Journal Of Horticultural Science

Research Article Pomology

Determination of the Most Suitable Time for Harvesting Olive (Olea europea L.) Fruits 'Yellow' and 'Arbequina' Cultivars Based on Physiologic Characteristics

S. Keivanfar; D. Hashemabadi; B. Kaviani

Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 11-1

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2023.75205.1138

Abstract

IntroductionOlive (Olea europea L.) fruit ripening is a slow and long process and has a great impact on fruit quality, including the amount of oil. Also, interrupting the harvest and extraction of olive oil causes unfavorable conditions in this fruit. Therefore, it is important to determine the best ... Read More IntroductionOlive (Olea europea L.) fruit ripening is a slow and long process and has a great impact on fruit quality, including the amount of oil. Also, interrupting the harvest and extraction of olive oil causes unfavorable conditions in this fruit. Therefore, it is important to determine the best time to harvest the fruit. Olive oil has unsaturated fatty acids and has an antioxidant activity. The analysis of maturation stages is a prerequisite for fruit harvest time in each cultivar and quality of olive products. The time of harvest and maintenance after harvest is two important factors in the quality and quality of olive fruit oil. The exact determination of olive harvest time depends on the geographical area, cultivar and climate, agronomic and fruiting conditions. Study on different olive cultivars in different regions of Iran and the world revealed that fruit harvest time plays an effective role on the morphological, physiological and metabolic parameters of fruit. The approximate time of olive fruit harvest is in different geographical points, November and October. The purpose of this study was to investigate the right time of olive fruit harvesting 'Arbequina' and 'Yellow' cultivars for obtaining maximum quality of fruit and oil. Materials and MethodsA factorial experiment containing two factors; cultivar in two levels ('Yellow' and 'Arbequina') and harvest time in six levels (24th and 31th October, and 7th, 14th, 21th and 28th November) based on a completely randomized block design with two factors in 12 treatments, 3 replicates and 36 experimental units was done to determine the appropriate harvest time and its effect on oil quality. Physiologic parameters; percentage of oil, amount of phenolic compounds, degree of peroxidation, amount of oleic acid, force of separation of fruit from tail and acidity were evaluated. This research was conducted at the olive research station in Rudbar city in southern Guilan province using the removed olives from the Manjil ETKA station. The 6 trees from two cultivars; 'Arbakkin' and 'Yellow' (from each 3 tree) which were similar in terms of height, age, crown diameter, mean conditions and irrigation were evaluated. Trees were planted at 6 × 8 m intervals. After selecting trees, from each tree, 2 to 3 kg of olive was randomly harvested. In fruits with tail, the force needed to separate the tail of the fruit was measured by the force assessment device. Standard method numbers 4178 and 4179 standard institutes and industrial research of Iran were used to measure acidity and olive oil peroxide, respectively. Polyphenols were measured with spectrophotometer. To determine the percentage of oil, saccule was used. For measurement of oleic acid, gas chromatography (GC) was used. Data were analyzed using SAS software and their average comparison was done by Duncan. Results and Discussion Mean comparison of the interaction effect between cultivar and harvest time showed that the highest acidity of the fruit was obtained in 'Arbequina' cultivar, respectively harvested at two times 31th and 24th October. The highest fruit peroxide value and the highest percentage of oleic acid were calculated in 'Yellow' cultivar in 24th October. The highest value of polyphenol was obtained in 'Yellow' cultivar on 7th November. The highest percentage of fruit oil was obtained in 'Arbequina' cultivar on 31th October. The lowest force to separate the tail from the fruit was applied in 'Arbequina' cultivar on 31th October. The results showed that the best time to harvest 'Yellow' cultivar is 7th November and for 'Arbequina' cultivar is 14th November. The study on several olive cultivars in China showed that the most suitable fruit harvest time was in late October until mid-November. There was an adverse significant correlation between changes in total sugar content in fruit and leaf and oil accumulation in the fruit. The quality of fruit depends mainly to the type of cultivar, genetic characteristics, maturity and environmental conditions. Study on some olive cultivars showed that the ratio between sugars is different in various stages of fruit maturity and between different cultivars of olive fruit. Some studies have shown that the most suitable time of olive fruit harvest for canned preparation is early September and for extraction of oil, late September. Fruits should be harvested when they have the highest oil accumulation. The study on 'Koroneiki' and 'Mission' cultivars in Gorgan region showed that the amount of oil in the dry matter and the percentage of free fatty acids increased with increasing degree of maturity, while peroxide value was reduced. One of the causes of peroxide value reduction during maturity is reduction in lipoxygenase enzyme activity. This enzyme increases the peroxide value by effect on linolenic acid and linoleic acid. Based on these results, the best time to harvest for the above cultivars is early in December. ConclusionsHarvest time and proper storage after harvest are two important factors of olive oil quantity and quality. In both cultivars, a longer delay in harvesting compared to the mentioned-above dates increases the percentage of oil, but it has a negative effect on the reproductive stages of the next year, and perhaps one of the causes of olive aging is excessive delay in harvesting. It is important to pay attention to the above two items.

Research Article Medicinal Plants

The Effect of Different Types of Mulching and Different Levels of Water Stress on Yield and Yield Components of Asparagus afficinalis

M. Kermani; Sh. Amirmoradi

Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 29-13

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2024.83056.1270

Abstract

Introduction Drought stress is one of the most important and most common limiting factors for plant growth in arid and semiarid regions. Asparagus (Asparagus afficinalis) is the most important species of asparagus and the fresh stem of this plant is harvested as its edible part and used as a vegetable ... Read More Introduction Drought stress is one of the most important and most common limiting factors for plant growth in arid and semiarid regions. Asparagus (Asparagus afficinalis) is the most important species of asparagus and the fresh stem of this plant is harvested as its edible part and used as a vegetable and medicine. Asparagus is very rich in vitamins, flavonoids, saponins, and glutathione, which have anti-cancer properties, protect nerve cells, and protect the heart. Asparagus is a herbaceous, perennial plant growing to 100–150 cm tall, with two types of stems. One of the stems called spear, which is edible and has no leaves. The second, called fern which has needle leaves and is non-edible. This plant has thick and fleshy roots called rhizome (crown), which is resistant to winter cold and can remain in the ground for up to 25 years and give economic crops for up to 10-15 years. According to some studies, commercial cultivars of asparagus are sensitive to abiotic stresses such as drought stress. Drought stress during the growth of fern can reduce the production of stored carbohydrates in the crown roots and lead to a decrease in yield in the next season. Also, drought stress increases the fiber and reduces the quality of asparagus. Mulch is any material that is spread or laid over the surface of the soil and used for reasons such as saving water consumption by reducing evaporation from the soil surface, controlling soil erosion, adjusting soil temperature, controlling the growth of weeds, and improving the absorption of soil nutrients. Several researches have reported that the use of mulch is effective in increasing the resistance of plants to drought stress and also reducing the negative effects of drought stress on yield and its components. Materials and Methods This research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design in three replications in the crop year of 2021-2022 in a two-year asparagus field near Mashhad city. The experimental factors were the types of mulch (barley straw, asparagus straw and plastic) and drought stress levels including irrigation after 50 mm (no stress), 70 mm (mild stress), 100 mm (moderate stress) and 150 mm (severe stress) evaporation from pan class A. Planting of transplants in the field was done manually on April 9 2021. Each experimental plot with dimensions of 4 x 10 meters included 4 rows with a distance of 100 cm and a distance of 50 cm between plants. Weeding was done manually. Fertilization was done according to the soil analysis and the recommendations of the soil science laboratory. The date of applying water stress was from April 4 to September 1 2022. The average of traits recorded in the first harvest (April 21) and the second harvest (September 6) were used for variance analysis. Data analysis was done using MSTAT-C software and mean comparisons were done using LSD method at 5% probability level. The graphs were drawn using Excel software. Results and Discussion The results showed that fresh stem yield, number of harvestable stems, stem length, stem diameter, stem fresh and dry weight, and total leaf chlorophyll content decreased and leaf proline content increased significantly at different levels of water stress. The content of leaf carotenoids also decreased significantly compared to the control only in severe water stress. The use of mulch in non-stressed conditions caused a significant increase in all studied traits except proline, so that asparagus straw with a 76% increase in stem yield was in the first place, and barley straw and plastic mulch were in the second and third places. Also, mulching reduced the negative effects of water stress on all traits, so that the non-use of mulch in mild, moderate and severe stress caused a 21%, 36% and 46% reduction in shoot yield, respectively, and the use of asparagus straw caused 10 %, 13% and 16% decrease in the yield of stems. Conclusions Water stress, as the most important factor of physiological limitation in plants, negatively affects growth, development and yield of plants. The use of plant residue mulches, especially asparagus straw, between the rows of asparagus cultivation can increase the yield in conditions without drought stress, and in drought stress conditions. the yield can be protected from the negative effects of stress to a large extent.

Research Article Medicinal Plants

Effects of Amino Acids on Morpho-physiological and Essential Oil Attributes of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge. under Water Deficit Conditions

M. Yadegari

Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 56-31

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2024.86940.1328

Abstract

Introduction Satureja bachtiarica is one of the important endemic species and is used in medicinal and food industries. This plant is rich in essential oil, flavonoids, monoterpene glycosides and trypanocidal terpenoids. The main compounds of the essential oil from S.bachtiarica L. collected from natural ... Read More Introduction Satureja bachtiarica is one of the important endemic species and is used in medicinal and food industries. This plant is rich in essential oil, flavonoids, monoterpene glycosides and trypanocidal terpenoids. The main compounds of the essential oil from S.bachtiarica L. collected from natural habitats are alpha-pinene, p-cymene, carvacrol and gamma-terpinene. The environmental factors cause changes in the growth, quantity, and quality of active substances (such as alkaloids, glycosides, steroids and volatile oils) in medicinal and aromatic plants. Among environmental stresses, water deficit plays an important role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. Drought stress has detrimental effects on growth and yield and can upset the balance between the antioxidant defense system and free radicals by stimulating a series of biochemical reactions, where free radicals cause cell damage. In sustainable production systems of medicinal and aromatic plants, stable quantitative and qualitative functions can be achieved under conditions of environmental stress and it is possible to improve the production of secondary metabolites in these plants under adverse environmental conditions. Therefore, this study was done to evaluate the amino acids on the physiological and phytochemical properties of S. bachtiarica to determine and introduce the best amino acids under water stress. Materials and Methods This investigation was done from spring (May) 2022 to fall (September) 2023 at the Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Branch of Shahrekord (latitude. 32°20′ N, longitude. 50°51′ E, altitude. 2061 m). Based on the Köppen climate classification, the climate of the study area is classified as cold and semiarid. This study was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) as a split plot layout with three replications. Irrigation regimes (3-day, 6-day, and 9-day intervals) were assigned as the main plots, while the foliar application of amino acids (methionine, lysine, phenylalanine, and proline) was designated as the subplots. In each year, treatments were applied at 3 stages (3 months after sowing, end of vegetation, before flowering, beginning of flowering and early flowering) and harvesting was done in the complete flowering stage. Weed control was applied manually during the entire experiment. During the experiment, no fertilizer and no systemic pesticide and herbicide were used. The harvested shoots were transferred to the laboratory for extracting and analysis of the leaves and stems of treated plants. For assessment of the total chlorophyll content of S. bachtiarica, the leaves were extracted with 80% acetone. The absorbance of the extraction was read at 470, 648, and 664 nm, and the content of total chlorophyll was calculated as mg per g leaf dry weight. Total phenol content was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent as reported by Singleton and Rossi. The total phenol content was expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalent per g leaf dry weight according to standard curves of gallic acid. The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed using GC/MS. Results and Discussion Applied amino acids significantly influenced the morpho-physiological and phytochemical characters of Satureja bachtiarica. In two years, the highest chlorophyll content (1.41-1.54 mg.g-1 FW) and total phenol content (2.45-2.72 mg.g-1 FW) were obtained in methionine (2.5 g.l-1) and phenylalanine (100 µM) treatments by irrigation regimes 3-day interval. The highest essential oil contents (1.09-1.61 %) were obtained from the plants treated by methionine (2.5 g.l-1) and phenylalanine (100 µM) treatments by irrigation regime 3 days interval. The main chemical compounds of essential oil were P-cymene (17.12-19.45 %), gamma-terpinene (18.14-16.87 %) and Carvacrol (45.12-51.24 %) belonging to cyclic monoterpenes. The treatments had significant effectiveness on cyclic monoterpens such as alpha-terpinene, gamma-terpinene, germacren-d, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene. Increasing of essential oil content/composition by use of amino acids was seen. The main components of essential oil in plants treated by proline were lesser than other treated plants. In two years of this research amino acids of methionine and phenylalanine mad the most amounts of carvacrol and essential oil content. The monoterpene alcohols in volatile oils of the treated plants with amino acids elicitors considerably were higher than the sesquiterpenes. According to the ratio of monoterpenes alcohol to sesquiterpenes in volatile oils of the treated S. bachtiarica with different elicitors, the foliar application of amino acids can improve the odor quality of S. bachtiarica volatile oil. Conclusions Foliar application of methionine (2.5 g.l-1) and phenylalanine (100 µM) treatments better than other treatments increased the morpho-physiological and essential oil attributes. Environmental conditions such as drought play a key role in plant growth and biosynthesis of different metabolic compounds. The observed variation in shoot yield and phytochemical content of S. bachtiarica during the studied years may related to differences in photoperiod, temperature, solar radiation, precipitation and occurrence of biotic and abiotic stresses at different growing seasons. Also amino acids had very important effectiveness on content/composition of essential oil of S. bachtiarica. Generally, treats of methionine and phenylalanine can be a good strategy to improve morpho-physiological characteristics and essential oil quantity and quality of S. bachtiarica in the same climate.

Research Article Medicinal Plants

The Effect of Organic Fertilizers Application and Humic Acid Foliar Spraying on Growth Characteristics of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) in a Saline Soil

S. Tandisseh Bana; A.R. Astaraei; A. Lakzian

Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 72-57

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2024.88409.1351

Abstract

IntroductionSaline soils due to lack of organic matter and poor physicochemical properties and subsequent lack of moisture, usually having poor vegetation. The use of organic fertilizers in saline soils, can improve the growth and tolerance of plants under salinity conditions by improving the physical ... Read More IntroductionSaline soils due to lack of organic matter and poor physicochemical properties and subsequent lack of moisture, usually having poor vegetation. The use of organic fertilizers in saline soils, can improve the growth and tolerance of plants under salinity conditions by improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil. For this purpose, this research was carried out with two types of organic fertilizers to modify saline soil properties along with humic acid foliar application as a stimulant for the growth of the Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni.) plant. The experimental factors included the first factor: 1) control (without organic fertilizer), 2) vermi compost (20 ton.ha-1), 3) vermi compost (40 ton.ha-1), 4) Spent Mushroom Compost (SMC) (20 ton.ha-1), 5) Spent Mushroom Compost (40 ton.ha-1), and the second factor was foliar spraying of humic acid at two levels of 0 and 0.1% in a Completely Randomized Design (factorial) with three replications. Photosynthesis rate, leaf area, plant dry weight, pH, salinity, bulk density and soil organic carbon were investigated in order to determine the most effective organic matter treatment under soil salinity stress conditions. Results showed that SMC significantly decreased soil pH, bulk density, but increased electrical conductivity and soil organic carbon. Leaf area was reduced but total phenol, chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoid were increased resulting in significant increase in the dry weight of Stevia plants in saline soil. The highest dry weight of the plant was obtained with application of 40 tons.ha-1 of SMC fertilizer and humic acid foliar, which was 45.12% more than the control (without fertilizer). Therefore, SMC fertilizer can be a suitable remediator for saline soil, humic acid spray also had a significant positive effect if used along with SMC soil application. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design (factorial) in boxes (dimensions 30x40x30 cm) containing natural saline soil (EC=10.15 dS.m-1) under natural agronomic conditions at The Ferdowsi University of Mashhad with three replications from July to January, 2018. Experimental factors were included the first factor: 1) control (without organic fertilizer), 2) vermicompost 20 tons/ha, 3) vermicompost 40 ton.ha-1, 4) Spent mushroom compost 20 ton.ha-1, 5) Spent mushroom compost 40 tons per hectare and the second factor: foliar spraying of humic acid at two levels of zero and 0.1%. A soil sample was collected from Kushk region of Neyshabur city with desired salinity (ECe=10.15 dS.m-1) and some physical and chemical properties of soil and organic fertilizers were measured before the experiment. Organic fertilizers after mixing with the experimental soil, were added to the plastic boxes according to the amount of each treatment. Two seedlings were planted in each plastic box, maintaining a spacing of 20 cm. Irrigation was carried out daily using tap water. One month after the stevia plants had adapted to the climatic conditions of Mashhad, foliar application of humic acid was performed in three stages at 20-day intervals. After plant physiological maturity stage some parameters including plant dry weight, leaf area, total plant phenol, amount of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid, total plant chlorophyll, and soil organic carbon, bulk density, salinity, and soil pH, were determined after plant harvest. The dry weight of the stevia plant was obtained by weighing the plants after drying in an oven for 48 hours at 70°C. Statistical analysis of data was performed by JMP software version 0.8, drawing graphs using Excel software and comparing average data using LSD test at significance levels 1 and 5 percent. Results and DiscussionResults showed that the SMC fertilizeralone and in combination with HA foliar application significantly increased the dry weight of the stevia plant compared to the control through improving saline soil physical and chemical properties like pH, OC, soil bulk density. These improvements resulted in some improvement in photosynthetic pigments and total phenol. The highest dry weight of stevia plant was obtained with application of 40 ton/ha of SMC fertilizer and humic acid 0.1% leaf spraying. ConclusionsAccording to the results of this research, application of SMC fertilizer with and without foliar application of humic acid was able to significantly increase the dry weight of the stevia plant compared to the control (without fertilizer) through modifying the physical and chemical properties of saline soil (pH, OC, bulk density) and some phytochemical properties of the plant (Photosynthetic pigments and total phenol). Application of VC fertilizer was not successful. Even though humic acid foliar application increased the total plant phenol, it could not improve the growth of the plant in saline soil alone, but it could increase the dry weight of the plant only with application of SMC fertilizer. Thus, the highest dry weight of stevia plant was obtained with application of 40 ton/ha of SMC fertilizer and humic acid spraying.Therefore, it is suggested that in order to achieve proper performance (≥80%) and improvement in the physiological and morphological characteristics of the stevia plant in very saline soil (ECe≥10 dS.m-1), it is necessary to use 40 ton.ha-1 or more of mushroom compost waste. It should be used in saline soil three to six months before cultivation and 0.1% humic acid foliar spraying should be done three times with an interval of 20 days.

Research Article Medicinal Plants

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.): Analysis of Global Production, Market and Iran's Potentials in Production and Trade

F. Rezvani Nia; S. Zamani; M.T. Ebadi

Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 92-73

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2024.88778.1358

Abstract

Introduction The increasing use of medicinal, aromatic plants and spices has increased the economic production, value and trade of these plants. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) is a perennial rhizome plant which is considered as the most important spice in the global trade. Ginger rhizome has bioactive ... Read More Introduction The increasing use of medicinal, aromatic plants and spices has increased the economic production, value and trade of these plants. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) is a perennial rhizome plant which is considered as the most important spice in the global trade. Ginger rhizome has bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds and essential oil. Essential oil (including zingiberene, α and β-pinene, camphene etc.) is responsible for the aroma of ginger. Important phenolic compounds of ginger include Gingerol, Shogaol, Paradol, and Zingerone, which are responsible for the spicy taste of ginger. Ginger has important effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antilipemic, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, anti-nausea, and liver protective activities, improving digestive problems, etc. In addition to medicine, ginger rhizome is widely used as a spice and flavoring in foods, drinks, etc., and is also defined as a dietary supplement by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In this study, while examining and analyzing the world market of this valuable spice, Iran's production potentials were examined to supply internal needs and enter to the export section. Materials and Methods In this research, the data on the production and trade of ginger was evaluated using the codes determined in the Harmonized System (HS codes 091010, 091011 and 091012). The area harvest, production amount, yield and the top producing countries were extracted from the statistics section of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The export and import trade data of ginger in Iran and the world, the top exporting and importing countries during 2010-2022 years were evaluated using the World Trade Center data. Results and Discussion According to the obtained assessments, the total production of ginger in the world has increased from 1.718.571 tons in 2010 with an increase of 183% to 4.874.216 tons in 2022, and India, Nigeria, China, Nepal, and Indonesia are among the main ginger producer countries in the world during these years. Also, the investigation of the global trade of ginger showed that the export of this product increased from about 655.9 million dollars in 2010 with a growth of 37% to 900.5 million dollars in 2022, and the import value also increased by 97%, from 568.7 million dollars in 2010 to 1.125 billion dollars, which indicates an increase in the global trade of this product. China, Netherlands, India, Peru, and Thailand were the top exporters while America, Japan, Netherlands, Germany, and Pakistan as the top importers of ginger. The analysis of Iran statistics showed that the total export value of ginger was 15.000 dollars in 2022, while the amount of import reached 36.6 million dollars from 1.35 million dollars in 2010, which shows an increase of 4.7 folds the import volume of this product. Iraq and Azerbaijan were the destinations of ginger exported from Iran, and the origins of ginger imported to Iran were China, United Arab Emirates, and India. In Iran, Tehran province was the only ginger-producer province in the country, which produced 23 tons of ginger with 0.3 ha of area in greenhouse conditions. Price fluctuations of ginger produced in countries such as the USA, China, Brazil and Peru and offered in the USA market in 2022 were investigated. The price of ginger varies throughout the year due to factors such as supply, demand, weather conditions and market dynamics. The highest ginger price ($9.19) was recorded for American ginger in the USA market from August 19 to September 14, and it still had a high price in the cold season. As mentioned, ginger is one of the most important spices in global trade and has a high value in global export and import. In Iran, production less than the internal demand has caused a significant increase in imports compared to exports. Therefore, according to the evaluation and success of the cultivation of similar products in the country, the existence of wide areas harvested and favorable weather conditions, especially in provinces such as Sistan & Baluchestan, and Hormozgan, it is suggested to pay attention to the cultivation of ginger to supply internal markets and achieve extensive exports. Also, according to the area under greenhouses cultivation, which is 24,000 hectares, taking into account the average production of 10 tons of ginger per hectare, if only 10% of the existing greenhouse cultivation is dedicated to ginger production, it is possible to produce 24,000 tons of fresh ginger, which will fully meet domestic needs and provide the export. Conclusions Global ginger production and trade grew significantly from 2010 to 2022, led by producers like India, Nigeria, and China, and top exporters like China, the Netherlands, and India. Iran’s ginger imports rose due to limited local production, and this underscored the potential for cultivation in regions such as Sistan & Baluchestan and Hormozgan. In addition, utilizing greenhouse capacity could meet domestic demand and boost exports, integrating Iran into the global ginger market.

