Foliar Application of Zinc Chelate Nanoparticles on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Sabrina Strawberry Cultivar in Different Solubilization Conditions

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Parisa Sadeghi ¹
• Hamid Hassanpour ²

¹ Horticulture Department, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

² Department of Horticulture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2021.72513.1091

Abstract

Introduction
 Strawberry with the scientific name Fragaria × ananassa Dutch from the Rosaceae family is an important commercial fruit in the world, which is widely considered in terms of nutrition due to its rich content of vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals. Water scarcity stress is one of the important sources of abiotic stresses, so that it reduces growth, development and yield during the vegetative, reproductive and maturing stages of the crop. Studies have shown that application of nano-fertilizers can be useful in order to achieve high yield while reducing the amount of fertilizer consumption due to its higher absorption due to its high specific surface area. Despite its low consumption, zinc is involved in chromosome synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, sugar-to-starch conversion, protein metabolism, auxin metabolism, pollen grain formation, biological membrane preservation, and resistance to infections by pathogens. Zinc is also needed for chlorophyll production, pollen grain yield, fertility and pollen grain germination. Zinc as a coenzyme is also involved in the activation of many enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway of secondary metabolites. The use of zinc nanoparticles can have very positive effects on the quantitative and qualitative properties of strawberry fruit during low solubility
Materials and Methods
The present study was conducted in the greenhouses of the Department of Horticulture, Urmia University.Sabrina cultivar strawberry seedlings were planted in culture bags containing 50% cocopeat, 25% pithomass and 25% perlite in three rows containing 27 plants and evenly pruned. The first week was used to establish the plants from water, the second week to the sixth week for vegetative growth of half-concentrated Hoagland solution and from the seventh week to the end of the harvest period, depending on the stages of flowering to fruiting, modified Hoagland nutrient solution was used. By calculating the amount of solution output from each nozzle and the amount of each plant need, the time required for solution was calculated and this time was divided into 5 times a day and was automatically pumped to the foot of each plant. To apply low solubility stress, the first row (without stress) was used with solution 5 times a day, the second row with solution 4 times a day and the third row with solution 3 times a day. Foliar application of different concentrations of zinc chelate nanoparticles was performed once a week (5 times) after pruning of primary flowers, from the fourteenth to the eighteenth week. Zinc chelate nanoparticles were used in three levels (0, 1 and 1.5 g / l) and nutrient solution treatment was performed in three levels (90, 110 and 130 ml) daily. Then fruits that were more than 70% colored were harvested and different quantitative and qualitative characteristics were measured. At the end of the experiment, fruit weight was measured using a digital scale, fruit length and width by caliper, fruit acidity by pH meter, titratable acids by titration method and TSS by refractometer. Chlorophyll a, b and total carotenoids were also measured using Dynamica spectrophotometer (HALODB-20) according to Lichtanthaler & wallborn (1985). Also, fresh weight of shoots and roots were measured in the last stage after fruit harvest. For this purpose, the plants were completely removed from the bed and the roots were washed with water and then exposed to air to remove moisture. The aerial parts were then separated from the roots and weighed 0.001 g by digital scale. To measure dry weight, the roots and aerial parts were placed separately in the bag and then placed in a 70 ° oven for 72 hours and then weighed 0.001 g with a digital scale.
Results and Discussion
 The results showed that the interaction effect of low solubility treatment and zinc chelate nanoparticles treatment on fruit weight, shoot dry weight and yield was significant, so that the highest amount was in the treatment of 130 ml of nutrient solution and concentration of 1.5 g / l of zinc chelate nanoparticles. Also in fruit length and width, pH, TA, TSS, chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids, the main effects of low solubility treatment and of chelate nanoparticles were significant. As in the treatment of chelate nanoparticles, the highest amount of these traits was observed in the concentration of 1.5 g / l nanoparticles and in the low solubility factor, the highest amount was observed in the control treatment (complete solubility).
Conclusion
 Low solubility stress reduced the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of strawberry fruit. The use of different concentrations of nano-chelate zinc improved these properties, so that the greatest effect was related to the concentration of 1.5 g per liter of nanoparticles. This concentration increased the yield of the product more than 1.6 times compared to the control sample in complete solution and more than 1.7 times compared to the low solution. Also, the growth traits studied were significantly increased by the use of nanoparticles. These nanoparticles also improved the taste of the fruit by reducing the acidity and increasing the soluble solids.

