Impactof Effective Microorganisms and Nitrogen Levels on Morphological Characteristics and Yield of Strawberry cv. Paros

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Ali Akbar Shokouhian
• Shahriyar Einizadeh

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v32i1.58937

Abstract

Introduction: Insemination combined Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the plant ecosystem can improve photosynthesis and yield of fruit plants. The useful microorganisms contained in effective microorganisms (EM) mix include photosynthetic bacteria (Rhodopseudomonaspalustris, Rhodobactersphacrodes), lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus), yeasts (Saccharomyces spp.), actinomycetes (Streptomyces spp.) and fermentation fungi (Aspergillus, Penicillium).When EM applied with the soil or sprayed on the plant will be expanded, the population of photosynthetic bacteria and nitrogen stabilizer. Optimal nitrogen consumption not only causes delays old age it will also change the appearance of the plant. The availability of nitrogen to the roots especially in the early stages of growth causes elongation of the aerial parts of the plant. Proper use of nitrogen has a positive effect on flower number and the beginning of flowering in pepper but high consumption of this element has caused a delay in the formation of flowers and increase plant growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Effective Microorganisms by two methods of soil application and foliar application in different nitrogen levels on yield and morphological characteristics of strawberry cv. Paros
Materials and Methods: In order to study the impact of effective microorganisms (EM) on morphological characteristics and yield of strawberry cv. Paros a split-split-plots experiment was conducted based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with foliar and soil treatments of effective microorganisms, each in four levels (control, one, two and three percent) and nitrogen treatment in the form of urea fertilizer in three levels (50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1of the net nitrogen) with three replications in University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2014-2015 years. Land was prepared in late August and potassium and phosphorous fertilizers were added as 150 and 50 kgha-1, respectively. Strawberries were planted in early November 2014 in double rows on beds covered with black polyethylene foil.Nitrogen levels in the main plots, methods of application of EM in the subplots, the concentration of effective microorganisms in the sub-sub plots were placed.Half of the amount of nitrogen at planting time, 25 percent in the April and 25 percent in the May was given with irrigation water to plants.Treatments of EM, after the start of growth seedlings weekly basis a period of two months, were applied. In soil treatment with irrigation water and foliar Treatments be applied after the irrigation (control plants with distilled water). In this study were measured traits leaf and root dry weight, root length, number of runner, chlorophyll a, band total leaf and yield. Data were analyzed by SAS ver9.3 software and means were compared by LSD test (P≤0.05).
Results: Analysis of variance showed that the effect of different levels of effective microorganisms at the level of 1% probability were observed significant difference in the characters fresh and dry weight of root, root length, number of runner, total chlorophyll, leaf area and yield and in the probability level 5% is significant on the characters fresh and dry weight of leaves, chlorophyll aand b. Based on the results the effect of different methods of application of EM and interaction effects were not significant differences in any of the studied indicators.According to the analysis of variance,using of nitrogen had significant effect on the fresh weight yield root, root length, number of runner, chlorophyll A, B and total leaf area and yield at1% probability. The treatments had also significant effect on fresh and dry weight of leaf and root traitsat 5%,probability. Based on the results of this study the concentration of 1% and 3%of effective microorganisms and 100 kgNha-1 have positive effects on the parameters compared to the control.The results indicated that 2% EM was treated with a maximum of 185 g, and control treatment with 136 g had the lowest yield per plant.Fruit yield in plant with nitrogen application at 100 kg ha-1had the highest production (188 g) among nitrogen levels.
Conclusion: According to the results of this review, the best result was in treatment 2% of EM and 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. Method used of EM in this study had no significant difference; accordingly method of consumption has no impact on the traits mentioned.

Keywords

• Chlorophyll
• Fresh and dryweight
• Root length
• Soil application
• Spraying

20.1001.1.20084730.1397.32.1.5.4

References

1- Agamy R., Hashem M., Alamri S. 2013.Effect of soil amendment with yeasts as bio-fertilizers on the growth and productivity of sugar beet. African Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 8(1), pp. 46-56.

2- Akbrynvdhy D. 2013. the effect of drought stress and nitrogen levels in the pot on characteristics Selva strawberry plants (Fragaria ananassa Duch. Cv. Selva). Water Management and Irrigation, Volume 4. No. 1. pp. 72-59.