Research Article Pomology

The Effect of Amino Acid L-Phenylalanine, Selenium and Nitroxin Biological Fertilizer on the Physicochemical Properties of Goji Berries (Lycium barbarum cv. GB1)

S. Fatahi Siahkamary; V. Rabiei; M. Shoor; S. Nicola

Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 107-93

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2024.88862.1360

Abstract

Introduction The Lycium genus of the Solanaceae family has excellent nutritional and medicinal value. Two species of Lycium barbarum L. and Lycium chinense Mill. It is often called wolfberry or goji berry. The use of amino acids for horticultural crops is common worldwide, and many chemicals used as ... Read More Introduction The Lycium genus of the Solanaceae family has excellent nutritional and medicinal value. Two species of Lycium barbarum L. and Lycium chinense Mill. It is often called wolfberry or goji berry. The use of amino acids for horticultural crops is common worldwide, and many chemicals used as biostimulants are mixtures of amino acids. The effect of amino acids on plants seems to depend on the type of amino acid supplied and the type of plant. Selenium (Se) is an important component of selenoproteins and seleno-amino acids. Therefore, it has played many roles in the growth and function of living cells and important biological functions in animals and humans. Also Se is very similar in properties to sulfur and can act as S in biochemical systems. Biological fertilizers are fertile materials that contain one or more beneficial soil organisms within a suitable carrier. Overall, these fertilizers contain different types of microorganisms that can convert nutrients from unavailable form to available form through a biological process. The application of supernitroxin fertilizer by stimulating the synthesis of plant hormones increased the growth indicators of sesame varieties. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted at the Research farm University of Mashhad, during 2021 and 2022 years. In early May, goji berry seedlings were planted in the field to check the effect of the L-phenylalanine (Phe), sodium selenate (Se), and nitroxine were applied before harvesting and foliar spraying on the goji berry plant during the growth stages. To conduct experiment, two-year-old seedlings of Goji berry cultivar GB1 were obtained from Mashhad Seedling Company located in Razavi Khorasan province, and after the seedlings were transferred to ground and established, initial foliar spraying was done. In order to evaluate the effect of L-phenylalanine, selenium, and nitroxine treatments, experiment were conducted as a randomized complete block design in 5 replications which factors include the amino acid L-phenylalanine (Phe: 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM), sodium selenate (Se: 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg.L-1) and nitroxin biological fertilizer (170, 330, and 500 μl.L-1) at three levels and distilled water was applied as a control. One pot was considered for each repetition and a total of 10 pots were considered along with the control. Plants were sprayed every 15 days after establishment. After the three stages of foliar spraying, the content of phenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity, PAL and anthocyanin were measured. Results and Discussion The results showed that the treatments used in this experiment had a significant effect on the physiological and chemical characteristics of the goji berry plant. The results showed that the highest amount of titratable acidity (0.896%) was obtained in samples treated with nitroxine at a concentration of 333 microliters. The highest amount (18.56 mg.g-1) of this index was obtained in fruits treated with phenylalanine at a concentration of 1.5 mM. The highest amount of this index was obtained in the fruits treated with phenylalanine at a concentration of 1 mM, which was 61.98% higher than the amount of flavonoid recorded in goji berries under control conditions. Also, the results showed that despite the decrease in the activity of PAL enzyme during the increase of selenium concentration, the activity of this enzyme was 13.66% higher than the activity of PAL enzyme under the condition of using selenium at a concentration of 1 mg/liter. The increase in the functioning of the antioxidant system is determined by the total antioxidant, which is controlled by the content of low-molecular components and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Compounds such as ascorbic acid, glutathione, tocopherol, carotenoids, anthocyanins, endogenous metal chelators, TPC, TFC and alkaloids are low molecular weight antioxidants. Also nitroxin, supernitroplus, phosphate and mycorrhizal fertilizers. Nitroxin binds N in the atmosphere and balances the absorption of nutrient element in the plant. Nitroxin is responsible for the secretion of amino acids, antibiotics, hydrogen cyanide and siderophores, which promote the growth and development of plant roots and shoots, protect the roots from pathogens, thereby increasing yield. A sufficient supply of phenylalanine through the use of exogenous Phe or endogenous Phe provided by the shikimic acid pathway may be required to stimulate the activity of the phenylpropanoid pathway, as shown by the high PAL activity responsible for the accumulation of phenols, flavocyanins and anthocyanins. This leads to the need for ROS accumulation. Anthocyanins are groups of flavonoids found in vacuoles epidermal and mesophyll cells of plants. Anthocyanins can protect chlorophyll from light oxidation and, compared to other components, is a better indicator of plant oxidative stress caused by external factors that accumulate in plants. Conclusions The present study was conducted with the aim of studying the effect of L-phenylalanine, selenium and nitroxin biofertilizer on improving the vegetative growth, yield and secondary metabolites of gojiberry during two cropping years. To conduct the experiment, two-year-old seedlings of Goji berry variety GB1 were obtained from Mashhad Seedling Company located in Razavi Khorasan province. The results demonstrated that the application of L-phenylalanine amino acid, selenium, and nitroxin biofertilizer significantly influenced the traits studied during the experiment. Specifically, nitroxin at a concentration of 166 microliters increased the amount of soluble solids, while at a concentration of 333 microliters, it elevated titratable acidity compared to the control samples. The highest PAL enzyme activity was observed with phenylalanine at a concentration of 1.5 mM, showing a 52.17% increase compared to the PAL enzyme activity under control conditions.

Research Article Postharvest physiology

Investigating the Effect of Different Concentrations of Salicylic Acid and Citric Acid on some Quality Characteristics and Microbial Load of Fresh Cut Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)

V. Ajami; H. Nemati

Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 121-109

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2024.88902.1361

Abstract

Introduction Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) (Thunb) is known as a rich source of various vitamins (such as vitamin A) and phytochemical compounds that have high antioxidant activity. Studies show that characteristics such as taste, nutritional value, cost, and convenience in consumption have a direct ... Read More Introduction Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) (Thunb) is known as a rich source of various vitamins (such as vitamin A) and phytochemical compounds that have high antioxidant activity. Studies show that characteristics such as taste, nutritional value, cost, and convenience in consumption have a direct impact on consumer choice, therefore, in recent decades, the desire to consume and buy cut products has been increasing. Also, due to the large size of the watermelon, to avoid waste, this product can be offered sliced. Cutting causes damage that not only elevates respiration and ethylene production but also accelerates other biochemical reactions, leading to changes in color, taste, aroma, texture, and nutritional quality. Additionally, cutting and removing the natural protective covering of the fruit create conditions that promote an increase in microbial load. In order to increase the natural resistance of fruits and vegetables as well as maintain the sensory and nutritional quality of fresh products, it is recommended to use environmentally friendly technologies such as salicylic acid (SA). Citric acid, like salicylic acid, is considered a safe compound, and as an organic acid, it can be used as an approved food additive. Due to the positive effects of salicylic acid and citric acid on the quality properties of fresh products, no information has been found regarding the post-harvest use of these compounds on sliced watermelon. Therefore, in the present study, our aim was to investigate the effects of citric acid and salicylic acid treatments on sensory properties, quality, microbial load and color changes of cut watermelon fruit during the storage period. Our findings can provide a new strategy for maintaining the quality of sliced watermelon fruit. The microbial load and fruit tissue softening resulting from fruit cutting lead to a decline in quality due to increased fruit respiration and water loss, which are limiting factors for the post-harvest shelf life of cut watermelon fruits. In the present study, the impact of citric acid and salicylic acid on some quality indices of cut watermelon pieces during the storage period was investigated. Materials and Methods The harvested fruits were transported to the laboratory and their external surface was disinfected with sodium hypochlorite (200 μL.L-1) and the skin of the fruits was removed by a sharp and sterile knife. The harvested fruits were separated from their peels, and then the fruit flesh was cut into 4 cm by 4 cm pieces. The pieces were immersed in salicylic acid solutions (1 or 2 mM) and citric acid solutions (0.5 and 1 mM) for 2 minutes. Immersion in water was also introduced as a control. Subsequently, the fruits were packaged in polyethylene containers with cellophane coating and stored for 14 days at a temperature of 4 degrees Celsius. Results and Discussion Based on the results of variance analysis, immersion of freshly cut watermelon fruits in different concentrations of citric acid and salicylic acid had a significant effect on the firmness of the fruit tissue at the 1% level. The interaction effects of measurement time and immersion in solutions were significant at the 1% probability level. The highest amount of tissue stiffness was related to the treatments of 1 mM citric acid (4.58 newtons) and 2 mM salicylic acid (4.69 newtons), and the lowest value was obtained from the control samples (3.54 newtons). The highest weight loss was related to the control samples and the lowest amount was obtained from 1 mM citric acid and 2 mM salicylic acid. During the maintenance period, the highest and lowest weight loss was obtained from the control and 2 mM salicylic acid treatments, respectively. The highest amount of soluble solids was obtained from the control treatment and the lowest amount was obtained from the 2 mM salicylic acid treatment. The highest amount of microbial load was obtained from the control samples (6.11), and the lowest amount was obtained from the 2 mM salicylic acid treatment (4.02), followed by the 1 mM salicylic acid treatment (4.17). Also, with the passage of storage time, the amount of microbial load increased significantly. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of salicylic acid and citric acid on the quality and microbial characteristics of cut watermelon. This experiment included the use of different concentrations of salicylic acid and citric acid to evaluate their effect on quality parameters and microbial load in watermelon slices. Quality characteristics, including color, firmness, sweetness and overall visual appeal, were measured using standard methods. In addition, the microbial load, including both bacterial and fungal populations, was determined to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of the applied acids. The results showed significant effects of salicylic acid and citric acid on increasing some quality traits and reducing microbial contamination in watermelon slices. This research provides valuable insights into the use of salicylic acid and citric acid as potential agents to improve the quality and safety of cut watermelon. The results indicated that salicylic acid at both concentrations (1 or 2 mM) and citric acid at 1 mM led to a significant reduction in microbial load and weight loss. Moreover, the mentioned treatments restrained the increase in soluble solids content resulting from the post-harvest handling of cut watermelon fruits, contributing to the preservation of fruit tissue strength. The results of evaluating color indices and organoleptic properties indicated that salicylic acid treatments at both concentrations (1 or 2 mM) and citric acid at 1 mM preserved the fruit quality to the best extent. In general, among the treatments used in this experiment, 2 mM salicylic acid yielded the best results in preserving the quality of cut watermelon fruits during cold storage. Subsequently, treatments with 1 mM salicylic acid and 1 mM citric acid are recommended. Conclusions The results indicated that salicylic acid at both concentrations (1 or 2 mM) and citric acid at 1 mM led to a significant reduction in microbial load and weight loss. Moreover, the mentioned treatments restrained the increase in soluble solids content resulting from the post-harvest handling of cut watermelon fruits, contributing to the preservation of fruit tissue strength. The results of evaluating color indices and organoleptic properties indicated that salicylic acid treatments at both concentrations (1 or 2 mM) and citric acid at 1 mM preserved the fruit quality to the best extent. In general, among the treatments used in this experiment, 2 mM salicylic acid yielded the best results in preserving the quality of cut watermelon fruits during cold storage. Subsequently, treatments with 1 mM salicylic acid and 1 mM citric acid are recommended.

Research Article Medicinal Plants

The Effect of Different Levels of Phosphorus and Zinc Spraying on Growth Properties, Oil Content and Biochemical Characteristics of Securigera securidaca

S. Mohtashami; H. Gholami; A. Ghani; M. Kamalizadeh

Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 137-123

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2024.88891.1362

Abstract

IntroductionOptimum nutrition of plants and reducing the effect of lack of important nutrients is one of the most effective factors on the production of all plants; so, it is one of the main pillars in improving the quantitative and qualitative attributes of the product. In order to achieve optimal yield ... Read More IntroductionOptimum nutrition of plants and reducing the effect of lack of important nutrients is one of the most effective factors on the production of all plants; so, it is one of the main pillars in improving the quantitative and qualitative attributes of the product. In order to achieve optimal yield with proper nutrition of the plant, each element must be provided to the plant sufficiently, and there must also be a balance between the absorbable amounts of elements in the soil. Securigera securidaca is one of the medicinal plants belonging to the Fabaceae family. There are many records about the traditional use of this plant and its seeds. Its seeds have antiparasitic, anticonvulsant, antihypertensive, antiulcer, analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, antitumor and hypoglycemic effects have been reviewed. Considering the climatic conditions of Iran and its high potential in the production of medicinal plants and its economic justification; it is very necessary to pay attention to the nutrition of medicinal plants due to their different growth conditions with other crops and its effect on their growth and effective substances. Materials and MethodsIn this research, in order to evaluate the response of the Hatchet vetch plant (Securigera securidaca) to different levels of phosphorus and zinc foliar application, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and three replications. The treatments include four levels of phosphorus (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg.h-1) and three levels of zinc foliar application during the flowering period (no foliar application as a control, foliar application: each two weeks once and once a week). Zinc foliar spraying was done with a concentration of 4 g per liter during before flowering to the formation of the pods (about one month), which was done twice and four times for the two-weekly and once-a-week treatments, respectively. This research was carried out in Mohammad Abad area of Jahrom city located in Fars province. The most important indicators of growth and yield were measured including: shoot number, length of main stem, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length and seed yield. Also, the most important biochemical characteristics of seed extract (flavon and flavonol, total flavonoid, total phenolic compounds, tannin content and antioxidant activity), oil percentage and seed oil yield were also measured. Results and DiscussionBased on the results obtained from the variance analysis of the data, the effect of phosphorus and zinc on all measured traits was significant except for the number of seeds in pods and pod length. The results showed that the application of phosphorus alone was more effective than the combined application of phosphorus and zinc in increasing the number of stems, main stem length, seed yield, oil yield, the amount of flavonoids and antioxidant activity of Hatchet vetch plant seeds. The application of 50 kg of phosphorus increased the number of stems, the length of the main stem, the number of pods per plant, the yield of seeds, amount of phenolic compounds and oil yield of seed. While the use of 100 kg of phosphorus without the use of zinc was more effective in increasing the amount of flavonoid and antioxidant activity. However, the application of zinc was effective in increasing phenolic compounds, tannin content, oil percentage and seed yield. The interaction effect of the treatments showed that the highest seed yield (61.03 g.m-2) was related to 50 kg of phosphorus without zinc foliar spraying, while the lowest amount (32.01 g) was observed in 50 kg of phosphorus and zinc solution once a week treatment. The highest amount of total flavonoid (3.58 mg.g-1 dry weight) was found in the treatment of 100 kg of phosphorus without the application of zinc. While the lowest amount (1.11 and 1.24 mg) was observed in treatments without phosphorus (spraying zinc solution once every two weeks and once a week), respectively. In the treatments of 100 and 150 kg of phosphorus, increasing the frequency of zinc foliar spraying has reduced the amount of phenolic compounds in the seeds of this plant. Although this decrease is not significant statistically. Also, in the control, 50 and 150 kg of phosphorus treatments, increasing the frequency of zinc foliar spraying had no effect on the change of its antioxidant activity, while in the treatment of 100 kg of phosphorus fertilizer, increasing the frequency of zinc foliar spraying decreased the antioxidant activity of the seed extract of this plant. ConclusionsIn general, according to the conditions in this research, despite the differences that were seen in the measured traits in response to the amounts of phosphorus and zinc, the concentration of 50 kg of phosphorus and foliar spraying of zinc once every two weeks, in most of the traits were satisfactory compared to other treatments.

Research Article Pomology

The Effect of Foliar Spraying of Iron, Zinc and Calcium in the Stages of Fruit Maturity on the Incidence and Severity of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Aril Paleness

S. Karami; S. Faraji

Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 153-139

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2024.89090.1366

Abstract

Introduction Mineral nutrients (macro and micro) and polyphenolic compounds are natural components of many fruits and play an important role in maintaining the quality and nutritional value of the fruit. Therefore, optimal management of plant nutrition in order to increase the quantity and quality of ... Read More Introduction Mineral nutrients (macro and micro) and polyphenolic compounds are natural components of many fruits and play an important role in maintaining the quality and nutritional value of the fruit. Therefore, optimal management of plant nutrition in order to increase the quantity and quality of the product and improve the synthesis of secondary metabolites, especially during fruit growth, is necessary and unavoidable. Nevertheless, in the last decade, the occurrence of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) aril paleness has been reported as a new and pervasive factor in reducing the quality of pomegranate fruit in many countries, including Iran. The present research was conducted with the aim of comparing the mineral concentrations (iron, zinc, and calcium) and biochemical characteristics (anthocyanin content) in pomegranates affected by aril paleness and healthy pomegranates of the ‘Malase Saveh’cultivar (2022). Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar application of the mentioned mineral elements on the incidence and severity of the aril paleness condition (2023). Materials and Methods This study was carried out during two years (2022 and 2023) and two independent trials. First, based on the introduced factors affecting the occurrence of pomegranate paleness (temperature, irrigation water and soil salinity), two orchards with medium and high percentage of pomegranate aril paleness (orchard number 9 and 17, respectively) were selected based on the results of Faraji & Karami (2024a). The first trial in 2022 (orchard No. 9): At harvest and after splitting fruits, twenty healthy fruits and affected fruits by the aril paleness disorder were randomly selected and were used for determination of mineral nutrient (Fe, Zn and Ca) and anthocyanin content in the laboratory. The second trial in 2023 (orchard No. 17): In the first phase, 70 trees were selected and labeled, then at the end of September (2022), percent and severity aril paleness of each tree was calculated. In the second phase (2023), based on the results of the first year, 54 trees as experimental unit (with aril paleness percentage>85 and paleness severity of high/very high) were selected from previous trees. Afterwards, a factorial experiment (3×3×2) based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and two stages (the beginning of fruit set and the beginning of fruit ripening) were implemented. Experimental treatments included foliar spraying with three concentrations of iron sulfate (0, 2 and 4 per thousand respectively F0, F2 and F4), three concentrations of zinc sulfate (0, 3 and 6 per thousand respectively Zn0, Zn3 and Zn6) and two concentrations of calcium chloride (0 and 4 per thousand respectively Ca0 and Ca4). Then at harvest, the percentage and severity of aril paleness each treatment was calculated. Results and Discussion Data analysis using the independent t-test (α=0.05, df=38) for the first trial (2022) showed that, the nutritional value of the affected fruit by aril paleness is anticipated to be far less than that of the healthy fruit; so that except for the Zn concentration, the concentration of Fe, Ca and anthocyanin content in affected fruits were lower than in healthy fruits. The results of the variance analysis for the second trial (2023) indicated that foliar spraying with iron sulfate, zinc sulfate, and calcium chloride, either individually or in combination, was effective in reducing the occurrence and severity of aril paleness. A comparison of the mean percentage of aril paleness between the two groups (before and after foliar spraying, regardless of the treatment combination) using a dependent t-test (α=0.05, df=16) also showed that foliar spraying was effective in reducing the percentage of aril paleness. Furthermore, the involvement of calcium in reducing the incidence and severity of aril paleness was found to be significant. In the absence of calcium element, the incidence of paleness was recorded in the range of 60.17-75.00%, and with the inclusion of calcium in the treatment compounds, the percentage of paleness was recorded in the range of 21.83-0.53%. Also, the mean comparison of the double interaction and main effects of elements indicated the synergistic effect of calcium element with Fe and Zn element in reducing the aril paleness disorder. So that, the combination of Fe-Ca and Zn-Ca has been more successful in reducing the aril paleness disorder than the pure application of each element of iron, zinc and calcium. Conclusions Overall, the simultaneous application of Zn-Fe in combination with Ca was more effective in reducing of the mentioned traits than other treatments. Therefore, in order to simultaneously reduce the occurrence and severity of aril paleness, spraying with Fe4Zn6Ca4 and Fe4Zn3Ca4 is recommended in two stages of pomegranate fruit development, including the beginning of fruit set and the beginning of fruit ripening.