Keywords

• Deficit fertigation
• Fruit
• Hydroponics
• Nano fertilizer
• Yield

20.1001.1.20084730.1401.36.2.11.0

Main Subjects

• Pomology

References

1. Abass S.M., and Mohamed H.I. 2011. Alleviation of adverse effects of drought stress on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) by exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 40(1): 75-83. 140. http://doi: 10.3329/bjb.v40i1.8001.
2. Abbasi N., CHeraghi J., and Hajinia S. 2019. Effect of iron and zinc micronutrient foliar application as nano and chemical on physiological traits and grain yield of two bread wheat cultivars. Crop Physiology 3(43): 85-104. (In Persian)
3. Akbari G.A., Morteza E., Moaveni P., Alahdadi I., Bihamta M.R., and Hasanloo T. 2014. Pigments apparatus and anthocyanins reactions of borage to irrigation, methylalchol and titanium dioxide. International Journal of Biosciences 4: 192-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/4.7.192-208.
4. Alloway B.J. 2008. Zinc in soils and crop nutrition. 2nd edition, IZA (International Zinc Association) and IFA (International Fertilizer industry Association), Brussels, Belgium and Paris, France.
5. Ashrafi S. 2018. Effect of nano zinc oxide on growth, yield and qualitative characteristics of strawberry fruit of camarosa cultivar under soilless cultivation conditions. Master Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan. 85 p.52. (In Persian)
6. Barzegar Z., Mobli M., Khoshgoftarmanesh A., and Abedi J. 2013. The effect of different planting media on the growth and development of greenhouse bell pepper. 8th Iranian Congress of Horticultural Sciences. 7-4 September. (In Persian)
7. Bota J., Stasyk O., Flexas J., and Medrano H. 2004. Effect of water Stress on partitioning of 14 C-labelled photosynthates in Vitis vinifera. Functional Plant Biology 31(7): 697-708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/FP03262
8. Cakmak I. 2008. Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: agronomic or genetic biofortification. Plant and Soil 302: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9466-3.
9. Castr J., and Sotomayor C. 1997. The influence of boron and zinc sprays bloomtime on almond fruit set. Acta Horticulturae 470: 402-405. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1998.470.55.
10. Cheng G., Yang E., Lu W., Jia Y., Jiang Y. and Duan X. 2009. Effect of nitric oxide on ethylene synthesis and softening of banana fruit slice during ripening. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57: 5799–5804. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf901173n.
11. Dewal G.S., and Pareek R.G. 2004. Effect of phosphorus, sulphur and zinc on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Indian Journal of Agronomy 49(3): 160-162.
12. Doulati Baneh H., Mohammadzade M., and Ghani Shayeste F. 2018. Effects of Ca, Mg and GA3 spray on bunch stem necrosis disorder in grape (Vitis vinifera Bidaneh Sefid). Journal of Horticultural Science 32(1): 109-122. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.22067/JHORTS4.V32I1.61849.
13. El-Hak E.S.A., El-Said S.A.E.A., El-Shazly A.A.E.F., El-Gazzar M., Shaaban E.A.E.A., and Saleh M.M.S. 2019. Efficiency of Nano-Zinc foliar spray on growth, yield and fruit quality of Flame seedless grape. Journal of Applied Sciences 19(6): 612-617. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2019.612.617.
14. Garcia-sanchez F., Syvertsen J.P., Martinez V., and Melgar J.C. 2006. Salinity tolerance of Valencia orange trees on rootstocks with contrasting salt tolerance is not improved by moderate shade. Journal of Experimental Botany 121: 1-10. https://doi.org/1093/jxb/erl121.
15. Ghaderi N., Vezvaei A., Talaei A.R., and Babalar M. 2003. Effect of boron and zinc foliar spraying as well as concentrations of these elements on some leaf and fruit characteristics of almond. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology 34(1): 127-135. (In Persian)
16. Giné-Bordonaba J., and Terry L.A. 2016. Effect of deficit irrigation and methyl jasmonate application on the composition of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) fruit and leaves. Scientia Horticulturae 199: 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.12.026.