3- Arfpvyan M., Davrynzhad Gh. m., Salahvarzi I. 2014. the impact of Effective Microorganisms on physiological responses Shyshhkp pomegranate cultivars under salt stress. Journal of Horticultural Science, Vol. 28, (4), P. 441-447.

4- Aminifard MH., Aroiee H., Fatemi H., Ameri A., and Karimpour S .2010.Responses of eggplant (Solanum melongenal L.) to different rates of nitrogen under field conditions. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 11(4): 453-458.

5- Arnon D.I. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenol oxidase in Beta Vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24(1): 1-15.

6- Barakat M. A. S., and Gabr S.M. 1998. Effect of different bioferilizers types and nitrogen fertilizer level on tomato plants. Alex. Journal of Agricultural Reseach, 43: 149-160.

7- Jagnow G.G., Hoflic H., and Hoffmann, H.1991. Inoculation of non symbiotic rhizospher bacteria, possibitites of increasing and stabilizing yield. Angew Botonic, 65: 97-126.

8- Boligłowa E., and Gleń K. 2008. Assessment of effective microorganism's activity (EM) in winter wheat protection against fungal diseases. Ecological Chemistry andEngineering, 15(1-2), pp 23-27.

9- Boraste A., Vamsi K. K., Jhadav A., Khairnar Y., Gupta N., Trivedi S., Patil P., Gupta G., Gupta M., Mujapara A. K., Joshi B. 2009. Bio-fertilizers: A novel tool for agriculture. International Journal of Microbiology, 1(2):23-31.

10- Cloete K., Valentine A., Stander M., Blomerus L., Botha A. 2009. Evidence of symbiosis between the soil yeast Cryptococcus laurentii and a sclerophyllous medicinal shrub. Agathosma betulina (Berg.) Pillans. Microbial Ecology, 57:624632.

11- Daly MJ., and Stewart DPC .1999. Influence of “Effective Microorganisms” (EM) on vegetable production and carbon mineralization- a preliminary investigation. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 14: 15-25.

12- Eissa E.M. 2003. Effect of some biostimulants on vegetative growth yield and fruit quality of"kelsey" plum Egypt. Journal of Applied Sciences, 18(5B).

13- El Gamal A. M. 1996. Response of photo in the newly reclaimed area to mineral nitrogen levels and nitrogen fixing biofertilizer Halex-2 Assiut. Journal of Agricultural Science, 27(2): 89-99.

14- El-Araby S.M. 2004. Effect of biofertilization under nitrogen fertilization rates on growth, yield an chemical constituents of. jer articheoke Tubers. International Journal of Advance Agricultural Research, 27: 55-68.

15- El-Tarabily K. A., Sivasithamparam K. 2006. Potential of yeasts as biocontrol agents of soil-borne fungal plant pathogens and as plant growth promoters. Mycoscience, 47:25-35.

16- Fawzy Z. F., Abou El-magd M. M., Yunsheng Li, Zhu Ouyang ., and A. M. Hoda. 2012. Influence of foliar application by EM “Effective Microorganisms”, amino Acids and yeast on growth, yield and quality of two cultivars of onion plants under newly reclaimed soil. Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(11): 26-39.

17- Ghoneim I. M., and Abd-El-Razik A.H. 1999. Effect of biovertlization under different nitrogen level on growth, yield and chemical content of photo plants. International Journal of Advance Agricultural Research, 2(4): 757-769.

18- Glinicki R., Sas-Paszt L., Jadczuk-Tobjasz E. 2011. The effect of microbial inoculation with EM-Farming inoculum on the vegetative grwth of three strawberry cultivars. Ann. Warsaw Univ. Horticulture and Landscape Architectutr, 32: 3-14.

19- Gutierrez-Manero F.J., Ramos-Solano B., Probanza A., Mehouachi J., Tadeo F.R., and Talon M. 2001. The plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus licheniformis produce high amounts of physiologically active gibberellins. Physiologia Plantarum, 111(2): 206-211.