Research Article Ornamental plants

Investigation of Seed Germination Parameters and Morphophysiological Traits of Tagetes erecta (Tagetes erecta Antigua orange) in Response to Different LED Light Qualities

rasoul abaszadeh faruji; abdollah hatam zadeh; Ahmad Sharifi; Mahdiyeh Kharrazi

Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 172-155

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2024.89366.1370

Abstract

Introduction Light is recognized as a vital factor for plant growth and development. Plants convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis, which is then used for growth and development. Quality, intensity, and photoperiod are among the factors that directly affect plant growth and ... Read More Introduction Light is recognized as a vital factor for plant growth and development. Plants convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis, which is then used for growth and development. Quality, intensity, and photoperiod are among the factors that directly affect plant growth and development processes. In recent years, Light-Emitting Diode (LED) technology has gained significant popularity in agriculture due to its numerous advantages over traditional light sources. These advantages include the ability to produce various light spectra, low energy consumption, long lifespan, and reduced heat emission. These characteristics have made LEDs an ideal light source for cultivating plants in controlled environments such as greenhouses and growth chambers. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different LED light qualities on the morphological, physiological, and germination traits of marigold (Tagetes erecta) seeds. Given the importance of light in plant growth and the benefits of LED technology, this study can provide valuable insights for improving crop cultivation and production. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in the Biotechnology Laboratory of Horticultural Plants in the Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research of Khorasan Razavi. F1 hybrid seeds were used in this study. The experimental treatments consisted of five light qualities: white light (100%), blue light (100%), red light (100%), 30% blue light + 70% red light, and 70% blue light + 30% red light. All treatments were subjected to a 16-hour light and 8-hour dark photoperiod using LED grow lights. The photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was maintained at a constant 100 μmol.m⁻².s⁻¹ for all light treatments. Seed germination parameters (seed germination percentage, mean germination time, germination rate, radicle length, plumule length, lateral roots number, plumule fresh weight, radicle fresh weight, plumule dry weight and radicle dry) were initially measured in Petri dishes under the growth panels. Subsequently, seeds were sown and grown under the growth panels, and physiological and morphological parameters including plant height, first internode length, stem diameter, node number, leaf area, leaf length, leaf number, lateral shoot number, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, shoot fresh/dry weight ratio, root fresh weight, root dry weight, root fresh/dry weight ratio, dry matter, root length, electrolyte leakage, relative leaf water content and chlorophyll content were measured every 15 days for a total of four measurements. Results and Discussion Seed germination indices showed that the lowest mean germination time, highest germination rate, longest radicle length, hypocotyl length, number of lateral roots, and fresh weight of radicles were observed under 100% red light treatment, followed by the 70% red + 30% blue light treatment. The application of 100% red light improved germination rate, radicle length, hypocotyl length, number of lateral roots, and fresh weight of radicles by approximately 14%, 29%, 48%, 100%, and 67%, respectively, compared to the control. Plants grown under 100% red light exhibited the greatest plant height at both the beginning and end of the growth period. At the end of the growth stage (75 days after sowing), plants under 100% red light showed increases of approximately 37%, 6%, 33%, and 31% in stem diameter, length of the largest compound leaf, number of leaves, and number of branches, respectively, compared to the white light treatment at the same growth stage. Additionally, the fresh and dry weights of plants increased by approximately 56% and 9%, respectively, compared to the control at the same growth stage. A study of the fresh and dry weights of roots showed that the application of 100% red light increased these two indices by nearly 3 times compared to the control. The lowest fresh and dry root weights were observed under 100% blue light treatment, followed by the 30% red + 70% blue light treatment. Furthermore, plants grown under 100% red light exhibited higher relative water content and lower electrolyte leakage in leaves compared to plants grown under other light treatments. Conclusions The research findings indicated that the application of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with various light qualities enhanced the growth conditions of Tagetes erecta Antigua orange. Comparisons among the light treatments showed that application of 100% red light resulted in increased germination percentage and rate in marigold seeds. Furthermore, the application of red light under controlled conditions led to an increase in plant growth indices compared to other experimental treatments. Therefore, application of red light at different growth stages of maigold under controlled conditions is recommended.

Determination of Time and Method for Grafting of Mango ″Langra″ in Roudan in Hormozgan

Volume 24, Issue 2 , March 2011

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v1389i2.7990

Abstract

Abstract Among the propagation methods of mango, grafting is the most common method, but growers do not have enough knowledge about the suitable time and grafting methods of this fruit tree. This problem is the most important factor in production of grafted mango plants. This experiment was conducted ... Read More

Effect of Pre-Bloom Gibberellic Acid Application on Seedlessness and Some Fruit Traits of Three Iranian Seeded Grape Cultivars

Volume 31, Issue 1 , February 2017, , Pages 110-121

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.44918

Abstract

Introduction: The basic characteristic of modern table grape production is its adaptation to the requirements of the market aiming to improve grape quality, such as equal cluster size, equal size and shape of the berry, and equal coloration of all the berries in the cluster. Furthermore, an important ... Read More Introduction: The basic characteristic of modern table grape production is its adaptation to the requirements of the market aiming to improve grape quality, such as equal cluster size, equal size and shape of the berry, and equal coloration of all the berries in the cluster. Furthermore, an important attribute of the grape berry quality is seedlessness. Seedless cultivars are characterized with small berries, which can be increased by using some management techniques. Plant hormones may play an important role in the growth and development of grape berries. Gibberellic acid (GA3) is known to stimulate development of parthenocarpic fruit in grapes and other fruits. The exogenous pre-bloom application of GA3 to grapevine is commonly used to induce seedlessness, accelerate early ripening, and enhance berry size in seedless cultivars. Although there are a large number of studies on seedless grape varieties, no previous research has been performed on the effect of GA3 on the seeded grape cultivars. Differences in the types of berry set affect the growth of berries and their size. It is well known that there is an important relationship between seed development and berry growth, which has been attributed to hormones such as auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins. Materials and Methods: To study the effects of 100 mg/L pre-bloom (7 and 14 days before blooming) GA3 application on the induction of seedlessness and some berry and cluster characteristics of three seeded Iranian cultivars, Qzl ouzum, Rish babab Qermez and Khalili Qermez, this research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five replications. The vines of each cultivar were selected in the vineyard of Horticultural Research Center in West Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Urmia, Iran. The vines were 13 years old and bi-lateral cordon system had been used as their training system. Pollen germination test was performed at the time of flowering, and several qualitative and quantitative traits including fruit set percentage, cluster length, rachis fresh weight, number of shot berries, number of seedless berries in clusters, the average weight of seedless berries, length of pedicle, berry weight, total soluble solids (TSS) and pH were measured. Results and Discussion: The results of the study showed that GA3 at 100 mg/L showed significant difference from control regarding pollen germination rate, fruit set percentage, length of cluster and rachis, number of shot berries, weight and number of seedless berries, length of pedicle, weight of berry and TSS. Pollen germination was reduced in those cultivars treated with GA3 but the responses of cultivars were different. Gibberellin caused an increase in cluster length, but the rate of increase in Rish baba and Qzl ouzum was greater than Khalili. In terms of inducing seedlessness in berries, GA3 caused greater effect in Qzl ouzum than Rish baba and Khalili Qermez. The greatest seedless berries weight obtained with the treatment of GA3 spray 7 days before blooming in Qzl ouzum, although the number of seedless berries in this cultivar was fewer than other cultivars. The difference in berry number per cluster between clusters receiving GA3 pre- vs. post-anthesis appeared to consist largely of seedless berries. Perhaps, GA3 stimulated non-fertilized or otherwise nonviable fruits to be retained. The longest pedicle observed in Qzl ouzum treated with 100 mg/lit GA3 14 days before blooming, while Khalili Qermez had the shortest pedicle. In all the cultivars, treatment with GA3 caused an increase in the average length of pedicle. The content of total soluble solids (TSS) in fruits treated with GA3 was higher than control. Gibberellic acid promotes cell division, stimulates earlier flowering, increases the size and yield of fruits, and induces seedlessness in seedless cultivars. The effect of GA3 depends on variety, concentration and time of application. Conclusion: In conclusion, application of GA3 at 100 mg/lit increased fruit set and seedless berries. The increased number of seedless berries was also noticed when GA3 applied at 100 mg/L. In general, GA3 application before flowering in Qzl ouzum, Rish babab Qermez and Khalili Qermez cultivars produced shot berries and seeded berries, and repeated GA3 application after fruit set can resulted in seedless berries with an acceptable size. More research is needed to establish guidelines for the proper use of GA3 for production of seedless berries from the studied seeded cultivars.

Effects of Cow Manure, Ammonium Sulfate and Potassium Sulfate on Physico-Chemical Indices of Fruit and Leaf of Mazafati Date (Phoenix Dactylifera L.)

Volume 31, Issue 3 , September 2017, , Pages 457-468

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v31i3.36474

Abstract

Introduction: Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the most important fruit species grown in Iran. This plant is mainly grown in the south of the country, where pH of soil is high, resulting in poor nutrient uptake. Furthermore, because of high yield and annual pruning of date palm, large amounts ... Read More Introduction: Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the most important fruit species grown in Iran. This plant is mainly grown in the south of the country, where pH of soil is high, resulting in poor nutrient uptake. Furthermore, because of high yield and annual pruning of date palm, large amounts of macro and micronutrients are removed from soil. So, annual fertilizing should be applied for good performance. Research shows that use of manure alone or in combination with mineral fertilizers improves physico-chemical indices of fruits and leaves of palm trees. Regarding to high nutrition dependency of date palm, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of different fertilizers on physico-chemical indices of its leaf and fruit. The main objectives of this study were thus to evaluate the effect of cow manure, ammonium sulfate and potassium sulfate on physico-chemical indices in fruit and leaf of Mazafati date. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in bam zone, Kerman, Iran, in 2011- 2012. The area was located at 28°53′40′′N latitude, 58°37′18′′E longitude and 1050 m above sea level. A factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design was performed during month of March. Factors included ammonium sulfate (0, 500 and 1000 g/tree), potassium sulfate (0, 750 and 1500 g/tree) accompanied by cow manure (5 kg/tree). For leaf and fruit analysis, sampling was performed during month of June. Physico-chemical indices including nitrogen, potassium, iron, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoid, fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, TSS and TSS/TA were evaluated. Chlorophyll was measured by using the method of Lichtenthaler (1987). Total soluble solid (TSS) was measured by using refractometer. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and the treatment means were separated by Duncan’s multiple range tests. Results and Discussion: Results showed that because of supplying nitrogen, sulfur and potassium and their significant effects on noted physico-chemical indices, the highest nitrogen and iron content, photosynthetic pigments of carotenoid and chlorophyll (a and total) of leaf, and fruit weight were obtained in treatments of ammonium sulfate (1000 g/tree) and potassium sulfate (1500 g/tree) combination with cow manure (5 kg/tree). The highest potassium content of leaf, TSS and TSS/TA ratio of fruit were obtained by using ammonium sulfate (500 g/tree) and potassium sulfate (1500 g/tree) in combination with cow manure. The general increase in physico-chemical indices of fruits and leaves of date palm by the application of cow manure plus mineral fertilizer might be due to the increase in the availability of nutrients especially available N, P and K in the soil. In many reports, the effects of mineral fertilizers on nitrogen, potassium and iron content of the plant tissues were discussed. For example, date palm (two cultivars including Zaghloul and Samany) treated by ammonium nitrate and nitrobean (a bio-fertilizer) had the highest amount of leaf nitrogen and potassium. The highest rates of nitrogen, iron and potassium in palm fruit were obtained from cow manure in combination with NPK. Nitrogen, iron and potassium contents of the date and pistachio were increased by using ammonium sulfate fertilizer. Fruit weight, length, diameter and dry weight increased, while fruit moisture content decreased by organic manures either alone or in combination with mineral NPK as compared to the mineral N. Higher fruit TSS was obtained by the application of organic manures alone or in combination with mineral NPK as compared with mineral fertilization alone. Nitrogen concentration can be increased by using nitrogen fertilizer, for example ammonium increased leaf nitrogen concentration more than nitrate. Mineral nutrient, especially sulfur and nitrogen supplied by ammonium sulphate and potassium sulphate, increased the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid due to their roles in the synthesis of these compounds. Higher potassium content of leaves promotes photosynthetic rate of chloroplast, phloem transport of photosynthates to sink tissues and finally improves quality and yield of the fruit, which is associated with high sugar content. Conclusions: For feeding of date palm tree, cow manure fertilization alone is insufficient. Ammonium sulfate and potassium sulfate alone or in combination with cow manure could improve physico-chemical indices of leaves and fruits. This mixed fertilizer, supplying nitrogen, potassium and sulfur macronutrients, had significant effect on physico-chemical parameters, and subsequently improved the content of nitrogen, iron, potassium, photosynthetic pigments (a, b and total, carotenoid), TSS, TSS/TA ratio and the fruit weight.

Assessment of the Frost Resistance in Some Olive Cultivars Using Visual Injuries and Chlorophyll Fluorescence

Volume 24, Issue 2 , March 2011

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v1389i2.7992

Abstract

Abstract Planting of olive (Olea europaea L.) tree due to salt and drought tolerance and ever green habit increasingly is considered in urban landscape in recent years. The low resistance to cold has been a major problem in using this tree in temperate and cold zones. So, determination of frost resistance ... Read More Abstract Planting of olive (Olea europaea L.) tree due to salt and drought tolerance and ever green habit increasingly is considered in urban landscape in recent years. The low resistance to cold has been a major problem in using this tree in temperate and cold zones. So, determination of frost resistance cultivars is one of the important measures for use of this tree in urban landscape. To evaluate frost resistance of 15 olive cultivars and to compare the visual assessment and chlorophyll fluorescence methods, a factorial experiment was carried out using 7- year- old olive trees which were planted in randomized complete block design with 3 replications. In visual method, frost damage of winters 2007 and 2008 to plants (percentage of drying by scoring and percentage of leaf abscission) were measured. Results of this experiment showed that ‘Amphisis’ followed by 'Gorgan' and 'Shengeh' were tolerant and ‘Kroneiki’ and ‘Rashid’ were sensitive cultivars to low temperatures. In method of chlorophyll fluorescence, in July 2008 leave samples of each cultivar was gradually incubated in 0, -5, -10, -15 and -20 ° C for one hour at least. Then Fv/Fm value of each sample was measured with fluorescence spectrometer. Results indicated that 0 and -5 ° C had no damage on samples and all cultivars tolerated these temperatures (Fv/Fm> 0.83). When temperature reduced to -10 and -15 ° C the stress on plants increased and ‘Rashid’ showed the lowest Fv/Fm (0.243 and 0.001 respectively) and was the most frost sensitive. Decreasing temperature to -20 °C had no further significant effect on reduction of Fv/Fm index and showed no difference between cultivars. Based on this method, ‘Shengeh’, ‘Gorgan’ and ‘Amphisis’ were tolerant cultivars and ‘Rashid’, ‘Spain’, ‘Manzanilla’ and ‘Kroneiki’ were sensitive cultivars to low temperatures which confirmed the results of visual assessment. Keywords: Chlorophyll fluorescence, Frost resistance, Olive, Visual assessment

The Effects of Foliar Application of Urea, Calcium Nitrate and Boric Acid on Growth and Yield of Greenhouse Cucumber (cv. Khassib)

Volume 31, Issue 1 , February 2017, , Pages 1-13

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.22914

Abstract

Introduction: Cucumis sativus L. is one of the most eminent and consuming vegetables which is widely cultivated in the Middle East. Using the controlled and greenhouse cultivation is one of the most appropriate methods to increase production per unit area. In this method, controlling the effective factors ... Read More Introduction: Cucumis sativus L. is one of the most eminent and consuming vegetables which is widely cultivated in the Middle East. Using the controlled and greenhouse cultivation is one of the most appropriate methods to increase production per unit area. In this method, controlling the effective factors of production such as plant nutrition is the important factor to achieve high performance. Besides the accuracy applied in nutritional regulation of plant roots (both in soil and hypothermic environments), in many cases, foliar nutrition is considered by breeder of greenhouse productions. Foliar nutrition is more effective on young leaves, and deficiency of macro and micro nutrients can be removed by this factor. Khassib is one of the most important cultivar of greenhouse cucumber which is widely cultivated in Iran. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar application on greenhouse cucumber. Materials and Methods: The experiment was performed on greenhouse cucumber (cv. Khassib) for five months (from March 2007 to July 2008) in Ziba Dasht Technical Instruction Center which is located near Karaj, Iran. For this reason the experiment was conducted based on split-split-plot design with three replications. Eight experimental treatments were applied for foliar application including U1C1B1: urea + calcium nitrate +boric acid, U1C1B0: urea + calcium nitrate, U1C0B1: urea + boric acid, U1C0B0: urea, U0C1B1: calcium nitrate + boric acid, U0C1B0: calcium nitrate, U0C0B1: boric acid, U0C0B0: control. The effects of urea, calcium nitrate and boric acid in concentrations 3, 10 and 0.5 (gL-1) respectively on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of greenhouse cucumber, including fruit yield, yield of first class fruit, number of fruits, percentage of first class fruit, fruits T.S.S, plant length, percentage of leaf dry matter, and leaf weight ratio were studied. Results and Discussion: The results showed that calcium nitrate had a significant effect on fruit yield at 5% probability level. Foliar application of calcium nitrate with concentration of 10 gL-1resulted in an increase of yield so that the average of fruit yield for sprayed plants was 3917.9 g per plant, while this value in control plants was 3576.5 g. Boric acid with concentration of 0.5 gL-1 had a remarkable effect on fruit yield at 5% probability level that enhanced the average of yield from 3591.6 to 3902.8 g per plant. The interaction of U×C×B treatment on fruit yield at 1% probability level was significant, while this value was not found among other treatments. Foliar application with calcium nitrate results in an increase of yield and production in young and growing fruits. The augmentation of yield in treatment U1C0B0 due to the facts that pure urea and calcium nitrate have 46% and 16% nitrogen, respectively, i.e., extra nitrogen causes toxicity and branching instead of fruiting. Among three-way interactions, U×C×B statistically had a remarkable impact on the yield of first class fruit at 1% probability level and also the maximum and minimum of this value belonged to U1C0B0 and control, respectively. Only U×C×B had a remarkable impact on plant length among all interactions. Generally, the growth of cucumber depends on genetic features, temperature and soil productivity. The highest level of leaf area index was for calcium nitrate that indicated the significant effect at 5 % probability level with the mean of 15.89. When we compare the foliar application treatments with fosamko, it can be found that the spraying treatments affected leaf dry matter significantly at 1% and 5% probability levels, while this value was not found for control treatments. However, there was no significant difference between using and not using nutrition compared to fosamko on yield. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study the following factors can be concluded: a) Among the main effects, calcium nitrate played the eminent role on most traits, after that boric acid and finally urea carried this role; b) Among two-way interaction, only U1B1, as foliar application, significantly affected the yield of grade 1 fruit; c) Among three-way interactions, only U1C0B0, as foliar application, significantly affected the yield of grade 1 fruit, total fruit and the number of fruit; d) There was no a significant change on qualitative features of cucumber using nutrition compared to fosamko. Therefore, cucumber production can be performed by cheaper methods with no change in qualitative characteristics. Finally, due to the fact that cucumber is one of the most important vegetables in Iran, it is suggested that various studies with different fertilizers will be conducted on cucumber.

