بررسی ویژگی‌های اگرواکولوژیکی ریحان (Ocimum basilicum L.) تحت تأثیر کاربرد سوپرجاذب رطوبت، اسیدهیومیک و دورهای آبیاری

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• محسن جهان ¹
• شیوا قلعه نویی ¹
• امین خاموشی ¹
• محمد بهزاد امیری ²

¹ دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

² مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.32381

چکیده

در سال های اخیر، برای دستیابی به تولید پایدار محصولات کشاورزی به ویژه گیاهان دارویی، توجه به استفاده از نهاده های بوم سازگار مورد تأکید قرار گرفته است. به منظور بررسی اثر مقادیر سوپرجاذب و محلول پاشی اسید هیومیک بر برخی خصوصیات کمی ریحان (Ocimum basilicum L.)، آزمایشی به‌صورت کرت‌های خردشدة نواری در قالب طرح پایة بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده‌ کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 92-1391 انجام شد. عوامل آزمایشی شامل سه سطح مختلف سوپرجاذب رطوبت (صفر، 40 و 80 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به عنوان عامل کرت اصلی، دو سطح اسید هیومیک (صفر و 3 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به عنوان عامل کرت فرعی و دو سطح آبیاری (دور آبیاری 5 و 10 روز) به عنوان عامل کرت نواری بودند. صفات مورد بررسی شامل تعداد و وزن بذر در بوته، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه فرعی در بوته، عملکرد بذر، عملکرد بیولوژیک و شاخص برداشت بودند. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که برهمکنش سوپرجاذب رطوبت و اسیدهیومیک بر عملکرد بذر معنی دار بود (05/0 P≤)، به‌طوری‌که بیشترین مقدار عملکرد بذر (8/2638 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار 40 کیلوگرم در هکتار سوپرجاذب و بدون اسید هیومیک به‌دست آمد. در بررسی اثرات متقابل سوپرجاذب و مدار آبیاری مشاهده شد که در تمامی سطوح سوپرجاذب مورد مطالعه، عملکرد مادة خشک در مدار آبیاری 5 روز بیشتر از مدار آبیاری 10روز بود، به طوری که در مدار آبیاری 5 روز، سطوح صفر، 40 و 80 کیلوگرم در هکتار سوپرجاذب به ترتیب منجر به افزایش 13، 50 و 17 درصدی عملکرد مادة خشک نسبت به مدار آبیاری 10 روز شدند. تعداد بذر در بوته به طور معنی داری تحت تأثیر برهمکنش اسیدهیومیک و مدار آبیاری قرار گرفت، به طوری که محلول‌پاشی اسیدهیومیک در مدار آبیاری 10 روز، افزایش 26 درصدی تعداد بذر در بوته را در مقایسه با شاهد به همراه داشت. اثر متقابل سه گانة سوپرجاذب، اسیدهیومیک و مدار آبیاری تأثیر معنی داری بر تعداد شاخه فرعی در بوته داشت، به طوری که در مدار آبیاری 5 روز، در هر دو شرایط کاربرد و عدم کاربرد اسید هیومیک، بیشترین تعداد شاخه فرعی در بوته در سطح 40 کیلوگرم در هکتار سوپرجاذب مشاهده شد. به طور کلی، کاربرد 40 کیلوگرم در هکتار سوپرجاذب رطوبت به‌همراه محلول‌پاشی اسیدهیومیک در شرایط کم آبیاری، ضمن بهبود نسبی ویژگی‌های کمی گیاه، نقش مؤثری در کاهش اثرات مخرب ناشی از کم آبی و ثبات عملکرد گیاه در شرایط تنش رطوبتی داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• تنش خشکی
• سلامت محصول
• عملکرد ماده‌ی‌ خشک
• گیاهان دارویی
• نهادة بوم‌سازگار

20.1001.1.20084730.1394.29.2.10.0

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Some Agroecological Characteristics of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) as Affected by Simultaneous Application of Water-Saving Superabsorbent Hydrogel in Soil and Foliar Application of Humic Acid under Different Irrigation Intervals in a Low Inp

نویسندگان [English]