17. Haghighi M. 2010. The effect of partial root zone drying on water relations, growth, yield and some qualitative attributes of tomato. Soil and Plant Interactions (Journal of Science and Thecnology of Greenhouse Culture) 1(2): 9-17. (In Persian)
18. Hooshmand M., Albaji M., and Zadeh Ansari N.A. 2019. The effect of deficit irrigation on yield and yield components of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in hydroponic culture in Ahvaz region, Iran. Scientia Horticulturae 254: 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.04.084.
19. Hosseini Farahadi M., Goodarzi K., and Kavoosi B. 2009. Correction of Zn deficiency and increasing of yield via trunk injection method on grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cv Askari. Journal of Horticultural Sciences 23(2): 108-118. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/JHORTS4.V1388I2.2591.
20. Howell T.A., Evett S.R., Tolk J.A., and Schneider A.D. 2004. Evaporation of full and deficit-irrigated, and dry land cotton on the Northern Texas High Plains. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 130(4): 277-285. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2004)130:4(277).
21. Janik J. 1984. Foliar nutrition of fruit crops. Horticultural Reviews 6: 289-338. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118060797.ch8.
22. Jayvanth Kumar U., Vijay Bahadur V.M. Prasad, Saket Mishra, and Shukla, P.K. 2017. Effect of different concentrations of iron oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth and yield of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) cv. chandler. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6(8): 2440-2445. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.608.288
23. Lebon E., Pellegrino A., and Louarn G. 2006. Branch development controls leaf area dynamics in grapevine (Vitis vinifera ) growing in drying soil. Annals of Botany 98(1)ː 175-185. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mci085.
24. Lichtenthaler H.K. 1987. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology 148: 350-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(87)48036-1.
25. Lolaei A., Hashem Abadi D., and Sedaghathoor S. 2013. Effect of calcium, zinc and nitrogen sprays on vegetative and reproductive growth and shelf life of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Selva). Journal of Plant Enviromental Physiology 8(2): 31–40. (In Persian)
26. Narimani H., and Sharifi R. 2020. Effect of foliar and soil application of zinc on photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence and grain yield of wheat under soil salinity. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production 10(2): 89-105. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.22069/EJSMS.2020.16140.1861.
27. Nobahar A., Mostafavi Rad M., Zakerin H.R., Sayfzadeh S., and Valadabadi A.R. 2019. Evaluation of physiological characteristics in peanut (Arachis hypogaea ) in response to plant cutting and application methods of Zn and Ca nano-chelates. Journal of Plant Productions (Scientfic Journal of Agriculture) 41(4): 97-110.‏ (In Persian)
28. Paygzar Y., Ghanbari A., Heidari M., and Tavassoli A. 2009. Effect of foliar Application of micronutrients on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glacum) under drought stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology (Agricultural Science) 3(10): 67-79. (In Persian)
29. Perkins-Vaezie P., Collins J.K., and Howard L. 2008. Blueberry fruit response to postharvest application of ultraviolet radiation. Postharvest Biology and Technology 47(3): 280-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.08.002.
30. Rafiipour M., Gholami M., and Sari Khani H. 2016. The effect of dehydration stress and some nutrients on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Camarosa strawberry cultivar, Ph.D thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University, 145 p. (In Persian)
31. Raliya R., Nair R., Chavalmane S., Wang W.N., and Biswas P. 2015. Mechanistic evaluation of translocation and physiological impact of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles on the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant. Metallomics 7(12): 1584-1594.‏ https://doi.org/10.1039/C5MT00168D.