Research Article

The Study on the Effect of Different LED Light Wavelength on Growth, Mycelial Biomass and Secondary Metabolits in Monascus purpureus

Atefeh Bakherad; Majid Azizi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2021

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2021.59962.0

Abstract

Introduction: the capacity to sense and respond to light is widespread in animals, plants, fungi and bacteria. In nature, light is one of most crucial environmental signals for developmental and physiological processes in various organisms, including filamentous fungi. The ability to sense light is crucial ... Read More Introduction: the capacity to sense and respond to light is widespread in animals, plants, fungi and bacteria. In nature, light is one of most crucial environmental signals for developmental and physiological processes in various organisms, including filamentous fungi. The ability to sense light is crucial for many organisms determining timing and modality of development and orienting primary and secondary metabolic processes. Due to the increased number of sequenced fungal genomes, numerous genes encoding proteins involved in light sensing and downstream gene regulation have been identified. This expedited understanding the mechanisms by which the fungus activates physiological and morphological reactions in response to light. One of the One of these fungi is the Monascus purpureus. the genus Monascus was classified in the family Monascaceae, but based on recent genome sequencing, it seems that the genus is more closely associated with the genus Aspergillus, and thus should be reclassified in the Aspergillaceae family. The fungus Monascus is the most famous for production of pigments and monacolins; however, it can also form other metabolites – citrinin, dimerumic acid, and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid). Formation of particular metabolites depends on the strain and cultivation conditions. Monascus pigments (MPs) as natural food colorants have been widely utilized in food industries in the world, especially in China and Japan. Moreover, MPs possess a range of biological activities, such as anti-mutagenic and anticancer properties, antimicrobial activities, potential anti-obesity activities, and so on. So, in the past two decades, more and more attention has been paid to MPs. In this study, the effect of different LED light spectra on growth and secondary metabolites of Monascus purpureus is studied.Material and methods: In this study, in order to investigate the effect of light quality on growth rate, biomass and pigment production in Monascus purpureus, this fungus was cultivated under dark conditions and three light, white, red and blue LEDs and harvested in three times (seventh, tenth and fourteenth days) To measure the amount of pigment in the liquid medium. To measure the radial growth rate and biomass weight, a solid medium was used. Also, the absorbance of the samples was measured in 410, 470, and 510 nm wavelengths for yellow, orange and red pigments,respectively, using a spectrophotometric device.Results: The results of this study shows that there is a significant correlation between pigment and optical spectra, so that the highest amount of pigment (yellow, orange, red) was obtained in terms of darkness, with values of 0.344, 0.291, 0.249, respectively. There was no significant difference between harvest time and pigment content except for red color on day 10 in dark conditions, with a value of 0.249. The smallest amount of pigment is also related to the red pigment produced on the 14th day in the blue light spectrum with an absorption of 0.009. Also, the highest radial growth rate was observed in the dark condition with a mean growth of 5.12 mm / day and the lowest radial growth was related to the cultivation of monascus under the blue light spectrum with an average growth of 2.61 mm / day. However, there was no significant difference between biomass and light in solid media. The highest amount of biomass in the liquid medium was 0.126 g in 40 ml of culture medium with monascus culture in dark conditions on day 14 and the lowest amount of biomass was also obtained with 0.068 g in 40 ml of culture medium in white light on the seventh day.Concolusion: The results showed that, in addition to factors such as carbon source, nitrogen source, PH, temperature, minerals, partial pressure of oxygen, other microorganisms, light is also an important environmental factor for development and physiological processes in Monascus purpureus. According to this study, the growth of this fungus in the dark causes increased cell growth, the amount of biomass and pigment, these results indicate that the lack of light stimulates the growth and production of secondary metabolites in this fungus. Although there was no significant difference between pigment value and harvest time, except for the red pigment, but due to the slight difference in pigmentation on the 10th day of cultivation in dark conditions, it can be deduced that the best conditions for producing the highest amount of pigment, cultivation of Monascus fungus under conditions The darkness and harvest of this mushroom is on the tenth day of cultivation. Also, among pigments produced by this fungus, the amount of yellow pigment production in different light conditions is higher than other pigments. Chen, M. H. & Johns, M. R. (1993) shows that the solid-state yielded greater amount of pigment9,8 compared to submerged fermentation. This phenomenon had been attributed to the pigment because of low solubility in the fermentation medium and pigment accumulation within the mycelium in submerged culture10. In contrast, in solid-state fermentation, the Monascus sp penetrated into solid substrate and pigment released onto the surface. Solid state not only issued nutrient, but also acted as anchorage for cells, this may have bestowed to the celebrated eminent productivity. Solid state environment is similar to environment of fungi which was normally excited. Therefore, it is suggested that in subsequent studies, to achieve maximum pigment, a solid culture medium should be used.

Research Article

Flowering Study and Effect of Various Hand Pollination Methods on Fertility of Some Iranian Native Salvia Species

Ghasem Esmaeili; Majid Azizi; Hossein Arouiee; Jamil Vaezi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2021

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2021.61510.0

Abstract

Introduction: The genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) is one of the most interesting plant genera with a variety of annual, biennial, perennial and shrub forms. According to recent reports, there are 61 species of Salvia genus in Iran, among which 18 species are endemic. The use of Salvia species dates back ... Read More Introduction: The genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) is one of the most interesting plant genera with a variety of annual, biennial, perennial and shrub forms. According to recent reports, there are 61 species of Salvia genus in Iran, among which 18 species are endemic. The use of Salvia species dates back to ancient times, and they are now being used for different purposes such as antimicrobial, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, tonic, carminative, digestive, Alzheimer’s disease, antispasmodic as well as for traditional medicines and food industries. Compared to crop plants, the breeding programs of medicinal plants are still in nascent stages due to high biological and biochemical variations. Since breeding programs, especially in medicinal plants, are expensive, suitable mating can help reduce the costs of breeding programs. Understanding the flowering biology, reproductive systems and pollination mechanism is essential to management and protection of ecosystems and mating programs. Despite the high diversity of Salvia genus in Iran, there is a paucity of studies on reproductive biology.Materials and methods: seeds of seven Salvia species including S. virgata (with four accessions), S. frigida, S. nemorosa, S. atropatana, S. macrosiphon, S. sclarea, and S. syriaca were collected from different geographical regions. The seeds were treated by various methods such as washing, cold treatment (stratification), scarification (sand and sulfuric acid), Gibberellic acid (GA3) and KNO3 to enhance germination. The seedlings were produced at the greenhouse and after growing as high as 15 cm or reaching the10-leaf stage, the seedlings were transferred to the farm. Plants phenology and flowering duration were recorded in the second year. Furthermore, some flower characteristics and pollinator were monitored. The Various pollination treatments were designed to investigate the breeding system of Salvia species including open pollination, spontaneous autogamy, geitonogamy, xenogamy, apomixis, and control. The self-incompatibility index (ISI) was calculated for each species in different pollination treatment.Results and discussion: The germination study exhibited that washing seeds for 24 h and applying 250 ppm GA3 exerted the highest effect on seed germination. The seedlings in early growth stages required medium to high porosity (high permeability to water and air) like natural habitat, but they were sensitive to dry and high EC at these stages. The phenology studies were shown Salvia virgata (all accessions) and S. nemorosa flowered three months after cultivation and other species flowered in the second year. The results showed that all species had long flowering periods ranging from 15 (S. atropatana) to 41 days (S. virgata). Increased flowering period led to the enhancement of flower over-lapping and the sharing of the pollen among different plants or species. Two species including S. atropatana and S. syriaca had heterostyly flowers (long-styled morph). The staminal-lever-mechanism was observed in all species. The results of manual pollination indicated that open pollination provided the best treatment with the highest average of seed set (73.63%) in all species. Salvia virgata (A1) with a seed set of 90.3% was the best species, and S. syriaca with a seed set of 51.5% demonstrated the poorest performance in open pollination system. The seed set in the xenogamy treatment of different species and accessions was in the range of 10.2 (S. syriaca) to 32.5% (S. frigida). It was observed that seed set among different species in geitonogamy and spontaneous autogamy varied widely from 2.60 - 17.30% and 2.98 - 12.18%, respectively. In treatments with a wide variety of pollen sources, the fruit set was higher, indicating that the pollen limitation triggered low seed set.Conclusion: Salvia species in the present study have a high potential for cultivation as medicinal and ornamental due to suitable adaptability and long flowering period. Salvia species were relatively self-incompatible that intention to the out-crossing and breeders can use in breeding programs as a valuable characteristic. The self-incompatible and specific structure in flower and pollination are the reasons for the diversity of this taxa.

Research Article

The Impact of LED Spectrum and Supplementary Lighting Duration on Some Physiological Traits and Hypericin content of Hypericum perforatum

ELAHE GHAFOOREAN HOZORI ISFAHAN; Majid Azizi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2021

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2021.61538.0

Abstract

IntroductionMedicinal plant are very importnat in health care for today societies and the need for it is increasing. Greenhouse production of transplants face different limitations including light. LED lights are introduced for solving the problem. An LED lamp or LED light bulb is ... Read More IntroductionMedicinal plant are very importnat in health care for today societies and the need for it is increasing. Greenhouse production of transplants face different limitations including light. LED lights are introduced for solving the problem. An LED lamp or LED light bulb is an electric light for use in light fixtures that produces light using one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs). LED lamps have a lifespan many times longer than equivalent incandescent lamps, and are significantly more efficient than most fluorescent lamps. Experiments revealed surprising performance and production of vegetables and ornamental plants under LED light sources. Many plant species have been assessed in greenhouse trials to make sure that the quality of biomass and biochemical ingredients of such plants is at least comparable with those grown in field conditions. Plant performance of mint, basil, lentil, lettuce, cabbage, parsley and carrot was measured by assessing both the health and vigor of the plants and the success of the LEDs in promoting growth. Also noticed was profuse flowering of select ornamentals including primula, marigold and stock.Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of supplementary LED light on the growth parameters and the amount of active ingredient in Hypericum perforatum L. “Topaz” cultivar, a research was conducted in two independent experiments. The research was set up in a completely randomized design with three replications. The first experiment experienced the extended of day length with 4 hours at the end of the day (started from sunrise to sunset). LED treatments were started at 10 cm height of the transplants. The second experiment examined the light types. In this order the considered treatments consisted of four levels of red light (L1), blue light (L2), combination of 67% red light and 33% blue light (L3), white (L4), 100% natural light(L5), with an intensity equal to (200 fc). Measurement of traits in the first experiment was carried out at flowering stage. Aerial part fresh and dry weights, number of black nodes, days to flowering, leaf area, total chlorophyll, antioxidant activity, total phenol, plant height and hypericine percentage were determined within both experiments.Results and Discussion The results showed that the simple effect of supplementary combination red and blue light (started from sunrise to sunset) on growth, morphological, physiological and biochemical traits was significant at 1% probability level. The highest plant dry weight was detected in L3 in the first and second harvests respectively (8.63 g, 66.29 g). Also, the highest percentage of Hypericine in the first harvest was obtained for L3 (0.17%). Measurement of the traits in the second experiment was carried out at the seedling stage. Results showed that the simple effect of supplementary combination light (sun exposure and day length increased for 4 hours) had a significant effect (p≤0.01) on growth rate, physiological, morphological and biochemical properties. So that the lowest number of days to flowering (early flowering) was obtained from L3 treatment (101 day), and the highest percentage of Hypericin was related to L3 treatment (0.156%). Black node numbers and total phenol content were increased by 27 and 53 % with supplementary light treatments respectively. Antioxidant activity was also raised and enhanced from 33 % to 75 % with LED light application. Plant height and total chlorophyll content were enhanced from 13 to 23 cm and 12 to 22 mg/g FW as well. Regarding studied traits and the obtained results of the both experiments, the positive effect of applying LED light, red and blue on the growth and biochemical properties, especially the Hypericine percentage and yield of St. John’s wort is quite evident.Different reactions were observed in response to supplementary light treatments for St. John’s wort. Most of the enhancements observed were mainly due to optimized photosynthesis activities and more metabolic production processes.Conclusions Regarding studied traits and the obtained results of the both experiments, the positive effect of applying LED light, red and blue on the growth and biochemical properties, especially the Hypericine percentage and yield of St. John’s wort is quite evident. It seems that a combination of red and blue light could be suggested for solving the light limitations and increasing the medicinal plant production for future.Keywords: Supplementry light, light quality, Hypericum perforatum, Hypericine

Research Article

Study of Allelopathic Properties of Saffron Fields and Methods of Its Ameliorate

mahdieh kheirabadi; Majid Azizi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2021

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2021.61772.0

Abstract

Introduction: The allelopathic potential of saffron in three experiments were investigated.Materials and Methods: In this study, we examined the aqueous and aqueous methanol extract of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), 9-year-saffron cultivated soils and non-saffron cultivated soils. Activated carbon and ... Read More

Research Article

Optimizing the in vitro culture for callus induction of Iranian Hypericum perforatum L.

Monireh Abdollahpoor; Majid Azizi; Siamak Kalantari; Yusef Ali Saadat

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 April 2021

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2021.59629.0

Abstract

Introduction Hypericum perforatum L. is an important medicinal plant that used for depression treatment. In vitro regeneration has been successfully achieved for many Hypericum species from a range of explants sources with different growth regulators. Recent studies have demonstrated that in vitro culture ... Read More Introduction Hypericum perforatum L. is an important medicinal plant that used for depression treatment. In vitro regeneration has been successfully achieved for many Hypericum species from a range of explants sources with different growth regulators. Recent studies have demonstrated that in vitro culture is an option for multiplication of different Hypericum species. With consideration this notice that tissue culture can provide an affordable alternative method for propagation with high speed to production of intensive plant material as well as suitable materials for breeding programs of H. perforatum, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of explant types (leaf and stem), plant growth regulators (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), Benzyl Adenine (BA) and Kinetin (Kin)), light (dark and weak light), media culture (MS medium and MS medium with B5 vitamins) and poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) on callus induction in H. perforatum at in vitro culture condition. Materials and Methods For preparation of sterile plantlets, the seeds of Iranian H. perforatum (Azadshahr population) were cultured in 1.2 MS growth regulator free-media. For investigation the callus induction of Iranian H. perforatum the leaf and stem explants of in vitro obtained plantlets were used. Explants were cultured in different concentrations of 2,4-D (0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg l-1) with two kinds of cytokines BA and Kin (0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg l-1) as well as 1 mg l-1 NAA. For browning control of calli the effects of light (dark and weak light), media culture (MS medium and MS medium with B5 vitamins) and four concentrations of poly vinyl pyrrolidone (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg l-1) were also surveyed. Results and Discussion Callus cultures could be used for cell suspension initiation, studying of their morphogenetic potential and screening of secondary metabolite proﬁle. In present study the response of two H. perforatum explants (leaf and stem) to different levels and combinations of auxins and cytokinins were tested. The callus induction in both studied explants (leaf and stem) was just observed in supplemented media with plant growth regulators. The calli of leaf explants were showed better growth in dark and the highest callus fresh weight was obtained in 0.25 mg l-1 2,4-D + 1 mg l-1 Kin and 0.5 mg l-1 2.4-D + 1 mg l-1 BA. Of the various concentrations and combination of growth regulators, the minimum response about callus induction was observed in the presence of 1 mg l-1 2, 4-D in combination with 1 mg l-1 NAA. The obtained calli got browning shortly after induction. The investigation of light effect on callus quantity and quality showed that not only light did not affect the callus induction and callus browning but also reduced the callus growth. The highest callus fresh weight was obtained in 100 mg l-1 poly vinyl pyrrolidone in leaf explant. Few species within the genus Hypericum have been used to produce callus. In H. perforatum seedling, different explants such as shoot apical meristem, stem segments and leaves were used for callus induction. In H. erectum callus induction was obtained by culturing seedlings in the presence of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and BA under darkness. The combination of cytokinins and auxins did not support callus growth of H. brasiliense and callus of nodal explants was only obtained in the presence of 2,4-D or NAA using either MS or B5 medium. These differences among literatures can be due to different cultivars, culture conditions, explant type and medium composition.Conclusion The plant growth regulators is necessary for callus induction in Iranian H. perforatum and leaf is suitable for this purpose. The light intensity and poly vinyl pyrrolidone did not control the browning of of H. perforatum calli.

Research Article

Comparative Study of Short and Long-term Treatments of Nanosilver, Salicylic Acid and Essential Oils on Some of Gerbera ‘Rosalin’ Traits

Mahroo Sadat Motaghayer; Majid Azizi; Ali Tehranifar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 April 2021

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2021.60101.0

Abstract

Introduction: Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus, Asteraceae) commonly known as Transvaal Daisy, is one of the ten most popular and important commercial cut flowers. Gerbera is a perennial, tropical, herbaceous plant with colorful and attractive flowers that are widely used as a decorative garden plant ... Read More Introduction: Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus, Asteraceae) commonly known as Transvaal Daisy, is one of the ten most popular and important commercial cut flowers. Gerbera is a perennial, tropical, herbaceous plant with colorful and attractive flowers that are widely used as a decorative garden plant or cut flowers. The most important problem of the gerbera cut flowers is short vase life. The end of vase life of cut gerbera flowers is often due to bending of the scape. The aim of this study was to screen the effects of nanosilver and salicylic acid as pulse treatment and sucrose and thyme, clove and peppermint essential oils as permanent treatment on vase life and some physiological and biochemical traits of gerbera ‘Rosalin’ cut flowers.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was pulse treatments using nanosilver (NS) 5 and 10 mg/L (Nanocid Company, Iran), salicylic acid (SA) 50 and 100 mg/L (Merck Company) and distilled water as control, and the second factor was permanent treatments applying distilled water, sucrose 4% (Merck Company), peppermint (100 mg/L), thyme (100 mg/L) and clove (300 mg/L) essential oils (EO) (Zardband Company, Iran). Pulse treatments were applied for 24 h. Treated stems were then stood into vases containing permanent treatments. Vase solutions were freshly prepared at the beginning of the experiment and not renewed during of the study. The measured traits were: flower vase life, flower water content (WC), relative fresh weight (RFW), water loss (WL), water uptake (WU), total soluble solid (TSS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) amount (Biovision Colorimetric Assay Kit, USA). The experiment was conducted in the laboratory at 20-22°C, 40-50% RH, and 15 µmol/m2s light intensity (cool white florescent tubes) under a daily light period of 12 hours. The obtained data were analyzed using MSTAT-C program and mean comparison was done using LSD range test.Results and Discussion: The results showed that NS 10 mg/L with thyme EO 100 mg/L (14.25 days) and NS 10 mg/L followed by peppermint EO 100 mg/L (14 days) had the best effect on longevity and maintaining the water content of gerbera cv. ‘Rosalin’ cut flower, compare to other treatments. Flower WC was high (about 90%) except in 4% sucrose permanent treatment flowers which had negative effect and decreased more rapidly during the vase life period. Despite of antimicrobial preservative application, RFW, WU, WL and TSS generally had a decreasing trend during the experiment. However, it was observed that flowers treated by NS 10 mg/L (0.86 g/g) and thyme (0.77 g/g) and peppermint (0.72 g/g) EOs had the most RFW on the eighth day of experiment, but 4% sucrose (0.59 g/g) permanent treatment reduced RFW during cut flower vase life. The highest WU was respectively observed in SA 100 mg/L (67.28 g), NS 5 (61.31 g) and 10 mg/L (60.35 g) on the second day. According to the results of this research, pulsing by NS 5 and 10 mg/L and SA 100 mg/L resulted in the the most WL on day two (64.24, 57.85 and 64.95 g respectively). TSS of the cut flowers decreased with time, however reduction rates were delayed in SA and NS treated flowers. On the eighth day of experiment, long-term treatment showed the most effect on TSS amount. Flowers treated by NS 10 mg/L followed by 4% sucrose and peppermint EO treatment had the highest TSS amount, respectively 3.50 and 3.17 Bx. As the time passed, the activities of SOD enzyme increased, however, treated flowers showed significantly higher SOD activity compared to the control. Especially NS 10 mg/L pulse treatment, followed by thyme and peppermint EOs, indicated by the highest amounts (241.43% and 233.94%) of SOD activity on seveth day of the experiment. During the experiment, MDA increased in the flowers, so that the highest amount of MDA was detected in control (67.30%) on the seventh day and the lowest was produced in NS 10 mg/L treated flowers followed by thyme (14.88%) and peppermint (19.44%) EOs. Due to the fact that these treatments had the best effects on flower vase life, these results are logical.Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, new antimicrobial agents such as NS, thyme and peppermint EOs had a positive effect on flower vase life, WC, RFW and WU and reduced the rate of WL and TSS reduction in flowers. It might be due to this fact that these are very effective antimicrobial agents, inhibited the microbial growth and prevented bacterial plugging in conducting tissues. NS particles enter to cell, tissue and organs, so they can inhibit the respiration and electron transfer system and material transfer in microbial cell membrane. The application of natural phenolic compound like EOs reduced the accumulation of MDA and enhanced SOD enzyme activity. Therefore, due to the undesirable results of chemical preservative on human and environmental health, EOs can be very good substitutes for preserving cut flowers postharvest life.