• Mohsen Jahan ¹
• Shiva Ghalenoee ¹
• Amin Khamooshi ¹
• Mohammad Behzad Amiri ²

¹ Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

² Gonabad University

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an annual herbaceous plant that belongs to lamiaceae family. This plant is native of India country and other countries in south of Asia. Nowadays, the use of water superabsorbent polymers is increased in agriculture and their role in reducing the drought stress and increasing the crops production has been demonstrated in many researches. Superabsorbent polymers can absorb lots of water and keep it in their structure and give it to plant under drought stress conditions (9). Humic substances are a group of heterogeneous molecules that are bonded together by weak forces, therefore they have high chemical stability. Humic acid comprise 65 to 80 percent of total soil organic matter (6). According to medicinal importance of Basil and its roles in the food and pharmaceutical industries, beside the limited water resources and need to increase water use efficiency through using ecological inputs, this study designed and conducted aimed to evaluate agroecological characteristics of Basil as affected by application of water-saving superabsorbent and humic acid under irrigation intervals.
Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the effects of different amounts of water-saving superabsorbent and foliar application of humic acid and irrigation intervals on some quantitative characteristics of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a split strip plot experiment was conducted based on RCBD design with three replications at The Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran during growing season of 2012-13. Experimental factors included three levels of water-saving superabsorbent (0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1) as the main plot factor, two levels of humic acid (0 and 3 kg ha-1) as the sub plot factor and two levels of irrigation interval (5 and 10 days) as the strip plot factor. Studied traits were seed number and weight per plant, plant height, number of lateral branches per plant, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that interaction of superabsorbent and humic acid had a significant effect on seed yield (p≤ 0.05), as the highest seed yield (2638.8 kg ha-1) obtained from application of 40 kg ha-1 superabsorbent without humic acid. Evaluation of the superabsorbent and irrigation intervals interaction revealed that in all levels of superabsorbent, dry matter yield under irrigation interval of 5 days was more than irrigation interval of 10 days, so that dry matter yield at irrigation interval of 5 days and 0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1 levels of superabsorbent increased 13, 50 and 17% compared to irrigation interval of 10 days, respectively. Seed number per plant significantly was affected by interaction effects of humic acid and irrigation interval, so that in condition of using of humic acid in irrigation interval of 10 days, seed number per plant increased by 26% compared to control. The triple interaction of superabsorbent, humic acid and irrigation interval had significant effect on branch number per plant, as in irrigation interval of 5 days, in both conditions of application and no-application of humic acid, the highest branch number per plant observed in 40 kg ha-1 level of superabsorbent. In general, the combined use of 40 kg ha-1 water-saving superabsorbent and humic acid in different levels of irrigation, particularly under drought stress condition, while improved quantitative characteristics of basil, played an effective role in alleviation the devastating effects of drought stress. It seems that the appropriate level of water-saving superabsorbent (40 kg ha-1) increased morphological characteristics and seed yield of Basil through the absorption of water (4) and improvement of soil physical characteristics. It seems that humic acid increased quantitative characteristics of Basil by increasing activity of growth hormones such as auxin and improving nutrient uptake. In most of the studied traits, efficiency of humic acid improved in conditions of superabsorbent application and the plant could use the humic acid more efficient.
Conclusions: The cost of this study has been funded by Research and Technology Deputy of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of agriculture, the financial supports is appreciated.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Drought stress
• Dry matter yield
• Ecofriendly inputs
• Food health
• Medicinal plants

مراجع

1- Abedi-Koupai J., Sohrab J. and Swarbrick G. 2008. Evaluation of hydrogel application on soil water retention characteristics. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 31: 317-331.

2- Albayrak S. and Camas N. 2005. Effect of different levels and application times of humic acid on root and leaf yield and yield component of forage turpin. Journal of Agronomy, 42: 130-133.

3- Canellas L.P., Facanha A.Q., Olivares F.L. and Facanha A.R. 2002. Humic acids isolated from earthworm compost enhance root elongation, lateral root emergence, and plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity in maize roots. Plant Physiology, 130: 1951-1957.