20- Gόrski R., Kleiber T. 2013. Effect of effective microorganisms (EM) on nutrient contents in substrate and development and yielding of Rose (Rosa x hybrida) and Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii). Ecology chemistry and Engine, 17(4): 505-513.

21- Han H.S. and Lee, K.D. 2006. Effect of coculationwith phosphate and potassium co-in solubilizing bacteria on mineral uptake and growth of pepper and cucumber. Plant, Soil and Environment, 52: 130-136.

22- Hao H., You-zhang W., Xiaoe Y., Ying F., and Chun-yong W. 2007. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer levels on Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn concentrations in shoot and grain quality in Rice (Oryza sativa). Rice Science, 14 (4): 289-294.

23- Higa T .2000. What is EM technology? EM World Journal. 1: 1-6.

24- Higa T. 1991. Effective microorganisms: a biotechnology for mankind. In: Parr JF, Hornick SB, Whiteman CE (eds) Proceedings of the first International Conference on Kyusei Nature Farming, USDA, Washington, DC, pp 8–14.

25- Hqprst tnha M. R. 1990. Nutrition and plant metabolism (Translation). Islamic Azad University of Rasht. Page 198.

26- Hu C., Qi Y. 2013. Long-term effective microorganisms' application promotes growth and increase yields and nutrition of wheat in China. European Journal of Agronomy, 46, 63–67.

27- Jagnow G., Hoflich G., Hoffmann H.1991. Inoculation of non symbiotic rhizospher bacteria, possibitites of increasing and stabilizing yield. Angew botonic. 65: 97-126.

28- Javaid A. 2006. Foliar application of effective microorganisms on pea as an alternative fertilizer. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 26: 257-262.

29- Javaid A., and Bajwa R. 2011. Field evaluation of effective microorganisms (EM) application for growth, nodulation, and nutrition of mung bean. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 35: 443-452.

30- Kader M.A., Mian M.H., and Hoque M.S. 2002. Effects of Azotobacter inoculant on the yield and nitrogen uptake by wheat. Journal of Biological Sciences, 2: 259-261.

31- Khldbryn B., and Aslam zadh T. 2003. Mineral Nutrition "of higher plants". Shiraz University Press, 229 pages.

32- Kim M.K., Choi K.M., and Yin C.R. 2004. Odorous swine wastewater treatment by purple non-sulfur bacteria, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, isolated from eutrophicated ponds. Biotechnology Letters, 26: 819-822.

33- Kin JK and Lee BK .2000. Mass production of Rhodopseudomonas palustris as diet for aquaculture. Aquaculture Engineering, 23: 281-293.

34- Kleiber T., Starzyk J., Gόrsk R., Sobieraski K., Siwulski M., Rempulska A., and Sobiak A. 2014. The studies on applying of effective microorganisms (EM) and CRF on nutrient contents in leaves and yielding of tomato. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum Cultus, 13(1): 79-90.

35- Kuraishi S. 1983. Plant Hormones. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Publisher, pp. 1-142.

36- Lolaei A. 2012. Effects of Calcium Chloride on Growth and Yield of Tomato under Sodium Chloride Stress. Journal of Ornamental and Horticultural Plants, 2 (3): 155- 160.

37- Lovlaei A., Hashemabadi D. and Sdaqt H. 2013. The effects of spraying, calcium, zinc and nitrogen on the growth of vegetative, reproduction and storage strawberry cultivars Silva. Environmental physiology of plants, 8 (2): 40-31.

38- Madakadze I.C., Stewart K.A., Madakadze R.M., Peterson P.R., Coulman B.E., and Smith D.L. 1999. Field evaluation of the chlorophyll meter to predict yield and nitrogen concentration of switch grass. Journal Plant Nutrition, 22(6): 1001-1010.

39- Marschner H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd Academic Press. Ltd. London. pp: 245.

40- Martin P., Glatzle A., Klob W., Omay H., and Schmidt W. 1989. N2 Fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere: quantification and hormonal effect on root development. Z. p flonzener nahr bodenk, 152: 237-245.

41- Mass JL (1984) Compendium of strawberry diseases. Published by the American phytopathological society, in cooperation with Agricultural Research service USA Department of Agriculture. 15-18.

42- Malakouty M.J. 1996. Sustainable agriculture and increase performance by optimizing fertilizer use in Iran. Karaj agricultural education publishing, Pages 87-68.