Research Article

Medium Optimization for Callus Induction, Shoot Regeneration and Rooting of Hypericum perforatum from Stem and Leaf Explants

Negin Afsharzadeh; Majid Azizi; Leila Samiei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 April 2021

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2021.60331.0

Abstract

Introduction Hypericum perforatum is a perennial plant that has been used in traditional medicine. H. perforatum have several types of medicinal compounds including antiviral compounds, antioxidants, flavonoides and also has valuable compounds such as Hypericin, Hyperforin, Pseudo-hypericin and xanthones ... Read More Introduction Hypericum perforatum is a perennial plant that has been used in traditional medicine. H. perforatum have several types of medicinal compounds including antiviral compounds, antioxidants, flavonoides and also has valuable compounds such as Hypericin, Hyperforin, Pseudo-hypericin and xanthones that have effect on human physiology. Aerial parts of H. perforatum are dotted with dark glands that appear as black or red nodules. Black glands were known as localization of secondary metabolites. as a consequence of the commercial potential of this species attempts have been at plant improvement by application of in vitro culture methods. Among seedling explants of H. perforatum, it appears that roots are superior for shoot regeneration. It is generally accepted that explants source is an important factor r successful establishment of tissue culture in many cases. Production of secondary metabolites via plant cell and tissue culture yields various advantage es, including standardization and quality. These criteria are also valid for the main economically important chemical in st. John’s wort, namely hypericin, pseudo hypericin and hyperforin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectof some tissue cultures on plant Callogenesis, regeneration and also, study the effect of cytokinin and auxin on rooting rate and shoot multiplication. Materials and Methods: This research included two experiments; first experiment plan was a completely randomized in the form of a factorial. Second experiment plan was completely ranom.first part of experiment : this part were conducted with two explants, leaf and shoot ,maintained in light and dark condition. Shoot explants were derived from sterile seedlings that was obtained from seeds were cultured on MS medium. Seeds were decontaminated by NaClO 20% (V/V) for 20 min and were washed with sterile deionized water. Leaf explants were derived from seedlings in the in vivo condition and decontaminated by NaClO 20% (V/V) for 20 min then washed with sterile deionized water. Both of explants cultured on MS media supplemented with BA(3 and 4 mg/l) and 2,4-D (0, 1 and 2.5 mg/l). Callogenesis and regeneration was measured after 4 weeks.Second part of experiment: shoot of indirect regeneration for rooting study, were cultured on ½ MS media supplemented with BA (0 and 5/0 mg/l) and IBA (0 and 1 mg/l). Proliferation, shoot and root length were measured after 4 and 8 weeks.Results and Discussion:Effects of the factors on first part of experiment; calluses of shoot and leaf explants were induced after 4 weeks. Shoot explants Medium supplemented with 4 mg/l BA and 2.5 mg/l 2, 4-D showed 95% Callogenesis. Leaf explants Medium supplemented with 3 mg/l BA and 2.5 mg/l 2, 4-D showed 98% Callogenesis. Shoot explants Medium supplemented with BA 3 mg/l showed 62% regeneration and leaf explants Medium supplemented with BA 4 mg/l showed 8% regeneration.For second part of experiments; root induction on half strength medium without hormone and medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA and 1 mg/l IBA had highest rooting frequencies. Average of root length was registered 5.25 cm. half strength medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA had 100% and also, medium with 0.5 mg/l BA and 1 mg/l IBA had 86% shoot multiplication and were not appeared any roots. Average Shoot length on medium without hormone and medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA and 1 mg/l IBA was registered 6.24 cm and in media with 0.5 mg/l BA and 1 mg/l IBA was registered 1.8 cm. based on result of this experiments, the concentration levels of the two hormone BA and 2, 4-D in the induction of calli formation and regeneration of the H. perforatum have been effective. In the second experiment, hormone BA, in the absence of IBA did not cause rooting and increased the degree of shoots and ultimately proliferation was effective. Also, in treatment with 0.5 mg/l BA and 1 mg/l IBA, although the concentration of cytokinin was less than auxin, rooting was not done. conclusionThe goal of this study was to introduce the suitable medium for Callogenesis and regeneration of H. perforatum for production and breeding aims. Tissue and cell culture methods are used for various purposes. The result of each section can be used effectively in research topics, including corrective tests, processes for increasing secondary metabolites, as well as increasing commercial products. Therefore, by introducing efficient and effective methods, it is possible to increase the production of plants by micropropagation in less time.

Research Article

Improving the Growth and Yield of Tomato (Cv. 240) under the Cover of Supplementary Light and Nutrition

Ladan Ajdanian; Hossein Arouiee; Majid Azizi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 April 2021

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2021.60433.0

Abstract

Introduction: As an artificial light source, LED bulbs can help to grow better and faster greenhouse products. Meanwhile, blue and red light are important for plant growth. The quality of light in terms of color and wavelength can affect the morphological structure of the plants. Therefore, the use of ... Read More Introduction: As an artificial light source, LED bulbs can help to grow better and faster greenhouse products. Meanwhile, blue and red light are important for plant growth. The quality of light in terms of color and wavelength can affect the morphological structure of the plants. Therefore, the use of additional lights in winter, when light exposure is less than normal, can improve plant growth and flowering. It is also advisable to change the quality of light by using artificial light sources in controlled environments such as greenhouses in order to change the quantity and quality of agricultural products, especially the fruits of the fruit.Materials and Methods: In this research, the effect of complementary light and nutrition (commercial Calfomyth solution containing high calcium phosphorus and calcium elements along with micronutrient elements) as a pot experiment under non-soil culture conditions in the greenhouse, in the form of split-based plots experiment A completely randomized design with 3 light treatments including: natural light (control), 60% red light + 40% light blue and 90% red light + 10% blue light, and 2 nutritional treatments including: non-spraying with commercial fertilizer, Calfomyth and spraying A concentration of 2,000 in 3 replicates was established and implemented. The traits that were studied in this experiment are: 1- leaf number (count of leaves), 2- plant height by meter, with accuracy 0.01 m, 3- diameter with caliber with accuracy 0.01 mm, 4- Number of flowers (counting), 5- Time of flowering until the product reaches (counting the number of days), 6- Performance: Whole and red ripe fruits were planted and weighed separately from the total fruit weight Per plant was obtained in grams per plant. Statistical analysis was performed using JMP8 software and comparison of meanings was done using LSD test at 1% and 5% probability level.Results and Discussion: The results showed that the application of additional light on fruit yield, stem diameter and plant height, yield time and leaf number (p≤0.05) were significant. Spraying with Calfomyth could have a significant effect on stem diameter and number of leaves. In the traits such as fruit yield, number of flowers and leaves, the interaction effect of feeding and supplementary light was also significant. The highest number of leaves belonged to 60% red + 40% blue treatment, as well as spraying with Calfomyth (118), the highest number of flowers (50) was related to 90% red + 10% blue and Calfomyth treatment, and the smallest number ( 15) was related to control treatment. Also, the highest yield (3553 g of fruit per plant) was obtained in Calfomyth treatment with 90% red + 10% blue treatment and the lowest yield (434 g fruit per plant) The control was light and non-foliar treatment. Although light is an important source of photosynthesis, photosynthesis can also be related to a series of optical regulators and optical sensors. Blue and red light cause different optical sensors and expression of genes, each of which can have a positive or negative effect on plant growth and development. Therefore, it can be concluded that the presence of both wavelengths (blue and red) is necessary for conducting, and for this reason, more research is now focused on achieving an appropriate optical composition.Conclusions: In this research, all of the morphological traits examined in the tomato plant were subjected to additional exposure by LED bulbs, each of which had a special effect on their receptors in the plant. Maximize growth and yield in the plant. As expected, blue light on vegetative traits and red light were more effective on reproductive traits. It can be said that the existence of both wavelengths (blue and red) is essential for the better and complete growth of the plant. In addition to the positive effect of wavelengths, the positive effect of leaf spraying can also be observed, which, along with the neodymium, could improve growth. The results of this study showed that the performance and growth under the cover of LED light (red and blue combination) were superior to natural conditions. Therefore, it could be suggested that the use of these lamps, as well as spraying with Calfomyth commercial fertilizer, could be feasible for better production in controlled conditions (greenhouse).It seems that application of complementary lights with proper nutrition can improve the performance and growth of tomato plants in greenhouse conditions.

Research Article

The Study of Micromorphological and Essential oil Analysis of Nepeta binaloudensis and Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae)

Fatemehzahra Amirmohammadi; Majid Azizi; Seyyed Hossein Nemati

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 April 2021

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2021.60692.0

Abstract

IntroductionThe Nepeta is one of the largest genus of Nepetoide subfamily, in the Lamiaceae family with about 79 species in Iran. Most of the species are perennial rarely annual with different vegetative forms, leaves covered with trichome. Glandular trichomes are widely distributed all over the aerial ... Read More IntroductionThe Nepeta is one of the largest genus of Nepetoide subfamily, in the Lamiaceae family with about 79 species in Iran. Most of the species are perennial rarely annual with different vegetative forms, leaves covered with trichome. Glandular trichomes are widely distributed all over the aerial part of Nepeta species, and their largely to its great importance and their structures can vary widely among plants species. Some species contain monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, cyclopentanoid iridoids derivatives and nepetalactones which they are used in folk medicine as, diaphoretic, diuretic, antitussive, febrifuge agent. In the present work, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the nutlet micromorphology and also micromorphology and distribution of the glandular trichomes of Nepeta binaludensis “an Iranian endemic species” and Nepeta cataria in order to improve the knowledge of the species and to evaluate the usefulness of this feature for phytochemical and systematic purpose. The chemical composition of its essential oil was also analyzed. This paper provides a detailed description of trichome morphology and nutlet in Nepeta binaludensis andNepeta catariaspecies growing in Iran, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and evaluates the systematic significance of such characteristics. Materials and MethodsThe research was conducted in research garden of Agricultural Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2017. Seeds of two Nepeta species were provided by Institute of Plant Sciences in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.The seeds were cultivation in greenhouse and the seedling (10 cm long) were transplanted in the field. During the summer aerial parts of the plants were harvested at flowering stage, dried in shade, and (30 g) were hydro distilled for 3 h using Clevenger apparatus. For SEM study, leaves were fixed with 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2 for 30 min at 4 °C. After washing in water the material was dehydrated through an ethanol gradient and critical point dried. Specimens were mounted onto SEM stubs using double-sided adhesive tape and coated with palladium. For nutlets observation, seed were directly mounted onto aluminum stubs using double-sided adhesive tape and coated with palladium and photographed. ResultBased on the obtained data, the surface leaves of both species (N. binaludensis and N.cataria) was observed forglandular and non-glandular trichomes distribution. (The glandular trichomes of the peltate types). Trichome density and size was variable as 7-21mm2 leaf surface (63-77 µm) in N. binaludensis and as 20-30 mm2 leaf surface (47-67 µm) in N.cataria. In both species only one types of glandular trichome was identified. Peltate trichomes comprise of a basal cell situated in the leaf epiderm with a four-celled secretory head. Nutlets of Nepeta were blackish-brown or brown in color. One type surface ornamentation, can be distinguished: smooth-type. The nutlet ornamental pattern was smooth type with finely granulated in N. binaludensis and reticulate pattern in N.cataria species. Water-distilled essential oil of the aerial parts of two speciescultivated in field, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In essential oil of N.binaludensis and N. cataria, 51 and 26 components were identified, respectively. The main components of the essential oil of N. binaludensis were 1.8-cineole (14.8%), β-Pinene (10.4%) and p-Cymene (9.8%). Main compounds of the essential oil of N. cataria were 4a-a, 7-a, 7a-b-Nepetalactone (72/76%) and 4a-a, 7-a,7a-a-Nepetalactone (17.86%). Depending on the composition of key compound identified in essential oils, Nepeta species have been divided in two groups. Conclusions Depending on the composition of main compound identified in the essential oils, Nepeta species have been divided in two groups. On the basis of our research N. binaludensis belong to 1.8-cineole chemotype and of N.cataria belong to the nepetalactone chemotype. The leaves of N. binaludensis, N.cataria have be glandular and non-glandular trichomes. One types of glandular trichomes are identified: Peltate trichomes.Trichomes are distributed at the surface of leaves, having various functions and are extremely variable in the plants, plant organs location, density, form, therefore their morphology and structure could be of taxonomical importance in plant. Glandular trichomes contain or secrete substances which are widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic as well as in pesticide industry. The variation in the structure, morphology, density, secretion and function is noticed among these trichomes distributed on different plant organs. Nutlet surface can be useful as a taxonomic characteres.

Research Article

Assessment of nutrient elements, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of Ganoderma lucidum

Zhale Zandavifard; Majid Azizi; Majid Darroudi; Azar Hosseini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 July 2022

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2022.77380.1181

Abstract

Introduction:Ganoderma lucidum is a high medicinal value mushroom have been widely used in the Far East countries especially in traditional Chinese medicine as promoting human health and treatment of many diseases. Nowadays, many published studies have established it contains a high source of nutraceutical ... Read More Introduction:Ganoderma lucidum is a high medicinal value mushroom have been widely used in the Far East countries especially in traditional Chinese medicine as promoting human health and treatment of many diseases. Nowadays, many published studies have established it contains a high source of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical substances with potent and unique properties as immune suppressors, hypercholesterolemic agents, or coadjutant treatments in diseases such as cancer, hypertension, insomnia, anorexia, dizziness, and chronic hepatitis, among others. This species is rich in several bioactive compounds (over 400 compounds) mainly, including polysaccharides, triterpenoids, steroids, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids. Herein, the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum were studied in terms of nutritional value and chemical composition analysis. and further assessment of antioxidant activity of extracts from the fruiting body. Materials and methods: In order to detection of nutrient elements, the samples were homogenized by microwave digestion (Milestone Ethos, Germany) with 1000 W maximum power and further characterized using Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Biochemical molecule contents were characterized using Acquity Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatograph (UPLC, Waters) coupled to a photodiode array detector (PDA, Waters) and an electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer (ESI–QTOF/MS; Waters). In order to assess antioxidant activity, two kinds of extract including methanol 80 % (ME) and hot water (HWE) as solvent were prepared by ultrasonic method. Six different in vitro assays are used for the determination of antioxidant capacity including ABTS, DPPH, superoxide (SO), nitric oxide (NO) free radicals scavenging, iron-reducing power (FRAP), and iron chelating activity (ICA). The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were separated by the Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison test (GraphPad Prism 8, San Diego, CA, USA)). All data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. P ≤ 0.05 values or less were considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. Furthermore, Half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for each assay were calculated from linear or logarithmic regression using Excel software.Results and Discussion: G.lucidum was characterized in terms of nutritional value and chemical composition. Generally, to study the nutraceutical value of G.lucidum, 14 elements were analyzed by ICP-OES. Amongst the macronutrient group, phosphorus and potassium (2910.8 and 1510.8 mg/kg dry matter) and in the micronutrient iron and zinc (8.5 and 7.74 mg/kg dry matter) have the highest amounts, respectively. In terms of biochemical compounds, totally 37 compounds were identified in which Ganoderic acid was observed as most abundant (15890.1 ± 232.1 μg per g dry matter) followed by Sinapic acid and Succinic acid (2011.4 ± 28.11 and 1505.33 ± 31.5 μg per g dry matter) were the predominant compounds. The results of antioxidant assays clearly revealed that, the methanolic extract proved to have higher antioxidant potential than one corresponding hot water extract for all assays. In ABTS radical scavenging activity assay, ME with the best antioxidant activity (IC50,48.46±2.42 µg/ml) had a higher activity which was significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) from HWE (163.51±4.51 µg/ml). For DPPH assay, radical scavenging capacity was dose-dependent and IC50 values of ME (111.93±1.39 µg/ml) and HWE (213.48±5.42µg/ml) was a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05). In FRAP assay, The highest level of iron-reduction was observed in the highest level of ME(IC50, 308.13±4.13 µg/ml). This extract had higher iron-chelating activity (IC50, 671.75±5.66 µg/ml) as well. These values in both assays were significantly more potent than HWE (P ≤0.01). In SO assay, ME extract (IC50, 488.8±7.38 µg/ml) and HWE (IC50, 645.92±5.48 µg/ml) showed no difference significantly. In addition, in the NO assay, both extracts released slight weak activity for neutralization of nitric oxide radicals, however, the highest activity level was related to ME (IC50, 1189.5±8.5 µg/ml) in comparison to HWE (IC50, 1343.2±10.6 µg/ml) that was significant (P ≤0.01). The results clearly indicate that different solvents used in this study significantly affected antioxidant capacities and total biochemical contents.Conclusions: G. lucidum, as a high medicinal value mushroom, proved is a very important source of nutrients and antioxidant compounds such as terpenoids, especially triterpenoids, and polysaccharides. The free radical scavenging properties, reducing power and iron-chelating inhibition of G. lucidum seemed to be correlated with phenolic compounds and triterpenoids mostly. Therefore, based on the nutritional and biochemical profile of G. lucidum, and also its antioxidant power, this mushroom possesses a high nutrient potential that reflects positively on its health benefits.

Research Article

Investigation of Genotype Variation of Damask Rose in Iran Based on the Rate of Essence and some Morphologic and Physiologic Traits

Behzad Kaviani; Rana Mohammadipour; Davood Hashemabadi; Mohammad Hossein Ansari; Rasoul Onsinejad; Ahmad Reza Berimavandi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 July 2022

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2022.76452.1167

Abstract

IntroductionDamask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is used as a multi-purpose species (edible, medicinal, aromatic and ornamental). The flower essential oil of this plant has many applications in various industries. There is a wide variety of morphological, phonological, flower shape, yield and yield of ... Read More IntroductionDamask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is used as a multi-purpose species (edible, medicinal, aromatic and ornamental). The flower essential oil of this plant has many applications in various industries. There is a wide variety of morphological, phonological, flower shape, yield and yield of essential oils among genotypes and different populations of Damask rose in various ecological conditions in Iran. Evaluation of genetic diversity among Damask rose of Iran is important in order for breeding purposes. Some studies on phenotype, essential oil and genetic diversity were also carried out among different cultivars of rose flowers in other parts of the world. Significant diversity has been reported among the populations and genotypes of rose in different ecological conditions for many traits. Identifying superior species, cultivars and populations is important for commercial cultivation and more essential oil production. It is difficult to understand genetic diversity in roses because natural hybridization and spontaneous mutations with high abundance occurs in this plant. Morphological differences can be due to the geographical coordinates, natural hybridization and mutations. Therefore, it is important to identify the genetic diversity among the Iranian rose flowers to improve the genotypes of these flowers with appropriate garden features. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the genetic variety of Damask rose in Guilan, Ilam, Golestan, Tehran and Kashan in order to introduce superior genotype based on essence content and some other morphological and physiological traits.Materials and MethodsFive genotypes of Damask rose including Kashan, Ilam, Golestan, Tehran and Guilan genotypes were evaluated as plant materials. Plant materials were collected from mentioned-above regions as root-sucker and transferred to the farm of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands of the country. The design used was a completely randomized block design, which was performed in 3 replications and was considered for each 5-suckers’ repetition (total: 75 suckers). In each replication, three specimens of each genotype were planted in pits with diameter and depth of 50-60 cm. The distance between scions per rows was 2.5 meters and row spacing from each other was 2 meters. During the experimental period, the bushes were irrigated using drip (trickle) irrigation method. The sampling was performed to measure morphological and physiological parameters after the blooms were opened in early May. Evaluated parameters were plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, petal number, stamen number, carpel number, fresh weight of petals, petal anthocyanin levels, petals essential oil levels, chlorophyll content and leaf carotenoids. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and, if significant, Tukey analysis was used. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the highest amount of essential oil (0.042 and 0.038%) was extracted from the petals of Ilam and Kashan genotypes, respectively. The highest petal weight (2.70 and 2.30 g) was related to the petals of Ilam and Kashan genotypes, respectively. The highest petal length and width were obtained in these two genotypes. The largest number of petals (71.80 per each plant) was related to Guilan samples. The highest amount of chlorophyll a was related to Ilam genotype and the highest amount of chlorophyll b, carotenoids and anthocyanin was related to Kashan genotype. Stamen number, carpel number, leaf area, leaf length and plant height were also measured. In the present study, rose flower genotypes collected from different parts of Iran showed significant diversity in relation to morphological and physiological properties, especially essence. The results of the present study showed that there was a significant correlation between the amount of essence in the petals and the weight and dimensions of the petals, so that the Ilam and Kashan genotypes with more essence in their petals had higher weight and dimensions. Similar findings related to the correlation between flower yield and its components in roses flowers were presented in some studies. The number of flowers per branch, the fresh weight of each flower and the number of flowers per branch can be a suitable choice for improving flower yield in rose flower genotypes. Some studies have shown that the weight of the flower has a very strong, positive and significant correlation with the flower yield. The findings of the present study confirm the results obtained in these studies. Despite the geographical distance between some genotypes, the high similarity coefficient between them may indicate the common origin or continuous and purposeful genotypes. On the other hand, the low similarity coefficient between genotypes proposes relatively low geographical connection and different primary origin. In the present study, there was a low correlation between the amount of essence in the petals and the weight and dimensions of the petals in the Ilam and Kashan genotypes with the Golestan and Guilan genotypes. Finding the high correlation between the more important traits is of high value in breeding programs and the selection of superior genotypes. Some reports have been presented to compare rose flower genotypes based on morphological properties. Generative traits, including flower characteristics, are more suitable for genetic and evolutionary evaluations than vegetative traits. The results of some researchers in Iran and elsewhere in the world showed that flower yield per plant is associated with some other traits, including flower number, dimensions and weight of flowers, and the number of branches in the plant. The genetic analysis of rose flower genotypes showed that some genotypes collected from different areas are genetically relevant and some are separate. This subject shows effective role of ecological conditions in changing and variability of different species and varieties. The results indicated that the difference in the amount of essential oil compounds is mostly influenced by environmental and physiological factors. Some studies have shown significant diversity in essential oil efficiency and yield in different samples of rose flowers. The morphological difference between the different genotypes of this flower indicates the presence of germplasm and the proper capacity to improve the traits and the ability to select the best genotypes using morphological markers to enhance flower yield in the country. Overall; Ilam and Kashan genotypes are suggested as superior genotypes for breeding programs.