4- Chu M., Zhu S.Q. Li H.M., Huang Z.B. and Li S.Q. 2006. Synthesis of poly (acrylic acid)/sodium humate superabsorbent composite for agricultural use. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 102: 5137-5143.

5- Dabhi R., Bhatt N. and Pandit B. 2013. Effect of irrigation water quality on the rate of water absorption by super absorbent polymers. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3: 496-500.

6- Doupis G., Bertaki M. Psarras G., Kasapakis I. and Chartzoulakis K. 2013. Water relations, physiological behavior and antioxidant defence mechanism of olive plants subjected to different irrigation regimes. Scientia Horticulturae, 153: 150-156.

7- Eneji A.E., Islam R., An P. and Amalu U.C. 2013. Nitrate retention and physiological adjustment of maize to soil amendment with superabsorbent polymers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 52: 474-480.

8- Farhoodi R.F. and Makizade Tafti M. 2013. Evaluation of effects of drought stress on growth, yield, oil contents and Kamazolen percentage of 3 varieties of Matricaria recutita in Khuzestan conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 10: 735-741. (In Persian with English abstract).

9- Fazeli Rostampour M., Yarnia M., and Rahimzadeh Koee F. 2012. Effect of polymer and irrigation regimes on dry matter yield and several physiological traits of forage sorghum. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11: 10834-10840.

10- Gholami H., Samavat S. and Ardebili Z.O. 2013. The alleviating effects of humic substances on photosynthesis and yield of Plantago ovate in salinity conditions. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 4: 1683-1686.

11- Ghorbani S., Khazaee H.R., Kafi M. and Banayan Aval M. 2009. Effect of humic acid application in water of irrigation on yield and yield components of Zea mays L. Iranian Journal of Agroecology, 2: 123-131. (in Persian with English abstract).

12- Govindarajan M., Sivakumar R. Rajeswary M. and Yogalakshmi K. 2013. Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oil from Ocimum basilicum (L.) against Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus and Anopheles subpictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Experimental Parasitology, 134: 7-11.

13- Hutterman A., Zommorodi M. and Reise K. 1999. Addition of hydro gels to soil prolonging the survival of pinus halepensis seedling subjected to drought. Soil and Tillage Research, 50: 295-304.

14- Islam M.R., Eneji A.E. Ren C., Li J. and Hu Y. 2011. Impact of water-saving superabsorbent polymer on oat (Avena spp.) yield and quality in an arid sandy soil. Scientific Research and Essays, 6: 720-728.

15- Jahan M., Amiri M.B., Dehghanipoor F. and Tahami Zarandi M.K. 2013. The effect of biofertilizers and winter cover crops on essential oil production and some agroecological charactristics of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in an organic cropping system. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 10: 751-763. (in Persian with English abstract).

16- Jahan M., Kamayestani N. and Ranjbar F. 2013. Assay for applying super absorbent polymer in a low input corn (Zea mays L.) production system aimed to reduce drouth stress under Mashhad conditions. Iranian Journal of Agroecology, 5: 272-281. (in Persian with English abstract).

17- Jahan M., Sohrabi R., Doayee F. and Amiri M.B. 2013. Effect of super absorbent water application in soil and humic acid foliar application on some agroecological characteristics of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Mashhad (Iran). (in Persian with English abstract).

18- Jahan M., Amiri M.B. Shabahang J., Ahmadi F. and Soleymani F. 2014. The effects of winter cover crops and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on some soil fertility aspects and crops yield in an organic production system of Ocimum basilicum L. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 11: 562-572. (in Persian with English abstract).

19- Jahan M., Nassiri Mahallati M., Ranjbar F., Aryaee M. and Kamayestani N. 2015. The effects of super absorbent polymer application into soil and humic acid foliar application on some agrophysiological criteria and quantitative and qualitative yield of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under Mashhad conditions. Iranian Journal of Agroecology, 6: 753-766. (in Persian with English abstract).

20- Johnson M.S. 1984. The effect of gel-forming polyacrylamides on moisture storage in sandy soils. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 35: 1196-1200.