32. Ranjbar M., and Shams G.A. 2009. Using of nanoteechnology. Journal of Environment Green 3: 29-34.
33. Rossi L., Fedenia L.N., Sharifan H., Ma X., and Lombardini L. 2019. Effects of foliar application of zinc sulfate and zinc nanoparticles in coffee (Coffea arabica) plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 135: 160-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.12.005.
34. Sairam R.K., Deshmukh P.S., and Saxena D.C. 1998. Role of antioxidant systems in wheat. genotype tolerance to water stress. Biologia Plantarum 41: 387-394. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1001898310321.
35. Sarker B.C., Hara M., and Uemura M. 2005. Proline synthesis, physiological responses and biomass yield of eggplants during and after repetitive soil moisture stress. Scientia Horticulturae 103(4): 387-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2004.07.010.
36. Sartip H., and Sirousmehr A.R. 2016. Effect of titanium nano particles and different irrigation levels on photosynthetic pigments, proline, soluble carbohydrates and growth parameters of Purslane. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology 9: 79-90. (In Persian)
37. Scrinis G., and Lyons K. 2007. The emerging nano-corporate paradigm: nanotechnology and the transformation of nature, food and agri-food systems. International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 15(2): 22-44 https://doi.org/10.48416/ijsaf.v15i2.293.
38. Sensoy S., Ertek A., Gedik I., and Kucukyumuk C. 2007. Irrigation frequency and amount affect yield and quality of field-grown melon (Cucumis melo ). Agricultural Water Management 88(1-3): 269-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2006.10.015.
39. Shahi P., Abdossi V., and Poornamdari E. 2019. Investigating the effect of various forms of zinc on pomegranate and pomegranate juice characteristics. Journal of Food Technology and Nutrition 16(4): 81-90. (In Persian)
40. Showemimo F.A., and Olarewaju J.D. 2007. Drought tolerance indices in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum). International Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics 1: 29-33. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijpbg.2007.29.33.2006.10.015.
41. Terry L.A., Chope G.A., and Bordonaba J.G. Effect of water deficit irrigation on strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa) fruit quality. In VI International Strawberry Symposium 842 (pp. 839-842).
42. Torabian S., Zahedi M., and Khoshgoftar A.H. 2015 Effects of foliar spray of two kinds of zinc oxide on the growth and ion concentration of sunflower cultivars under salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition 39(2): 172-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2015.1009107.
43. Turhan E., and Eris A. 2005. Changes of micronutrients, dry weight, and chlorophyll contents in strawberry plants under salt stress conditions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36(7-8): 1021-1028. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-200050418.
44. Wang N., and Duan J.K. 2006. Effects of variety and crude protein content on nutrients and anti-nutrients in lentil (Lens culinaris). Food Chemistry 95(3): 493-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.02.001.
45. Wei Y., Shao X., Wei Y., Xu F., and Wang H. 2018. Effect of preharvest application of tea tree oil on strawberry fruit quality parameters and possible disease resistance mechanisms. Scientia Horticulturae 241: 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.06.077.
46. Yildizhan H. 2018. Energy, exergy utilization and CO₂ emission of strawberry production in greenhouse and open field. Energy 143: 417-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.10.139.
47. Zare Dehabadi S., Asrar Z., and Mehrabani M. 2010. Biochemical changes in terpenoid compounds of mentha spicata essential oils in response to excess zinc supply. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology 2(3): 25-34. (In Persian). https://doi.org/1001.1.20088264.1389.2.3.4.5.