Research Article

Effect of Propanol, Butanol and Pentanol on Vase Life and Quality of Cut Carnation cv. Nelson (Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Nelson) Flower

Davood Hashemabadi; Amirhossein Soleimani; Behzad Kaviani; Nayyereh Naziri Moghaddam

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2023.83721.1280

Abstract

IntroductionCut carnation flowers have high economic importance in the floriculture industry. The postharvest life of cut ornamentals, including carnation, is important in determining their quality and consumer preference. High production of ethylene is one of the most important factors that reduce the ... Read More IntroductionCut carnation flowers have high economic importance in the floriculture industry. The postharvest life of cut ornamentals, including carnation, is important in determining their quality and consumer preference. High production of ethylene is one of the most important factors that reduce the postharvest life of this flower. High ethylene production causes the aging of some cut flowers. In order to increase the vase life of cut flowers, many researches have been done and various preservative solutions have been introduced, and in some of these solutions, disinfectants have also been used. One of the effective compounds in stopping or reducing ethylene production are alcohols. Ethanol stops ethylene synthesis in cut carnation. Cut carnation is climacteric flower and sensitive to high levels of ethylene. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate and compare the effect of different amounts of propanol, butanol and pentanol on the vase life and quality improvement of cut carnation flowers cultivar 'Nelson'.Materials and MethodsIn the present study, propanol, butanol and pentanol were used at the concentrations of 2, 4 and 6% for 24-hour pulse, in order to reduce ethylene production and increase the vase life of cut carnation cultivar 'Nelson' flowers. In February 2020, cut carnation flowers that were harvested at the commercial stage were prepared from a greenhouse in Mahalat city and were immediately transferred to the Postharvest Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch for treatment and evaluation of traits. This experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in 30 plots. For each treatment, 3 replications and 5 samples for each replication and a total of 150 flower branches were considered. Some traits such as vase life, water absorption, dry matter, petal protein, leaf chlorophyll, ethylene production, fresh weight loss, flower opening index, Brix degree, lipid peroxidation and activity of antioxidant enzymes, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were measured. To evaluate the vase life of cut flowers, the main criterion is the turning of the petals inward and the apparent wilting of the flowers. Data analysis was done using SAS statistical software and mean comparison based on Duncan's multiple range test.Results and DiscussionThe results of variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of different amounts of propanol, butanol and pentanol application was significant at 5% and 1% probability level on vase life and most of the traits measured in cut carnation flowers. This research revealed that propanol had a more effective role in reducing ethylene production and increasing the vase life than butanol and pentanol. The results showed that the longest vase life (14.11 days) was observed in cut flowers treated with 2% propanol. This treatment also caused the highest amount of water absorption, percentage of dry matter, petal protein and leaf chlorophyll, as well as the lowest amount of ethylene production. The lowest vase life (8.91 days) was observed in control cut flowers. The mean comparison of the different alcohol treatments showed that all treatments of propanol and butanol alcohols in different concentrations increased the absorption of solution by cut flowers compared to the control. Maintaining the water balance in cut flowers is one of the important factors in the vase life of cut flowers. The content of water uptake by cut flowers depends on the hydraulic conductivity of the water channel in the stem and the water potential difference between cut flower tissues and the preservative solution. The least plasma membrane damage was caused in cut flowers treated with 2% propanol. This treatment also caused the highest SOD activity. The short vase life of cut flowers is a global challenge, and efforts are being made to increase their vase life by using appropriate compounds in the vase solution. One of these compounds are alcohols, which have been used by some researchers in order to increase the vase life of various cut flowers. Alcohols are usually toxic for cells in high concentrations. Propanol and butanol in low concentrations inhibited the synthesis of ethylene and therefore increased the vase life of cut carnation flowers. These anti-ethylene compounds prevent the senescence of the petals, which is usually associated with the browning of the petals. Alcohols in optimal concentrations act as a signal and increase the vase life of cut flowers and improve their postharvest quality by reducing lipid peroxidation and inducing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Similar findings were reported in cut alstroemeria, some carnation cultivars and chrysanthemum flowers.ConclusionThe present study showed the positive effect of disinfectant and antimicrobial compounds on increasing the vase life, some physiologic characters and antioxidants activity. This research revealed that propanol had more effective role in reducing ethylene production and increasing the vase life than butanol and pentanol. The results showed that the longest vase life was observed in cut carnation cv. Nelson flowers treated with 2% propanol.

Research Article

Effect of temperature and sulfuric acid on improvement seed germination of three populations of medicinal plant Allium (Allium hirtifolium) and evaluation of micromorphology characteristics using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Hoda Sajedimehr; Mahya Sajedimehr; Majid Azizi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2024.84817.1295

Abstract

IntroductionMedicinal plants with a high level of antioxidant activity are of great importance due to their effect on a wide range of diseases such as diabetes, inflammatory diseases, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, cardiovascular diseases, blood pressure and other diseases caused by oxidative stress. Therefore, ... Read More IntroductionMedicinal plants with a high level of antioxidant activity are of great importance due to their effect on a wide range of diseases such as diabetes, inflammatory diseases, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, cardiovascular diseases, blood pressure and other diseases caused by oxidative stress. Therefore, studying medicinal plants and extracting and identifying chemical properties and effective compounds in medicinal plants emphasizes the necessity of learning and using medicinal plants. Iranian shallot plant with the scientific name Allium hirtifolium is a species of the onion family (Alliaceae) and is one of the largest genera of the monocot group. Shallot plant is an important horticultural product that has been known and used as a vegetable, spice and medicinal plant since ancient times due to its useful properties. In this genus, there are economically important species such as: onions, garlic, shallots, chives and leeks. Germination and sprouting are one of the most important phenological stages (life cycle) of the plant. Having enough information about the phenological cycle of the plant leads to better management of the different stages of this cycle, which determines the degree of success of agricultural systems. Seedling germination and growth in the early stages are strongly influenced and controlled by environmental factors, especially temperature, soil moisture and seed quality (germination and seedling strength) and internal factors (growth regulators) such as Gibberellin and Abscisic acid hormones.In order to speed up the germination of seeds and eliminate seed dormancy so that germination can happen faster, there are different methods. One of these methods is mechanical or chemical scratching. The aim of this research is to present a precise and scientific description for the failure of Iranian shallot medicinal plant seed dormancy (Allium hirtifolium) and improvement in the acceleration of germination, considering the different characteristics in three populations of Iranian shallot seeds. Also, to increase the quality and accuracy in this research, a scanning electron microscope was also used to accurately determine the surface changes of the seeds before the acid-washing treatment with sulfuric acid and after the acid-washing treatment with sulfuric acid. In the previous research that has been carried out on Iranian shallot seeds, the simultaneous examination of different temperatures and different times of acid washing by sulfuric acid in a precise manner and with several populations that have different genotypes, as well as the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has not been done.Materials and methodsThe study was done to investigate the effect of different degrees of temperature, and different times of sulfuric acid for acid washing on the improvement of germination of three populations of Iranian shallot seeds (Allium hirtifolium). The effect of four different temperatures (5, 10, 15 and 20 degrees Celsius) inside the Germinator device and four different times of acid washing with sulfuric acid (0, 5, 10, 15 minutes) on germination and micromorphological characteristics of three populations of shallot plant (Feridon Shahr, Tiran and Khansar) was investigated. On the other hand, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with different degrees of magnification was used for the effect of sulfuric acid treatment on the surface of the seed coat. The experiment was conducted as a factorial, in the form of a completely randomized design with four replications. At the end of the experiment, traits such as germination percentage, average germination time, germination speed, root length and shoot length were evaluated. Also, traits such as diameter, length, volume and weight of seeds in three populations of shallot were also analyzed statistically.Conclusion and discussionThe results of electron microscopy showed that in all three populations of Iranian shallot seeds, the seed coat, after using the acid washing treatment with sulfuric acid for 15 minutes, underwent noticeable and significant changes compared to the control seeds. The surface of the seed is destroyed by sulfuric acid and the surface of the seed does not have its natural ornamentation and protrusions compared to the control. Also, the effect of temperature, duration of acid washing and seed population on germination percentage, germination speed, average germination duration, seedling root length and seedling length was significant at the 1% probability level (p≤0.01). The population of Fereydoun Shahr has the highest germination percentage (69.16 percent), germination speed 3.7 (number of seeds per day) and average duration of germination 9.64 (number of seeds per day) at a temperature of 5 degrees Celsius and acid washing time of 15 minutes. The maximum shoot length and root length were 19.7 and 8.81 (mm) in the Tiran population with a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and a 15-minute acid washing time, and in the Khansar population with a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and time of 5 minutes acid washing respectively. The results show that, according to the dormancy of the seeds and their need for cold, the best temperature for shallot seed germination is 5 degrees Celsius with 15 minutes of acid washing by sulfuric acid. Diversity in shallot plant populations has a significant effect on the performance of this plant in improving seed germination.AcknowledgeWe thank Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and the Isfahan University of Technology.Keywords: shallot diversity (seed morphology), stratification, seed scarification, germination, scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Research Article

Study the effect of some biofertilizers on growth, leaf nutrient contents and yield properties of apple cv. Red Delicious

afsaneh Salehi; Fatemeh Nekounam; Farhang Razavi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 07 July 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2024.87166.1329

Abstract

Introduction Apple (Malus domestica) belongs to the Rosacea family and is one of the most important fruit trees in temperate regions. Apple fruit is a rich source of vitamins, sugars, organic acids, minerals, fibers, and bioactive compounds and is widely cultivated due to its pleasant taste, aroma, and ... Read More Introduction Apple (Malus domestica) belongs to the Rosacea family and is one of the most important fruit trees in temperate regions. Apple fruit is a rich source of vitamins, sugars, organic acids, minerals, fibers, and bioactive compounds and is widely cultivated due to its pleasant taste, aroma, and texture. Due to the rising need for food and fiber per unit of land area, chemical fertilizers are becoming increasingly popular to increase yields from small plots of land. Chemical fertilizers pose major health risks and harm the environment when they are used in excess. Because of this, research in this area is heavily focused on finding and evaluating the efficiency of new products. One such approach is using biostimulants that can enhance the effectiveness of conventional mineral fertilizers. Plant biostimulants contain some nutrients (marine plant extracts, humic acids, amino acids and other natural products such as saponins and compost teas) that stimulate plant growth, even when administered in small amounts. Foliar application of seaweed extracts at 0.2% recorded maximum no. of fruits/tree, fruit weight, and yield/tree in valencia orange. Materials and methods In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on growth, yield and leaf nutrient contents of apple under climatic conditions of Zanjan, the experiment was carried out in a completely randomized block design with three replicates in 2023. Different concentration of seaweed (Alg; 0.075 and 0.15%), amino acid (GF Amino; 0.1 and 0.2%), humic acid (HA; 0.3%), commercial fertilizer Homarang, (Homa fert; 0.5%), combined chemical fertilizer (nitrogen, zinc and boron (Combinate fert; 1% urea, 0.3% zinc chelate and 0.1% boric acid)) and distilled water as a control were sprayed on the trees at 40 days after full bloom stage until runoff using a mechanical mist sprayer, and repeated three times with an 30 days interval until the physiological ripening of fruits. The experiment was carried out on 10-year-old Red Delicious apple trees grafted on M9 rootstocks. Shoot length, chlorophyll index, fruit drop percentage, yield efficiency, leaf area, leaf dry matter, leaf macro and micro nutrient were measured. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant difference test (P≤ 0.05) used to compare means within each sampling date. The Statistical analysis and standard error calculation were carried out using SAS software (V. 9.3). Results and Discussion The results showed that the foliar application of bio and chemical fertilizers significantly increased growth and fruit yield. So that, the highest increase in shoot length (39%) and leaf area (74.30%) compared to the control was obtained with application of seaweed 0.075%. Also, seaweed 0.15%, amino acid 0.2%, humic acid and amino acid 0.1% caused a significant increase in leaf area (42.02, 35.57, 22.27 and 16.20%, respectively) compared to the control. Foliar spray of seaweed, amino acid and chemical fertilizer increased chlorophyll index. The highest increase in chlorophyll index (50%) compared to the control was obtained with application of combined chemical fertilizer at 130 days after full bloom. These results are in agreement with the outcomes of other experiments conducted with seaweed on apple and on other crops such as grapevine. Therefore, this represents a further evidence of a possible role of seaweed extracts in the reduction of chlorophyll degradation and in delaying leaf senescence. The highest amount of nitrogen (1.66%), potassium (1.03%) zinc (150 mg g-1DW) and boron (82.5 mg g-1DW) and the lowest amount of phosphorus (0.44%) were obtained with application of combined chemical fertilizer. The highest value of iron was observed in leaf of trees treated with seaweed 0.15%, humic acid and commercial biofertilizer. Based on the results, it was observed that the amino acid, seaweed and combined chemical fertilizer have the greatest effect in reducing fruit drop (36.97, 33.37, 29.07%, respectively) compared to control) and increasing yield efficiency (respectively 2.75, 2.73 and 2.8 compared to control with 0.22 fruits No. cm-2 SCSA). These results partially are in agreement with another research performed on apple, where the use of a similar seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum) was found able to induce a higher final yield. The hormonal components found in the extracts, particularly cytokinins, are assumed to be responsible for the increased yield in plants treated with seaweed. Previous studies mentioned that the application of biological fertilizers alone or in combination with the mineral fertilizers had positive influences on the leaf plate area, mean fruit weight and fruit chemical composition. Conclusions According to the results of this research, the use of biofertilizers, especially seaweed (0.15%) and amino acid (0.1%), are suitable and nature-friendly substitutes for chemical fertilizers and can play a significant role in increasing growth indices and yield of apples.

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Research Article

Utilization of superabsorbent nano-polymer, grow-more, iron and zinc fertilizers on functional quality and quantity of Agave (Agave americana cv. marginata) under drought stress

Mehrab Yadegari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2024.90365.1384

Abstract

IntroductionAgave americana cv. marginata from Agavaceae family is one of the important plants have many uses in various medicinal and food industrial. Among environmental stresses, water deficit stress plays an important role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants in arid and ... Read More IntroductionAgave americana cv. marginata from Agavaceae family is one of the important plants have many uses in various medicinal and food industrial. Among environmental stresses, water deficit stress plays an important role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. Drought stress has detrimental effects on growth and yield and can upset the balance between the antioxidant defense system and free radicals by stimulating a series of biochemical reactions, where free radicals cause cell damage. In sustainable production systems of medicinal and aromatic plants, stable quantitative and qualitative functions can be achieved under conditions of environmental stress and it is possible to improve the production of secondary metabolites in these plants under adverse environmental conditions. Therefore, this study was done to evaluate some of important macro-micro nutrients on the morpho-physiological and phytochemical properties of Agave americana cv. marginata to determine and introduce the best combinations of fertilizers with use of superabsorbent nano-polymer under water stress conditions. Materials and MethodsThis research was performed in randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a split-split plot layout with three replications. Irrigation regimes (D1-D3: Field Capacity, 50% and 75% evaporation from basin class A) in main plots, superabsorbent nano-polymer application (S1-S2: use and not use) in sub plots and treatments of fertilizers [F1-F15: grow-more 1 (F1), grow-more 2 (F2), grow-more 3 (F3), iron chelate (F4), zinc chelate (F5), grow-more 1+iron chelate (F6), grow-more 1+zinc chelate (F7), grow-more 2+iron chelate (F8), grow-more 2+zinc chelate (F9), grow-more 3+iron chelate (F10), grow-more 3+zinc chelate (F11), grow-more 1+iron chelate+zinc chelate (F12), grow-more 2+iron chelate+zinc chelate (F13), grow-more 3+iron chelate+zinc chelate (F14) and control (F15)] in sub-sub plots were done. This research was performed in greenhouse condition of Islamic Azad University Branch of Shahrekord (latitude. 32°20′ N, longitude. 50°51′ E, altitude. 2061 m) in 2023-2024. In each year, fertilizer treatments were applied in foliar application after stage of V8 (plants had 8 leaf) in 6 stage by 14 days interval and harvesting was done after one month after the final application of fertilizers. The fertilizers of grow-more (NPK), iron and zinc in 4 gr.l-1 concentration by production company certification were used in V8 stage in plants and the effects were compared by control plants. Weed control was done manually during the entire experiment. During the experiment no systemic pesticide and herbicide were used. The harvested shoots transferred to the laboratory for measure of characters. Morphological characters such as leaf length, leaf diameter and dry/fresh root/leaf weight; physiological characters such as chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and zinc, iron and nitrogen content in root/leaf and phytochemical characters such as contents of hecogenin, saponin, protein of leaf and root were measured. For assessment of the total chlorophyll content of A.americana, the leaves were extracted with 80% acetone. The absorbance of the extraction was read at 470, 648, and 664 nm, and the content of total chlorophyll was calculated as mg per g leaf fresh weight. For measure of hecogenin, saponin, total protein in leaf and root and nitrogen content in leaf and root use the protocols of Hackman et al., 2006, Sidana et al., 2016, Bradford, 1976 and Álvarez-Chávez et al., 2021; respectively. Results and DiscussionIn two sequential years, the obtained results showed that the use of treatments increased the characters and made the significant effectiveness. The most of means of leaf dry weight (30.11 g.plant-1), leaf fresh weight (207.33 g.plant-1), root dry weight (3.82 g.plant-1), root fresh weight (18.79 g.plant-1), length of leaf (64.55 cm), leaf diameter (0.41 centimeter), chlorophyll a (2.27 mg.g-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (0.53 mg.g-1 fresh weight), total chlorophyll (2.81 mg.g-1 fresh weight), hecogenin (35.48 mg.kg-1 fresh weight), saponin (66164.8 mg.kg-1 fresh weight), nitrogen of leaf (1.39 mg.g-1 dry weight), nitrogen of root (1.23 mg.g-1 dry weight), protein of leaf (25.34 mg.g-1 dry weight), protein of root (16.99 mg.g-1 dry weight), zinc of leaf (68.99 microg-1 dry weight), zinc of root (44.84 microg-1 dry weight), iron of leaf (81.01 microg-1 dry weight) and iron of root (49.84 microg-1 dry weight) made in grow-more fertilizers specially grow-more 1 (20-20-20) in combination with Fe/Zn Libfer. However the superabsorbent nano-polymer application had the aggressive effectiveness on amounts of characters especially in hardness of water stress. The least morpho-physiological and phytochemical characters such as leaf dry weight (12.81 g.plant-1), leaf fresh weight (89.54 g.plant-1), root dry weight (1.62 g.plant-1), root fresh weight (8.18 g.plant-1), length of leaf (41.12 cm), leaf diameter (0.24 centimeter), chlorophyll a (1.69 mg.g-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (0.26 mg.g-1 fresh weight), total chlorophyll (1.95 mg.g-1 fresh weight), hecogenin (21.88 mg.kg-1 fresh weight), saponin (22134.3 mg.kg-1 fresh weight), nitrogen of leaf (0.29 mg.g-1 dry weight), nitrogen of root (0.77 mg.g-1 dry weight), protein of leaf (10.11 mg.g-1 dry weight), protein of root (6.47 mg.g-1 dry weight), zinc of leaf (34.34 microg-1 dry weight), zinc of root (20.36 microg-1 dry weight), iron of leaf (43.77 microg-1 dry weight) and iron of root (27.73 microg-1 dry weight) made in control plants. In most of measured characters the treatments of D1S1F12, D3S1F14 and D2S1F14 were the best and control plants had the least of characters.ConclusionGenerally the application of grow-more fertilizer 1 (20-20-20) with consumption of zinc and iron fertilizers can be a good strategy to improve the morpho-physiological and phytochemical characters of Agave americana cv. marginata specially the hecogenin and saponin amounts in the water stress conditions. However the use of superabsorbent nano-polymer in strenuous drought stress (75 %) is more effectivnes than other water stress levels.

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Research Article

Comparison of the Effect of Peppermint Essential Oil in Free and Nanoencapsulated Forms on some Physicochemical Properties of Cherry Tomato Fruits

Masoumeh Vakili-Ghartavol; Hossein Arouiee; Shiva Golmohamadzadeh; Mahboobeh Naseri; Leila Bandian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 07 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2025.89741.1377

Abstract

Introduction Cherry tomatoes, an annual plant with significant economic value, are a popular and nutritious fruit commonly used in salads. They are rich in essential nutrients such as sugars, acids, vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, lycopene, and other carotenoids, making them a vital component ... Read More Introduction Cherry tomatoes, an annual plant with significant economic value, are a popular and nutritious fruit commonly used in salads. They are rich in essential nutrients such as sugars, acids, vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, lycopene, and other carotenoids, making them a vital component of diets worldwide. However, their climacteric nature causes a rapid decline in quality, resulting in physicochemical changes such as softening and alterations in color. Due to their perishable nature, they have a short shelf life of only 2 to 3 weeks. Therefore, it is crucial to explore methods for extending their freshness, for extending their shelf life while maintaining their quality, both for local consumption and exportation. Materials and Methods This study aimed to investigate the impact of varying concentrations (0.025%, 0.05%, 0.075%, 0.1%, and 0.2%) of peppermint essential oil and solid lipid nanoparticles containing peppermint essential oil on the quality of cherry tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Santiago F1). The research was conducted using a completely randomized factorial design with three replications and ten fruits per replication during a 28-day storage period at 8 °C at the laboratories of the Faculty of Pharmacy at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences and the Horticulture Science Laboratory at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. On April 19, 2021, cherry tomatoes were harvested from a greenhouse at commercial maturity when 75% of the fruit surface had turned red. Then the fruits were transferred to the horticultural science laboratory. The selection process focused on uniformity of shape, size, color, and absence of external damage, pests, and diseases. Then they were immersed in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 1 minute to disinfect the surface and then rinsed with distilled water. Finally, the fruits were placed in different coating solutions. Distilled water was used to treat control fruits. The quality parameters studied included fruit juice percentage, juice density, soluble solids, fruit juice acidity, fruit juice pH, total chlorophyll content, carotenoid levels, lycopene levels, anthocyanin content, flavonoid levels, flavonol levels, and electrolyte leakage in the fruits. Results and Discussion The results of the study indicated that fruits treated with solid lipid nanoparticles containing peppermint essential oil, particularly at a concentration of 0.2%, showed significantly higher levels of juice percentage (approximately 85%), total chlorophyll content, acidity (around 51%), as well as anthocyanin, flavonoid and flavonol content compared to those treated with free peppermint essential oil or the control group. However, the amount of soluble solids (approximately 54%), juice density (about 75%), juice pH, and lycopene and carotenoid content were found to be lower in comparison with those treated with free peppermint essential oil or the control group. This indicates that the application of this coating may slow down the ripening process, thereby preserving the fruit's color. This treatment also effectively reduced the amount of electrolyte leakage of fruit cell membranes (about 56%). However, free peppermint essential oil treatment at 0.1% and 0.2% concentrations had higher electrolyte leakage compared to the control group. This suggests that while peppermint essential oil can have a positive effect on preserving fruit quality, using it at higher concentrations may cause tissue damage and accelerate the softening process. These findings suggest that incorporating peppermint essential oil into solid lipid nanoparticles can enhance the overall quality and nutritional value of fruits, making them a healthier option for consumption. Additionally, the use of solid lipid nanoparticles may also help in controlling the release of peppermint essential oil, leading to a more sustained effect on fruit preservation. Therefore, incorporating the essential oil into solid lipid nanoparticles could be a more effective approach as it slows down the ripening process and helps maintain overall fruit quality. Conclusions In conclusion, our study has demonstrated the potential of solid lipid nanoparticles containing peppermint essential oil in preserving the quality and extending the shelf life of fruits. The use of these nanocapsules not only maintained the color, TA, and soluble solids of fruits but also prevented tissue damage and delayed the ripening process. This innovative approach could revolutionize fruit preservation methods and benefit both producers and consumers by reducing food waste and ensuring continuous availability of fresh, high-quality fruits. Further research on the development of nanocapsules with different essential oils could open new horizons for enhancing the shelf life of various fruits and other perishable food products.

