24. Ieri F., Pinelli P., and Romani A. 2012. Simultaneous determination of anthocyanins, coumarins and phenolic acids in fruits, kernels and liqueur of Prunus mahaleb L. Food Chemistry, 135(4):2157–2162.
25. Jimenez S., Garin A., Gogorcena Y., Betran J. A., and Moreno M. A. 2004. Flower and foliar analysis for prognosis of sweet cherry nutrition: influence of different rootstocks. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 27(4): 701-712.‏
26. Khan H. R., Donald G. K., and Rengel Z. 2003. Zn fertilization improves water use efficiency, grain yield and seed Zn content in chickpea, Plant Soil. 241: 389-400.
27. Khoshgoftar A. H., Shariatmadari H., Karimian N., Kalbasi M., Vanderzee S. E., and Parker. D. R. 2004.Salinity and Zn application effects on phytoavailability of Cd and Zn. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68: 1885–188.
28. Kobraee S., NoorMohamadi G., Heidari Sharifabad H., Darvish Kajori F., and Delkhosh B. 2011. Influence of micronutrient fertilizer on soybean nutrient composition. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 4(7): 763-769.
29. Kong J., Dong Y. Xu. L., Liu S., and Bai X. 2014. Effects of exogenous salicylic acid on alleviating chlorosis induced by iron deficiency in peanut seedlings (Arachis hypogaea L.). Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 33: 715-729
30. Korcak, R.F. 1987. Iron deficiency chlorosis. Horticultural Review, 9: 133-186.
31. Lolaei A., Rezaei M.A., Khoramrad M., and Kaviani B. 2012. Effect of paclobutrazol and sulfate Zinc on vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of strawberry Fragaria ananassa Duch. cv. Camarosa. Indian Journal of Annuals of Biological Researchers, 3(10): 4657-4662.
32. Lucena J. J. 2003. Fe chelates for remediation of Fe chlorosis in strategy I plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 26(10-11): 1969-1984.‏
33. Maghsoudi Sh. 2005. The technology of lavashak and prunus processed making tamarind. gharahghorout. First edition,Tehran, Marzedanesh Publications, p: 131.
34. Mansouri S., BabalarM., Kalantari, S., and Askary S. M. A. 2017. Effect of the foliar spraying of iron and soil application of the ammonium nitrate, on postharvest quality of apple 'Delbar stival'. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 48(3). 503-515. (In Persian).
35. Marschner P. 2012. Mineral nutrition of higher plants, 3rd ed; Academic Press, London, UK. Pp. 178–189.
36. Mass J.L. 2002. Compendium of Strawberry diseases. Published by the American psychopathological society, in cooperation with Agricultural Research service USA Department of Agriculture, pp.15-18.
37. Mirzapour M. H., and Khoshgoftarmanesh A. H. 2013. Effect of soil and foliar application of iron and zinc on quantitative and qualitative yield of pomegranate. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 36(1), 55-66.‏ (In Persian)
38. Mohamadipoor R., Sedaghathoor S. Khomami M. A. 2013. Effect of application of iron fertilizers in two methods 'foliar and soil application' on growth characteristics of Spathyphyllum illusion. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3: 232-240. (In Persian).
39. Molassiotis A., Tanou G., Diamantidis G., Patakas A., and Therios, I. 2006. Effects of 4-month Fe deficiency exposure on Fe reduction mechanism, photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidant defense in two peach rootstocks differing in Fe deficiency tolerance. Journal of Plant Physiology, 163:176-185
40. Mosavi S. R., Galavi M., and Ahmadvand G. 2007. Effect of zinc and manganese foliar application on yield, quality and enrichment on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 6: 1256-1260. (In Persian)
41. Moustafa A.A., Elshazly, S.A., Eissa A.M., and Zahran M.A. 1986. Effect of foliar applications of chelated Fe, Zn and Mn on leaf mineral content, yield and fruit quality of Roumi Red grape-vines. Journal of Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 31: 623-635.
42. Movahhedi Dehnavi M., Sanavi A. M., Soroush-Zade A., and Jalali M. 2004. Changes of proline, total soluble sugars, chlorophyll (SPAD) content and chlorophyll fluorescence in safflower varieties under drought stress and foliar application of zinc and maganese. Biaban, 9: 93-110.‏ (In Persian).
43. Omidi L., Dashti H., Mozaffari V., and Tajabadipour A. 2010. Effect of foliar and soil application of zinc and copper on some quantitative and qualitative properties of pistachio trees. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 14(52): 149-162.‏ (In Persian).
44. RaeseT., and Drake S.R .2008. Nitrogen fertilization and elemental composition affects fruit quality of ‘Fuji’apples. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 20(12): 1797-1809.
45. Rahii, A., Davoodi I.F. M., Azizi, F., and Habibi, D. 2012. The study examIned the effects of different amounts of humic acid and response curves In the Dactylis glomerata.‏ Iranian Journal of Genetics and Plant BreedIng, 8(3): 15-28.
46. Roosta H.R., and Mohsenian Y. 2012. Effect of foliar spray of different Fe sources on pepper (Capsicum annum L.) plants in aquaponic system. Journal of Horticultural Science, 146: 182-191. (In Persian).
47. Sadati S., Moallemi N., Mortazavi M.H., and Sayyednezhad M. 2012. The effect of foliar application of zinc sulphate and boric acid soluble sugar and oil content of three varieties of olive changes during fruit ripening. 7th Iranian Horticultural Science Congress. (In Persian).
48. Sharma A. K., Srrvastava, B. N., Johri P. C., and Rathore V. S. 1992. Kinetics of zinc uptake by mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal corn roots, Biology and Fertility of Soils. 13: 206-210.
49. Silva F.J.P., Gomes M.H., Rodrigues J., and Almeida D.S.F. 2008. Antioxidant properties and fruit quality during long-term storage of “Rocha” pear: effects of maturity and storage conditions. Journal of Food Quality, 33 (1): 1–20.
50. Terry N. 1980. Limiting factors in photosynthesis I. Use of iron stress to control photochemical capacity in vivo. Plant Physiology, 65(1): 114-120.
51. Yeasmin T., Absar N., and Savker A.A. 1995. Effect of foliar spray of micronutrient and urea on the nutritional quality of mulberry leaves. Indian Journal of Agriculture, 34(2):149-152.
52. Zabihi H.R., and Nourihoseini S.M. 2017. Application of Sulfur in Calcareous and Saline-Sodic Soils of Khorasan Razavi Province to Enhance Plant Yield. Journal of Land Management, 5(1). 33-45. (In Persian)
53. Zhao-liang L., Young-Bing Y., Cheng-lian L., Zong-Xun C., and Tsung-Hsum T. 1998. Regulation of antioxidant enzymes by salycilic acid in cucumber leaves. Acta Botanica Sinica, 40 (4), 356-36.
CAPTCHA Image