اثر ریزوباکترهای محرک رشد گیاه بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاه دارویی سیر (Allium sativum L.) در شرایط استفاده از کودهای آلی و شیمیایی مختلف

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• یاسر اسماعیلیان
• محمد بهزاد امیری
• صادق عسکری نائینی
• جلیل مرادی صدر
• فرهاد حیدری

مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v31i4.60566

چکیده

در سال‎های اخیر، توجه به سلامت محصولات کشاورزی و به‎ویژه گیاهان دارویی بیشتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته و از این رو کاربرد نهاده‎های بوم‎سازگار در تولید این گیاهان امری اجتناب‎ناپذیر است. به‌منظور بررسی اثر کاربرد همزمان کودهای زیستی و کودهای آلی و شیمیایی مختلف بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاه دارویی سیر (Allium sativum L.)، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 95-1394 در مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد به صورت کرت‎های خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه‌ی بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. کودهای آلی و شیمیایی مختلف شامل 1- ورمی‌کمپوست، 2- کود گاوی، 3- کود شیمیایی نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم و 4- شاهد (عدم‎ کاربرد کود) به‎عنوان عامل اصلی و ریزوباکترهای محرک رشد گیاه شامل 1- نیتروکسین (حاوی باکتری‌های Azotobacter spp. و Azospirillum spp.، با C/ml 108=CFU در زمان تولید کود)، 2- بیوفسفر (حاوی باکتری‌های Bacillus sp. و Pseudomonas sp.، با C/ml 107=CFU در زمان تولید کود) و 3- شاهد (عدم‎ کاربرد کود) به‌عنوان عامل فرعی مدنظر قرار گرفتند. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که کاربرد جداگانه‎ی کود شیمیایی تأثیر چندانی در بهبود قطر سوخ نداشت، ولی استفاده‎ی همزمان از کود شیمیایی و بیوفسفر منجر به افزایش 18 درصدی قطر سوخ نسبت به شاهد شد. کاربرد همزمان نیتروکسین و کود گاوی وزن سوخک در بوته را 41 درصد نسبت به کاربرد جداگانه‎ی نیتروکسین افزایش داد. کاربرد بیوفسفر به همراه کودهای ورمی‎کمپوست، گاوی و شیمیایی به‎ترتیب افزایش 25، 18 و 15 درصدی عملکرد زیستی را نسبت به کاربرد جداگانه‎ی این کود سبب شد. بیشترین عملکرد اقتصادی (5158 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار کاربرد همزمان نیتروکسین و کود گاوی حاصل شد. به‎طور کلی با توجه به یافته‎های این پژوهش، با کاربرد همزمان کودهای آلی و بیولوژیک می‎توان ضمن تشدید اثرات مثبت کاربرد جداگانه‎ی هر یک از این کودها، خسارات زیست‎محیطی ناشی از مصرف کودهای شیمیایی را کاهش داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• بوم‎سازگار
• بیوفسفر
• سلامت محصول
• عملکرد زیستی
• نیتروکسین

20.1001.1.20084730.1396.31.4.6.4

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Yield and Yield Components of Garlic Medicinal Plant (Allium sativum L.) under the Conditions of Different Organic and Chemical Fertilizers Application

نویسندگان [English]

• Yaser Esmaeilian
• Mohammad Behzad Amiri
• Sadegh Askari Naeeni
• Jalil Moradi Sadr
• Farhad Heidari

Gonabad University

چکیده [English]

Introduction: In recent years, the effect of exogenous organic amendments on soil properties and plant growth characteristics has received renewed attention. Although the utilization of mineral fertilizers could be viewed as the best solution in terms of plant productivity, this approach is often inefficient in long-term in tropical ecosystems due to the limited ability of low-activity clay soils to retain nutrients. Intensive use of agrochemicals in agricultural systems is also known to have irreversible effects on soil and water resources. Vermicompost is currently being promoted to improve soil quality, reduce water and fertilizer needs and therefore increase the sustainability of agricultural practices in tropical countries. Vermicomposting is a process which stabilizes organic matter under aerobic and mesophilic conditions through the joint action of earthworms and microorganisms. The products of vermicomposting have been successfully used to suppress plant pests and diseases, as well as increase crop productivity. Cow manure is an excellent fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients. It also adds organic matter to the soil which may improve soil structure, aeration, soil moisture-holding capacity, and water infiltration. Biofertilizers are defined as preparations containing living cells or latent cells of efficient strains of microorganisms that help plants' nutrients uptake by their interactions in the rhizosphere when applied through seed or soil. They accelerate certain microbial processes in soil which augment the extent of availability of nutrients in a form easily assimilated by plants. Very often microorganisms are not as efficient in natural surroundings as one would expect them to be and therefore artificially multiplied cultures of efficient selected microorganisms play a vital role in accelerating the microbial processes in soil. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a very powerful medicinal plant that is often underestimated. Garlic is easy to grow and can be grown year-round in mild climates. Garlic cloves are used for consumption (raw and cooked) or for medicinal purposes. They have a pungent characteristic, spicy flavor that mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking.
Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the effect of biofertilizers and organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of garlic (Allium sativum L.), a split plot experiment based on RCBD with three replications was conducted in 2015-2016 growing seasons, in Gonabad University, Iran. Main plot included different organic and chemical fertilizers (1- vermicompost, 2- cow manure, 3- chemical fertilizer and 4- control) and sub plot included plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (nitroxin, biophosphorous and control). In order to determine physic-chemical properties of soil, sampling was performed at the depth of 0 to 30 cm. Before cultivation, 7 and 30 t.ha-1 vermicompost and cow manure were added to the soil, respectively. Nutrient requirement of garlic for nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium from the chemical source was considered 40, 50 and 60 kg.ha-1. For application of biofertilizers, bulblets inoculated with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for 15 minutes. Distance in and between rows was considered 10 and 20 cm, respectively. Weeds were controlled manually three times. At the end of the growing season, economic yield, biological yield, plant height, shoot dry weight, bulb diameter, bulblet weight per plant, bulblet volume per plant and bulblet number per plant were measured. Analysis of data variance was performed by using SAS software (Ver 9.1).
Results and Discussion: The results showed that simple effect of chemical fertilizer on bulb diameter was not significant but combined application of chemical fertilizer and biophosphorous increased bulb diameter as much as 18% compared to control. Combined application of nitroxin and cow manure increased bulblet weight per plant by 41% compared to single application of nitroxin. Biophosphorous plus vermicompost, cow manure and chemical fertilizer increased biological yield, respectively, by 25, 18 and 15% compared to single application of these fertilizers. The highest economic yield obtained in treatment of nitroxin plus cow manure. Organic and biological fertilizers are among the most significant resources for improvement of agricultural soil quality and increase in the yield of different medicinal plants. It has been reported that these ecological inputs provide favorable conditions for plant growth and development through improvement of physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil (10, 39), therefore, it can be concluded that improvement in most studied traits in the present study was due to the use of organic fertilizers. Fallahi et al. (22) reported the positive effects of organic and biological fertilizers on the improvement of quantitative and qualitative characteristics in chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.).
Conclusion: In general, the results of this research showed that combined use of organic and biological inputs can improve quantitative characteristics of plant, and thus decrease the environmental risks of chemical inpus.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Biological yield
• Biophosphorous
• Crop Health
• Eco-Friendly
• Nitroxin

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