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Research Article

Improving the quality and shelf life of Kinnow mandarin fruits using pre- and post-harvest melatonin treatments

Sakineh Molaei Mohammad Abadi; somayeh rastegar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2025.89185.1368

Abstract

Introduction Kinnow mandarin is one of the most important citrus fruits that undergoes significant postharvest quality deterioration. This deterioration is primarily due to moisture loss, physiological changes, and pathogen infections. To maintain the quality and extend the shelf-life of kinnow mandarins, ... Read More Introduction Kinnow mandarin is one of the most important citrus fruits that undergoes significant postharvest quality deterioration. This deterioration is primarily due to moisture loss, physiological changes, and pathogen infections. To maintain the quality and extend the shelf-life of kinnow mandarins, various postharvest treatments and storage conditions have been explored. Melatonin, being a nontoxic and safe chemical, has application potential in the improvement of fruit quality. By stimulating the production of antioxidants like ascorbic acid and phenolics, melatonin can boost the overall antioxidant capacity of fruits. It has been reported that by influencing pigment production, melatonin can enhance fruit color and appearance. Further research is needed to optimize the application methods and determine the most effective melatonin concentrations for different cultivars and storage conditions. Additionally, the underlying physiological and biochemical mechanisms by which melatonin enhances fruit quality during postharvest storage warrant further investigation. Implementing melatonin treatments in commercial postharvest operations could provide a valuable strategy for maintaining the quality and extending the shelf-life of Kinnow mandarins and other citrus fruits. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted in a citrus orchard located in Rudkhan district, Rudan county, Iran. Ten-year-old Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis × Citrus deliciosa) trees were treated with three melatonin concentrations: 0 µM (distilled water as control), 100 µM, and 200 µM. The treatments were applied as foliar sprays one month prior to harvest, repeated three times at weekly intervals. Mature fruits were harvested in December and randomly divided into two groups: one for immediate analysis and the other for storage. Fruits destined for storage were disinfected with 0.05% sodium hypochlorite for one min, rinsed with distilled water, and then subjected to a 30-min soak in melatonin solutions (100 µM or 200 µM) corresponding to the previous foliar treatment. The fruits were then stored at 5 ± 1°C. Samples were evaluated for physicochemical properties at 30 and 60 days of storage. A factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design. Data were analyzed using SAS software, version 9.4. Means were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 5% level of significance. Graphs were generated using Excel software. Results and Discussion The results showed that melatonin treatments significantly increased fruit weight, pulp weight, juice volume, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid content at harvest. During storage, both sprayed and immersed fruits exhibited less weight loss. At the end of the storage period, treated fruits also had higher ascorbic acid content compared to the control. Fruit immersion was more effective in preserving total flavonoids at the end of the experiment. The highest antioxidant capacity was observed in fruits sprayed with 100 μM melatonin. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant, scavenging free radicals and protecting cellular components from oxidative damage. In addition, by modulating ethylene production, melatonin can influence fruit ripening rate and overall quality. Melatonin has been studied in fruits like mango and papaya, where it has shown potential to improve fruit quality and extend shelf life. Studies on citrus fruits have indicated that melatonin can reduce chilling injury, maintain juice quality, and increase antioxidant content. It's important to note that the optimal melatonin concentration and application method can vary significantly between fruit species. Overall, the sprayed treatments showed better performance in terms of marketability and various quality attributes compared to the other treatments. The findings of this study suggest that pre- and post-harvest melatonin treatments can effectively maintain the quality and extend the shelf-life of Kinnow mandarin fruit during cold storage. Melatonin's antioxidant properties and ability to regulate physiological processes may contribute to the observed improvements in fruit quality. These results have important implications for the postharvest management of Kinnow mandarins, as melatonin could be a valuable tool for preserving the fruit's nutritional and sensory attributes during storage and transportation. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that melatonin application had a beneficial impact on Kinnow mandarin fruits. Overall, the melatonin spray treatment, particularly at a concentration of 100 µM, led to increased fruit weight, water content, ascorbic acid content, and titratable acidity at harvest. During storage, treated fruits exhibited higher antioxidant capacity, phenolic and flavonoid content, and ascorbic acid levels, along with reduced weight loss compared to the control group. Consequently, the use of melatonin is proposed as a promising strategy to enhance the quality and marketability of Kinnow mandarins during postharvest storage.

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Research Article

Effect of levels of biochar on growth and some qualitative characteristics of savory medicinal plant (Satureja hortensis L.) in conditions of sulfur nutrition

Mohammad Behzad Amiri; Vahid Mohammadzadeh Kakhki; Mohammad Hosein Aminifard

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2025.91238.1400

Abstract

IIntroduction Soil amendment materials have diverse properties and tend to affect soil physi‌cochemical properties in several ways. Of these amendments, biochar has received considerable attention due to its role in the management of acid soils, pollution remediation, and improvement of soil fertility, ... Read More IIntroduction Soil amendment materials have diverse properties and tend to affect soil physi‌cochemical properties in several ways. Of these amendments, biochar has received considerable attention due to its role in the management of acid soils, pollution remediation, and improvement of soil fertility, carbon sequestration, and mitigation of climate change. Biochar is a porous carbon-rich material comprised chiefly of aromatic carbons and/or heteroatoms. Biochar is a product obtained from biological waste, particularly agricultural biomass waste which is thermally degraded using a process called pyrolysis, in the absence of oxygen. Biochar is useful as 1) a fuel source (charcoal) for renewable energy and 2) for carbon sequestering to the soil preventing the release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, 3) as a waste recycling method, 4) as a soil amendment to improve the soil structure, texture, water holding capacity and other physicochemical properties thus improving the soil fertility, 5) plant growth promotion due to the nutrients supplied by biochar when used as manure and 6) plant disease management by either directly (antagonism) or indirectly (induced systemic resistance) in plants. Sulfur (S) is an important component of many amino acids such as methionine and cysteine in plants. The balance update of sulfur decreases the speed of oxidative processes with an improvement reduction mechanism. It also plays a critical role in the improvement of wheat productivity through better grain production. sulfur is very important for the efficacious use of nitrogen especially in the formation of protein contents. Without sulfur, the optimum activity of nitrogen regarding protein content biosynthesis cannot be achieved in terms of yield. Application of Nano fertilizers and reduction of the size of the material to the nanoscale leads to an increase in the surface mass ratio of the particles, and as a result, an abundant amount of nutrient ions is absorbed slowly and steadily for a long period. Satureja hortensis L. which is a medicinal plant in the Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family is widely grown in France, Hungary, Spain and Iran. The essential oil of Satureja hortensis L. finds application in food products due to its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Traditionally, it was utilized as a stomachic, stimulant, expectorant, aphrodisiac and carminative treatment of various kinds of infectious illnesses. Material and Methods In order to investigate the effects of different levels of biochar and common sulfur and nona-fertilizer of sulfur on some morphological and physiological characteristics of Satureja hortensis L., an experiment was done at the Research Field of University of Gonabad during the years 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. A split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted. Biochar with three levels (5, 10 and 20 t.ha-1 and control) and two sulfur nutritional treatments (common sulfur, nano-fertilizer of sulfur and control) were used as main and subplots, respectively. Plant height, lateral branch number, leaf area, stem diameter, dry shoot weight, dry matter yield, carbohydrate content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were recorded. Results and Discussion The results showed that in both of two cropping year, the highest plant height (with 41 and 39 cm plant height in the first and second cropping year, respectively) and lateral branch number (with 28 and 30 lateral branch number in the first and second cropping year, respectively) obtained in combined applicaton treatment of 20 t.ha-1 biochar and spraying of nano-fertilizer of sulfur and in both of two cropping year, use of common sulfur and spraying nano-fertilizer of sufur at higher levels of biochar (10 and 20 t.ha-1) resulted in the production of more leaf area and stem diameter than the application of these sulfur nutritional inputs in lower levels of biochar. The results of the interaction effects of biochar application and nutritional treatment in the 2018-2019 crop year showed that with increasing biochar amounts to 10 t.ha-1, the positive effects of common sulfur and nanosulfur in improving essential oil content were more noticeable, so that the highest amount of essential oil (2.40%) was obtained in the treatment of simultaneous application of 10 t.ha-1 of biochar and soil application of common sulfur. In both years, the highest amount of essential oil (2.10 and 2.13% essential oil in the first and second year, respectively) was obtained in 10 t.ha-1 biochar. The highest influence of sulfur nutritional treatments on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll appeared when they were used simultaneously with biochar, for example, chlorophyll a content in conditions of spraying of nano-fertilizer of sulfur with the application of 5, 10 and 20 t.ha-1 biochar was 42, 54 and 72% in the first cropping year, respectively and 43, 54 and 73% in the second cropping year, respectively more than amount of these traits in conditions of separate spraying of nano-fertilizer of sulfur. Conclusion In general, based on the results of this research, it seems that the combined consumption of biochar with common sulfur and nano-fertilizer of sulfur, while improving the quantitative characteristics of Satureja hortensis L. can lead to the improvement of its physiological characteristics and the production of free of chemical substances in this valuable medicinal plant.

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Research Article

Breeding of nutty watermelon: evaluation and selection from among the populations of some landraces

Kazem Hokmabadi; Seyyed Hosein Nemati; Reza Tavakkol Afshari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2025.90646.1390

Abstract

Breeding of nutty watermelon: evaluation and selection from among the populations of some landraces Abstract Introduction Selecting desirable traits in plants and improving them for desired traits requires the existence of sufficient genetic diversity within the population or between them and on the ... Read More Breeding of nutty watermelon: evaluation and selection from among the populations of some landraces Abstract Introduction Selecting desirable traits in plants and improving them for desired traits requires the existence of sufficient genetic diversity within the population or between them and on the other hand, the use of genetic diversity within a population can be used as a suitable solution to deal with genetic vulnerability in plants. Usually, the genetic diversity of plants changes in time and place. Genetic diversity of a trait is the different value of individuals or genotypes for that trait. Usually, in the classical breeding program, varieties are identified based on the morphological characteristics of leaves, flowers and fruits. However, most cultivars cannot be identified based on these traits, especially if they are closely related. In addition, phenotypic identification based on morphology is affected by environmental changes. The success of breeding programs depends on the existence of diversity in germplasms in terms of the desired trait or traits. Collecting superior watermelons and examining their characteristics provides valuable resources to researchers for breeding programs. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) has great diversity in terms of shape, fruit size, fruit skin pattern, fruit flesh color, seed length and width, and number The seed in the fruit as well as the quality of the fruit is among its cultivars and varieties, therefore it seems that by examining the native cultivars and populations, it is possible to find desirable traits and use them in future commercial cultivars for breeding processes. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of 10 native stands of Iranian watermelon by examining the growth and seed-related traits, a research was conducted in Farouj city in 2019 in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The seeds of Jabani, Sonbek and Kalaleh trees were collected from Joven, Kashan and Gorgan. After the selection in the first year, the desired traits were also checked in the selected populations in the second year. Conclusion In this research, it was found that the type of mass and the choice of generation had a significant effect on the yield of the product. The highest fruit yield, i.e. 65 tons per hectare, corresponds to Jabani 1 mass. After Jabani cluster 1, Kalaleh cluster 1 had the highest yield with a yield of 45 tons per hectare, which seems to have a direct relationship with the fruit weight per plant. There was a significant difference in the yield between the stands in terms of seed characteristics and yield, fruit flesh and skin yield, fruit length and width. In the breeding goals of nutty watermelons, the most important are the characteristics of the seeds. Coarseness of the seed and high percentage of the kernel compared to the skin of the seed and the softness of the seed texture are also among the other improvement goals in these watermelons. In the first year experiment, among these traits that determine the quality and quantity of seeds, the highest 1,000-seed weight (326.6 grams) in Jabani stand 1, the highest percentage of brain to seed weight (50%) in Sanbek stand 1, the longest seed (average 20 mm) and the widest fruit (average 11.7 mm) belongs to Jabani 1, while the lowest thickness of the seed coat (0.37 mm) is evident in Sanbek 3 mass. Therefore, Jabani mass and stigma are desirable for the cultivation of a nut watermelon. In the second generation of the first experiment, Jabani mass 1 with an average weight of 1000 seeds was 350 grams, seed length was 20.35 mm, seed width was 12.44 mm, seed diameter was 3.39 mm, and seed coat thickness was 0.86 mm. m and seed yield of 1.39 tons per hectare was the best group among the tested groups. Regarding fruit traits, Jabani 1 had the heaviest fruit weight (3.14 kg), the heaviest weight of fruit flesh (1.80 kg) and the highest fruit yield per hectare (62.80 tons per hectare). The examination of traits that determine the quality and quantity of seeds, such as the weight of 1000 seeds, percentage of kernel weight to seed, length, width and diameter, thickness of the seed coat, showed that Jabani 1 and 3 are the most desirable types. In the second year, Jabani 1 and 3 have the highest quantity and quality of seeds and they are suitable for cultivation as nut watermelon. The comparison of two generations of each of the selected populations showed that most of the fruit and seed traits improved under the influence of the generation and the second generation produced heavier fruits with better seed yield. Also, this improvement of fruit traits in Jabani population 1 and the improvement of seed traits in Kalaleh population 1 is more significant than other populations.

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Research Article

Effect of 24-Epibrassinolide on nutritional value and marketability of strawberry fruit

Mohammadreza Asghari; Pari Zahedipour Sheshglani; Safaa Mohammed Ali Kadhim Al-Janabi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2025.90277.1383

Abstract

Introduction: Strawberry is a widely consumed fruit with high nutritional value, which the consumption plays an effective role in reducing human chronic diseases. Strawberry fruit is a source of secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity which influence nutritional value and quality attributes of ... Read More Introduction: Strawberry is a widely consumed fruit with high nutritional value, which the consumption plays an effective role in reducing human chronic diseases. Strawberry fruit is a source of secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity which influence nutritional value and quality attributes of this fruit. However, strawberry is a perishable fruit with a short shelf-life and high amount of this fruit is wasted during post-harvest periods which leads to economic, food and nutritional losses. In the last decade, the use of safe and natural elicitors in order to extend the shelf-life and improve the marketability of strawberry fruit has been increasing. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth regulators that modulate molecular, physiological, and biochemical responses in plant organs. Exogenous 24- Epibrassinolide (24-EBL) as a natural analog of BRs, has multiple effects on horticultural crops. Exogenous application of 24-EBL improves postharvest quality, antioxidant compounds and extends the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. Furthermore, 24-EBL has a significant effect on improving the sensory properties and marketability of stored crops. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of postharvest application of 24-EBL on bioactive compounds concentrations, antioxidant capacity and marketability of strawberry fruits. Material and Methods: Strawberry fruits were harvested from a commercial greenhouse in the fully red color stage and immediately transferred to the laboratory. Healthy and uniform strawberries were selected and divided in three groups. Strawberry fruits were immersed in the 24-EBL solutions for 3 minutes. Strawberry fruits were dried completely at room condition and then were packed in polyethylene boxes (20×15×12 cm) and stored for 10 days at 1±1 °C. Control samples were treated with distilled water for same duration. After 10 d storage at low temperature, strawberry fruits were kept at room temperature for 24 hours to simulate the commercial situations, and then sampling was done to evaluate quality traits and marketability, biochemical compounds, phenylalanine ammonialyase and tyrosine ammonialyase enzymes activity and total antioxidant activity. In this study, the experiment was conducted completely randomized design with three replications. Results and Discussion: Due to the high perishability and short shelf life of harvested strawberry fruits, it is necessary to investigate new methods. The use of safe and natural elicitors in order to improve the quality and marketability of the fruit may also result in an increase in the fruit nutritional value. The results showed that postharvest application of 24-EBL (1 and 3 µM) increased total phenolic content (16.5 % and 19.5 %), total flavonoids (5.5 % and 9 %) and total anthocyanins (12 % and 17 %) compared to control, respectively. Moreover, the activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonialyase (TAL), as important enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway increased in response to 24-EBL treatment. According to correlation coefficient analysis, there was a significant correlation among the phenolic compounds concentrations, PAL and TAL enzymes activity. Increaing the phenolic compounds, flavonoide and total anthocyanins content in response to 24-EBL treatment improved total antioxidant activity of strawberry fruits. Phenolics and flavonoids play important roles in increasing stress tolerance in crops and show a remarkably high scavenging activity toward reactive oxygen species. In addition to the positive effect of 24-EBL in enhancing secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity, which leads to improve the nutritional value of strawberry fruit, it also improved the sensory properties and marketability of the fruit. Treated berries with different concentrations of 24-EBL had lower titratable acidity, more total soluble solid, better taste and firmness compared to the control ones. These indices influenced the sensory properties and marketability of strawberries.These findings suggest that postharvest application of 24-EBL, especially at 3 μM, most effective to improve the postharvest quality and extend the shelf life of strawberry fruits. This research provided a new understanding regarding the impact of 24-EBL on increasing bioactive compounds and improving antioxidant activity of strawberry fruit and elucidated the effect of BRs on improving marketability of strawberry fruit. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that postharvest application of 24- Epibrassinolide increse secondary metabolite content and nutritional value of stored strawberry fruits. Inceasing the secondary metabolite by antioxidant activity can also influence the sensory properties and marketability of strawberries. The mentioned results could be clear signs that 24- Epibrassinolide is a promising agent for extend the shelf life of strawberry fruits, as well as for improving their nutritional value.