43- Mohamed F., Sahain M., Elham Z., Motty A., Mohamed H., Sheikh El., Laila F. 2007. Effect of some biostimulant on growth and fruiting of Anna apple trees in newly reclaimed areas. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 3(5): 422-429.

44- Nassar A., El-Tarabily K., Sivasithamparam K. 2005. Promotion of plant growth by an auxin-producing isolates of the yeast Williopsis saturnus endophytic in maize (Zea mays L.) roots, Biology and Fertility of Soils. 42:97-108.

45- Ndona R.K., Friedel J.K., Spornberger A., Rinnofner T., and Jezik K. 2011. Effective micro-organisms (EM): an effective plant strengthening agent for tomatoes in protected cultivation. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 27:189–204.

46- Papadopoulos A.P. 1987. Nitrogen fertilization of greenhouse-grown strawberries. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosys, 13(3): 269-276.

47- Ranjith N.K., Sasikala C., and Ramana C.V. 2007. Catabolism of l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine by Rhodobacter sphaeroides OU5 occurs through 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. Research in Microbiology. 158: 506-511.

48- Sandra B., Natarajan V., and Hari K. 2002. Influence of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria on the changes in soil available phosphorus and sugarcane sugar yields. Journal Field Crop Res, 77: 43-49.

49- Sobhy Rostami F., and glchyn A. 2011. The effect of different amounts of nitrogen, manganese and zinc on yield and quality, pomegranate, in Mazandaran province. Journal of Horticultural Science, Vol. 25, (2), P. 234-242.

50- Schneider E. A., and Wightman F. 1974. Metabolism of auxin in higher plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 25:487-531.

51- Shah H.S., Saleem F., and Shahid M.M. 2001. Effect of different fertilizers and Effective Microorganisms on growth, yield and quality of maize. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 3(4):378-379.

52- Shokouhian A.A., Davarynejad GH., Tehranifar A., Imani A., and Rasoulzadeh A .2015. Selection vegetative almond rootstocks tolerant to water stress based on morphological markers. Journal of Horticultural Science, Vol. 29, (3), P. 323-331. (In Persian with English abstract).

53- Shokouhian A.A., Davarynejad Gh., Tehranifar A., Imani A. and Rasoulzadeh, A. 2013. Evaluation of the Effects of Effective Microorganisms under Water Stress Conditions on Flower Buds Formation of two Almond Genotypes. Journal of Horticultural Science Vol. 27, (2), P. 217-226. (In Persian with English abstract).

54- Shokouhian A.A., Davarynejad Gh., Tehranifar A., Imani A., and Rasoulzadeh A. 2013. Investigation of effective microorganisms (EM) impact in water stress condition on growth of almond (prunus dulcis Mill) seedling. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 3(9):86-92.

55- Wang Z., Rui Y., Shen J., and Zhang F. 2008. Effects of N fertilizer on root growth in Zea mays L. seedlings, Spanish. Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(4): 677-682.

56- Wang R., Xu H. L., and Mridha. M. A. U. 2000. Effect of Organic Fertilizer and EM Inoculation on Leaf Photosynthesis and Fruit Yield and Quality of Tomato Plants. Journal of Crop Production, 3(1): 173-182.

57- Xu HL, Wang R, Amin M., and Mirdha U. 2000. Effect of organic fertilizers and a microbial inoculant on leaf photosynthesis and fruit yield and quality of tomato plants. Journal of Crop Production. 3: 173-182.

58- Xu H.L. 2000. Effect of a Microbial Inoculant, and Organic Fertilizer, on the Growth, Photosynthesis and Yield of Sweet Com. Journal of Crop Production, 3(1): 183-214.

59- Yamada K., and Xu, H. 2000. Properties and applications of an organic fertilizer inoculated with Effective Microorganisms. In Xu H., Parr J. F., and Umemura H. (Eds) Nature Farming and Microbial Applications, New York, pp: 255-268.

60- Yousaf Z., Jilani G., Qureshi R. A., Awan A.G. 2000. Effect of EM on ground nut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growth. Pakstan Journal of Biological Sciences, 3, 1803-1804.