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Research Article

Evaluation of physiological and biochemical properties in some grape cultivars

Abdollah Godarzi; Mehrab Yadegari; Asghar Mousavi; habibollah nourbakhsh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2025.89578.1374

Abstract

Introduction: Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) belong to a group of temperate fruits, which have high nutritional qualities, and many by-products are produced from different parts of their berries. The difference in quantity and quality properties of different cultivars is an opportunity to screen grapes based ... Read More Introduction: Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) belong to a group of temperate fruits, which have high nutritional qualities, and many by-products are produced from different parts of their berries. The difference in quantity and quality properties of different cultivars is an opportunity to screen grapes based on their desirable characteristics and nutritional value. The morphological and yield traits of grapes usually vary depending on the cultivar, vineyard climate, light, temperature, viticultural operations, nutrition, irrigation management, pests, disease control, pruning, training practices, and crop load. Since the study of the nutrients state can be a real criterion for evaluating the growth and yield of the plant, therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate and compare the growth, yield and concentration of macro and micro nutrients elements in the leaves of 12 commercial varieties of grapes in the climatic conditions of Saman region located in Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province, Iran. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the morphological and pomological characteristics of 12 grape varieties in the grape collection garden of Chaharmahal province and Bakhtiari of Saman region in the base of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Saman region is located at 32.19° latitude, 50.51° longitude and 2060 meters above sea level. The studied area is a temperate mountainous region with an average temperature of 12.8°C and an average annual rainfall of 243 mm. The absolute maximum and absolute minimum temperature in the investigated garden are 42 and -32°C, respectively. In this research, three-year-old plants of Red seedless, Flame, Perlette, Kashmiri 1, Shahroudi, Yaghouti, Kashmiri 2, Nasrallah daei's Asgari, Rish baba, Local black, Asgari, Hasnabad black were studied. In the fruit ripening stage, morphological traits, fruit yield and the concentration of nutrients in the leaves of the studied cultivars were measured in two growing seasons of 1400-1401 and 1402-1401. Results and discussion: Having precise selection power among plants is necessary for breeding and production of new varieties, which depends on the identification of existing varieties and their diversity. In the present study most of the traits showed significant variations among the studied cultivars. The results show a significant difference among the studied cultivars in terms of growth characteristics (stem diameter, shoot length of the current season, number and distance of internode and leaf surface). Also, the related traits to the plant yield, including cluster length, cluster width, cluster weight, berry length and berry width significantly were influenced by the type of grape cultivar, and the highest yield was recorded in the Flame cultivar (7.19 kg per plant). Based on the results, the evaluated grape cultivars were significantly differed from each other in terms of the concentration of macro and micro nutrient elements in the leaves. Correlation results showed that the leaf area, cluster characteristics, and the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, and boron significantly and positively correlated with the grape yield. Cluster analysis classified the studied grape cultivars into three groups, which were in accordance with the results of principal components analysis. Based on the results of this research, the cultivars Perlette, Flame, Red seedless, Hasnabad black and Rish baba were superior to other cultivars in terms of the evaluated traits, which can be investigated for further studies and breeding programs. The amount of copper in the leaves of grape cultivars in the first year was higher than in the second year, and Asgari Dai Nasrallah and Siah Mahali cultivars had the highest (7.60 mg/kg in leaf fresh weight) and the lowest (4.28 mg/kg) respectively. kg/leaf fresh weight) had copper content. The amount of manganese in the first year was more than the second year and the different grape cultivars were significantly different from each other. The highest amount of manganese was in Hasan Abad black cultivars (95.92 mg/kg in leaf fresh weight) and Philim (93.50 mg/kg in leaf fresh weight) and the lowest amount in Kashmiri 2 variety (60.22 mg/kg/leaf fresh weight) was measured. In the present study, the amount of zinc element measured in the first year was higher than the second year and it varied between 84.80 and 25.05 mg/kg in leaf fresh weight among different grape varieties. Fleim and Yaghuti cultivars had the highest and lowest amount of zinc element among the studied cultivars. Boron is one of the elements influencing the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of grapes, and the need for this element in grapes is more than other treasured fruit trees, and the presence of optimal amounts of boron is necessary for the formation of fruit and the growth and development of pods. Although the effect of the year on the boron content was not significant, its measured value was higher in the second year than in the first year. The highest (38.22 mg/kg in leaf fresh weight) and the lowest (17.62 mg/kg in leaf fresh weight) boron content were recorded in Pearlet and Kashmiri 2 cultivars, respectively. The recorded differences in the concentration of nutrients in the leaves of different grape cultivars can be attributed to several reasons: a) The ability to absorb nutrients may be different in the studied cultivars, so they act differently in the transfer and distribution of nutrients. b) Difference in the amount of active hormones in the root. c) Some nutrients are consumed in a larger amount by the roots, and as a result, the amount transferred to the branches and leaves decreases. The difference in the consumption of nutrients in the roots of different grape cultivars leads to the difference in the measured concentration of these elements in the leaves. Conclusion: Significant differences were found among the 12 grape cultivars in terms of morphological, nutrient elements and yield traits. These findings confirmed that growth and berry yield of grape can be affected mainly by the cultivar-based genetic background. The results of this study can be used as a guide for selecting appropriate cultivars for further breeding programs.

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Research Article

Evaluating of Morphological and Phenological Diversity of Some Promising Genotypes of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) in Traditional Orchard of Qazvin

Pouria Kakvand; Ali Soleimani; Farhang Razavi; Gurreet Brar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2025.90560.1388

Abstract

Introduction Pistachio is one of Iran's main horticultural products, known for its high nutritional and economic value. The evaluation and identification of genetic diversity are crucial for breeding programs and the introduction of promising pistachio cultivars. Selecting seedlings obtained from ... Read More Introduction Pistachio is one of Iran's main horticultural products, known for its high nutritional and economic value. The evaluation and identification of genetic diversity are crucial for breeding programs and the introduction of promising pistachio cultivars. Selecting seedlings obtained from pistachio tree crossings based on desirable traits can significantly impact the pistachio production industry. Evaluating genetic diversity based on pomological and morphological characteristics is a fast and effective method for identifying suitable pistachio genotypes. The traditional orchard of Qazvin, with a history spanning over a thousand years and covering an area of 2,780 hectares, now extends across the southern, western, and eastern halves of the city. In recent years, pistachio planting in the Qazvin orchard has commonly been done through seeds, leading to the development of diverse, and sometimes highly valuable, mother genotypes in this ancient orchard. Identifying and evaluating suitable maternal genotypes for cultivation expansion or the replacement of unsuitable trees is one of the goals of sustainable orchard development in the Baghestan region. The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate the morphological and pomological characteristics of 24 promising maternal pistachio genotypes for the first time in a section of the Qazvin traditional orchard. Materials and methods This research was conducted with the aim of identifying and coding 24 promising maternal pistachio genotypes in an area of approximately 20 hectares of the traditional orchard in Qazvin during the years 1401 and 1402. From each tree, three branches on the southern side were selected as replicates, and three samples from each branch were used as observations for data collection. Several phenological and morphological characteristics, including both fruit-related and vegetative traits, were measured in the studied trees based on the International Pistachio Descriptor (IPGRI, 1997). The research followed a nested experimental design with three replications per nest, and the comparison of mean data was performed using Duncan's multiple range test at a 5% significance level, with the assistance of SAS 9.2 software. Multivariate analyses, including correlation, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis, were carried out using Statistica 18.8 software. Results and discussion Based on the results of the mean comparison, the SiC genotype had the longest total leaf length, including the petiole, while the TaD genotype had the shortest. Regarding total leaf width with petiole, the largest and smallest values were observed in the SiC and AbC genotypes, respectively. Additionally, the SiC genotype showed the largest length and width of the terminal leaflet, while the smallest values for these traits were observed in the TaD genotype. Among the studied genotypes, the BrA genotype had the highest ratio of terminal leaflet length to width, and the SiC genotype had the lowest. Previous reports indicate that leaf dimensions have a direct correlation with traits such as kernel weight. Leaves are the most important organs for light absorption and photosynthesis, and an increase in leaf area enhances the production of photosynthetic products, which ultimately supports fruit growth. The SiA1 genotype had the largest nut length, while the AbC genotype had the smallest. The largest nut width was found in the SiB genotype, and the smallest in the TaG genotype, with a difference of about 28.81%. For nut thickness, the SiB genotype had the largest, and the AbD genotype had the smallest, with a difference of approximately 30.17%. In terms of the kernel, the SiA1 genotype had the largest length and width, while the AbC genotype had the smallest. The SiC1 genotype had the largest kernel thickness, while the smallest was observed in the TaC genotype. Previous research on promising Iranian pistachio genotypes reported nut lengths ranging from 16.6 to 23.68 mm and nut widths from 10.46 to 13.7 mm. For blank nut percentage, the TaC genotype had the highest, and the SiA6 genotype had the lowest. The highest splitting percentage was observed in the SiC genotype, while the AbD genotype had the lowest. Based on the quantitative traits studied, the genotypes were clustered into three groups at a distance of 150 units, with each group containing two subgroups. Plot analysis using the two main components of quantitative traits divided the genotypes into four categories with similar components. The first principal component accounted for 40.26% of the total variance, while the second component explained 18.85%. One of the most important qualitative traits in pistachio research is flowering time, as pistachios are dioecious plants, and female flowers can only receive pollen for four days. Breeding programs must identify male genotypes with an extended flowering period to increase production and reduce the percentage of blank nuts. Conclusion In our recent evaluation of 24 maternal pistachio genotypes from the traditional orchard in Qazvin, we found some promising results that can benefit for orchard growers. The SiA1 genotype stood out for having the largest kernel length, width, and thickness, making it a great choice for maximizing nut size. It also has a high splitting percentage of 70% or more, which means growers can expect better harvests with less labor. Another genotype to consider is the SiC, which features large, three-lobed leaves and the biggest leaf surface area among the studied genotypes. This can enhance photosynthesis, potentially leading to healthier trees and better yields. Plus, SiC ranks high for splitting percentage and kernel quality. These two genotypes-SiA1 and SiC-are recommended as excellent options for breeding programs and boosting orchard's productivity

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Research Article

Response of Yield and Yield Components of Table Grape cv., Yaghooti (Vitis vinifera L.) to Deficit Irrigation at Different Growth Stages

منصور fazeli rostampour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2025.90206.1382

Abstract

Introduction Yaghooti grape is the earliest grape variety in Iran and is the most important horticultural product in the Sistan region, which is cultivated in more than 90% of the vineyards of this region. The issue of water scarcity in Sistan has become a serious threat to grape production in recent ... Read More Introduction Yaghooti grape is the earliest grape variety in Iran and is the most important horticultural product in the Sistan region, which is cultivated in more than 90% of the vineyards of this region. The issue of water scarcity in Sistan has become a serious threat to grape production in recent years, forcing local grape growers to manage this problem by reducing the volume and frequency of irrigation. Proper irrigation management, which involves determining the optimal timing and the required amount of irrigation for grapevines, is of particular importance. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the physiological response of Yaghooti grapes to lack of water in different stages of growth in order to achieve the highest yield and also increase the production and income of gardeners in Sistan region. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in strip-split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Zahak Research Station from 2019 to 2023. The experimental treatments included an irrigation regime of full irrigation, irrigation after 35% depletion of available water, and irrigation after 70% depletion of available water. These treatments were applied to horizontal plots and while the irrigation stages including from bud break to flowering, from flowering to fruit color change, from fruit color change to harvest, and from harvest to leaf fall, were assigned to vertical plots. This study was carried out at the Zahak Research Station on 15-year-old Yaghooti grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). The row spacing was three meters, and the vine spacing within rows was two meters. The vines were trained as low-growing and creeping. Irrigation scheduling was determined based on the treatments using a TDR moisture meter. After full ripening (uniform ruby-colored clusters with high Brix), cluster length and width, as well as berry diameter, were measured using a ruler and caliper. The number of clusters and berries per cluster were counted, and the cluster rachis weight (average weight of three rachises per vine), fresh berry weight (average weight of 10 berries per cluster), cluster weight (average weight of four clusters per vine), and yield (average yield of three vines per plot) were measured. Results and Discussion Deficit irrigation resulted in a reduction in cluster rachis weight, cluster length, cluster width, number of berries per cluster, berry diameter, berry weight, cluster weight, number of clusters per vine, and fruit yield, along with an increased rate of yield reduction. Reducing the water availability for grapevines led to a decrease in the traits affecting fruit yield. This reduction varied for each trait depending on the specific stage of deficit irrigation. For all traits, deficit irrigation applied during the flowering to veraison stage was the most sensitive to irrigation reduction. The highest (6500 kg) and lowest (1111 kg) fruit yields were obtained under full irrigation and irrigation after 70% depletion of available water during the flowering to veraison stage, respectively. The highest fruit yield under deficit irrigation was observed during the fruit harvest to leaf fall stage. Across all deficit irrigation regimes, the lowest fruit yield was associated with the flowering to veraison stage. Irrigation after 35% depletion of available water during the stages of bud break to flowering, flowering to veraison, veraison to fruit harvest, and fruit harvest to leaf fall resulted in yield reductions of 32.8%, 43.2%, 8.8%, and 5.6%, respectively, compared to full irrigation at the corresponding stages. Irrigation after 70% depletion of available water during the same stages caused yield reductions of 73.7%, 82.8%, 36%, and 24.5%, respectively, compared to full irrigation (Table 3). Although the effect of year on fruit yield was not significant, there was a reduction of 7.3% and 12% in the second and third years compared to the first year, respectively (Table 4). A multiple linear regression analysis was performed for the fruit yield of Yaghooti grape. The traits influencing the predictive equation for yield (Yield) included cluster length (CL), cluster width (CWi), cluster weight (CWe), and the number of clusters per vine (C/V), as shown in Model 1. Model 1) Yield = 3481 + 126 CL – 68 CWi + 14 CWe + 185 C/V The highest (82.7%) and lowest (4.8%) fruit yield reduction rates were observed under irrigation after 35% depletion of available water during the flowering to veraison stage and irrigation after 70% depletion of available water during the fruit harvest to leaf fall stage, respectively. The highest rate of fruit yield reduction occurred when deficit irrigation was applied during the flowering to veraison stage. Conversely, the lowest rate of fruit yield reduction was observed when deficit irrigation was applied during the fruit harvest to leaf fall stage. Discussion The results showed that fruit yield responded differently to deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation during the bud break to flowering and flowering to veraison stages had the greatest impact on reducing fruit yield, with the effect being more pronounced during the flowering to veraison stage. However, the impact of deficit irrigation during the veraison to fruit harvest and fruit harvest to leaf fall stages on yield was less compared to the bud break to flowering and flowering to veraison stages. The lowest fruit yield and the highest rate of yield reduction were observed under irrigation after 70% depletion of available water during the flowering to veraison stage, amounting to 1111 kg/ha and a yield reduction rate of 82.7%, respectively. Overall, the results indicated that fruit yield under irrigation after 35% depletion of available water during the fruit harvest to leaf fall stage was similar to full irrigation and is recommended for the Sistan region.

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Research Article

Evaluation of the effectiveness of Iceberg lettuce yield from the interaction of cover crop residues and hand-weeding

Fatemeh Ahmadnia; Ali Ebadi; Masoud Hashemi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2025.90386.1386

Abstract

Introduction: The most significant decrease in the commercial value and quality of leafy crops, such as lettuce, is primarily caused by weeds. The most common weeds in lettuce fields include Lambs quarters (Chenopodium album L.), Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and wild mustard (Sinapis ... Read More Introduction: The most significant decrease in the commercial value and quality of leafy crops, such as lettuce, is primarily caused by weeds. The most common weeds in lettuce fields include Lambs quarters (Chenopodium album L.), Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). Although using chemical inputs is considered a successful method in weed control, the risk of accumulating chemical contamination in plants and reducing human health by using these products increased the idea of using safe and environmentally friendly methods. Cover crops are an environmentally friendly strategy for controlling weeds in agricultural fields, offering numerous environmental benefits. Rye (Secale cereale L.) and chickling pea (Lathyrus sativus) are well-known worldwide cover crops. Many studies have mentioned them for their ability to control weeds, improve soil conditions, and release nutrients. Also, hand-weeding is known as one of the simple but expensive weed control methods. In our study, we aimed to explore how rye and chickling pea cover crop residues, when used in monoculture and intercropping systems, can help reduce the need for hand-weeding and improve the yield of Iceberg lettuce, considering the importance of weed control in leafy products. Materials and Methods: In the spring of 2020, an experiment was conducted using a factorial design base of CRD with three replications. The experimental treatments included monoculture and intercropping of rye (Secale cereal L.), and chickling pea (Lathyrus sativus) cover crops, control (without cover crops), and additionally, different levels of hand-weeding were implemented (once, twice, and no hand-weeding). The amount of seed used for the rye and chickling pea monoculture was 100 and 25 kg/ha, respectively. For intercropping, 50% of the recommended seed was used. F1 Iceberg lettuce (Bruma Rz.) seeds were planted in a mixture of peat moss and perlite in a 1:5 ratio. Due to the short growing season in Ardabil (20°48' E and 19°38' N), the growth of cover crops was terminated 67 days after the sowing date using paraquat. Then, lettuce seedlings were transplanted manually by 25 × 25 cm inter-row spacing. Hand weeding was conducted at three different stages: once 15 days after transplanting, twice at 15 and 30 days after transplanting, and not at all at the time of lettuce harvest. In this experiment, in addition to investigating the dry weight of cover crops and weeds, weed control efficiency index and fresh yield and lettuce yield components such as number of leaves, plant height, crown diameter, and head diameter were measured. Results and Discussion: The results indicated that the highest dry weight of cover crops was obtained from the rye monoculture (530.59 ± 30.15 g/m-2), followed by intercropping (400.21.43 ± 10.37 g/m-2). The lowest dry weight of Chenopodium album L. and Anchusa italica Retz. weeds (0 g/m-2) were recorded in intercropping with one- and two-times hand-weeding. The dry weight of Sinapis arvensis L. in intercropping once, twice, and without hand-weeding, rye and chickling pea monoculture without hand-weeding was 0 g/m-2. The lowest total weed dry weight was found in the intercropping of cover crops with once hand-weeding. The highest weed control efficiency indexes (100, 86.95, and 87.72) were observed with intercropping by once and twice hand-weeding, and chickling pea monoculture without hand-weeding. The highest yield of Iceberg lettuce (3.70 ± 0.82 kg/m2) was achieved by intercropped cover crops without hand-weeding. The maximum number of leaves (21.55 ± 2.69 and 21.44 ± 1.01), crown diameter (4.15 ± 0.13 and 4.18 ± 0.23 cm), and head diameter (20. 22.12 ± 2 and 22.65 ± 2.22 cm, respectively) were obtained from the chickling pea monoculture and intercropping. Conclusion: The effectiveness of using cover crop residues for weed control depends largely on the quantity of their dry weight. In the treatments without hand weeding, the rye monoculture and intercropping reduced the dry weight of weeds. The presence of cover crop residues reduced weed growth, although hand-weeding was still a more effective method of weed control in vegetables. However, the results highlighted the impact of cover crop dry weight on reducing hand-weeding for lettuce. In terms of increasing the yield of iceberg lettuce, rye intercropping, and chickling pea were favorable for the Ardabil region's climatic conditions. Acknowledgment: The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran, for their financial support.

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Research Article

Comparative study of iron chelates and nano iron oxides in enhancing potato (Solanum tubersum L.) minituber quality

Mohsen Pourahmadi; Reza zarghami; Marjan Diayanat; Ali Mohammadi Torkashavnd

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2025.87850.1340

Abstract

Introduction Iron is an essential element for plants, playing a crucial role in the structure of many oxidation and reduction enzymes and in the synthesis of chlorophyll. Its importance in nitrogen fixation and enzyme activity has been well-documented. However, in calcareous soils, such as those in Iran, ... Read More Introduction Iron is an essential element for plants, playing a crucial role in the structure of many oxidation and reduction enzymes and in the synthesis of chlorophyll. Its importance in nitrogen fixation and enzyme activity has been well-documented. However, in calcareous soils, such as those in Iran, non-chelated forms of iron are not effective in providing iron to plants and soil microorganisms. The use of iron chelates is considered the best solution to address iron chlorosis, particularly in alkaline soils. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers has led to the alkalinization of large agricultural areas, causing challenges such as reduced absorption of micronutrients, including iron. This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of different particle sizes of micronutrients, including iron oxide and iron chelate nanofertilizers, on tuber quality. The potatoes used in this study were cultivated from seedlings produced through tissue culture. Materials and Methods A factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse of the Agricultural Research Institute of Hamadan during 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. The experimental factors included: microtuber weight at three levels of 1-3, 3-5 and 5-10 g and different iron fertilizers at seven levels, Zero, 20 µmol iron chelate in the form of soil consumption, 20 µmol nano iron oxide in the form of soil consumption, foliar spraying of 1% iron chelate, foliar spraying of 2% iron chelate, foliar spraying of 1% nano iron oxide and foliar spraying of 2% nano iron oxide. The iron chelate fertilizer (Fe-EDDHA 7%) was sourced from Khadra Company and is water-soluble, with plant absorption at pH levels of 3–11. Nano iron oxide with a purity of 98% was obtained from Pishgaman Nano Materials, an Iranian company. Data analysis was performed using SAS statistical software. Bartlett's test was used to check data normality, and means were compared using Duncan’s Multi-Range Test at a 5% probability level. Results and discussion The results of the comparison of the average number of eyes in the microtuber under the influence of the size of the tuber and iron fertilizer showed that the lowest number of eyes per tuber (3.18 eyes) was in the absence of application of iron fertilizer in the tuber 1-3 g and the highest number of eyes in the tuber (4.24 eyes) was in the application of 20 µmol iron chelate was obtained in microtuber 10-5 g. The results indicated that the number of tuber eyes, as well as iron, protein, and amino acid contents (alanine, glycine, methionine, and lysine), increased with the weight of the microtubers. Iron fertilizers had no significant effect on protein levels in microtubers weighing 1–3 g or 3–5 g. However, in 5–10 g microtubers, the highest protein contents (4.67%, 4.81%, 5.16%, 5.4%, and 5.67%) were observed with treatments of 2% iron chelate, 1% iron chelate, 2% nano iron oxide, 20 µmol nano iron oxide, and 20 µmol iron chelate, respectively. There was no significant effect of iron fertilizers on alanine in 5–10 g microtubers. In 1–3 g microtubers, treatments with 20 µmol iron chelate, 20 µmol nano iron oxide, 1% iron chelate, and 2% nano iron oxide resulted in the greatest increases in alanine levels. In 1–3 g microtubers, iron application did not significantly differ from the control. In 3–5 g microtubers, foliar spraying with 2% iron chelate increased methionine by 17.92%. For 5–10 g microtubers, the highest methionine levels (1.32 and 1.36 µmol/g FW) were observed with treatments of 20 µmol iron chelate and 2% iron chelate. The maximum lysine levels (2.19, 2.43, and 2.49 µmol/g FW) were achieved with treatments of 20 µmol iron chelate, 1% nano iron oxide (foliar spray), and 20 µmol nano iron oxide, respectively, in 5–10 g microtubers. Conclusion The most significant improvements in potato tuber quality were observed in 5–10 g microtubers. Nano iron oxide fertilizers were more effective than iron chelates in enhancing tuber quality. The nanoscale size of iron particles increases the number of reactive atoms, resulting in higher reactivity and efficiency. Additionally, reducing the particle size enhances properties such as surface area and energy, allowing for better utilization and improved reaction conditions. Consequently, the application of nano iron fertilizers requires less material while achieving superior results.The highest quality improvement of potato tuber was observed in microtubers of 5-10 g and foliar application of nano iron oxide fertilizer.

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