21- Khadem A., Ramroodi M., Gloy M. and Roosta M.J. 2011. Effect of drought stress and application of different levels of manure and super absorbent polymer on yield and yield components of Zea mays L. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Science, 42: 115-123. (in Persian with English abstract).

22- Kuhestani Sh., Asgari N. and Maghsudi K., 2009. Assessment effects of super absorbent hydro gels on corn yield (Zea mays L.) under drought stress condition. Iranian water Research Journal, 4: 57-67. (in Persian with English abstract).

23- Laribi B., Bettaieb I., Kouki K., Sahli A., Mougou A. and Marzouk B. 2009. Water deficit effects on caraway (Carum carvi L.) growth, essential oil and fatty acid composition. Industrial Crops and Products, 31: 34-42.

24- Lim Y. and Eom S.K. 2013. Effects of different light types on root formation of Ocimum basilicum L. cuttings. Scientia Horticulturae, 164: 552-555.

25- Maccarthy P. 2001. The principles of humic substances. Soil Science, 166: 738-751.

26- Mao S., Islam M.R., Xue X., Yang X., Zhao X. and Hu Y. 2011. Evaluation of a water-saving superabsorbent polymer for corn (Zea mays L.) production in arid regions of Northern China. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6: 4108-4115.

27- Mohammadipour E., Golchin A., Mohammadi J., Negahdar N. and Zarchini M. 2012. Effect of humic acid on yield and quality of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Annals of Biological Resarch, 3: 5095-5098.

28- Natesan, R., Kandasamy S., Thiyageshwari S. and Boopathy P.M. 2007. Influence of lignite humic acid on the micronutrient availability and yield of blackgram in an alfisol. Science World Journal, 7: 1198-1206.

29- Nazarli, H., Zardashti M.R., Darvishzadeh R. and Najafi S. 2010. The effect of water stress and polymer on water use efficiency, yield and several morphological traits on sunflower. Not Science Biology, 2: 53-58.

30- Noroozi M. and Kazemeini A.R. 2012. Effect of irrigation at least and plant density on growth and seed yield of Iranian Journal of Carthamus tinctorius. Field Crops Research, 10: 781-789. (in Persian with English Summary).

31- Nykanen V.P.S., Nykanen A., Puska M.A., Goulart-Silva G. and Ruokolainen J. 2011. Dual-reponsive and super absorbing thermally cross-linked hydrogel based on methacrylate substituted polyphosphazene. Soft Matter, 7: 4414-4424.

32- Passioura J.B. 2007. The drought environment: physical, biological and agricultural perspectives. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58: 113-117.

33- Puglisi E., Fragoulis G., Ricciuti P., Cappa F., Spaccini R., Piccolo A., Trevisan M., and Crecchio C. 2009. Effects of a humic acid and its size-fractions on the bacterial community of soil rhizsphere under maize (Zea mays L.). Chemosphere, 77: 829-837.

34- Rezazadeh H., Khrasani S.K. and Haghighi R.S.A. 2012. Effects of humic acid on decrease of phosphorus usage in forage maize var. KSC704 (Zea mays L.). Australian Jurnal of Agricultural Engineering, 3: 34-38.

35- Salehi B., Bagherzade A. and Ghasemi M. 2012. Effects of humic acid on growth characteristics, yield and yield components of 3 vatieties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Iranian Journal of Agroecology, 2: 640-647. (in Persian with English abstract).

36- Samavat S., Malakuti M., Samavat S. and Malakooti M. 2006. Important use of organic acid (humic and fulvic) for increase quantity and quality agriculture productions. Water and Soil Researchers Technical, 463: 1-13.

37- Shaalan M.N. 2005. Effect of compost and different sources of biofertilizers, on borage plants (Borago officinalis L.). Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 83: 271-284.

38- Shahhoseini R., Omidbeigi R. and Kiani D. 2012. Evaluation of effect of biosulfur and nitroxin and super absorbent polymer on growth, yield and quantity of oil of Ocimum basilicum L. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 26: 246-254. (in Persian with English abstract).

39- Tahami Zarandi M.K., Rezvani Moghaddam P. and Jahan M. 2010. Comparison of the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and essential oil content of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Iranian Journal of Agroecology, 2: 70-82. (in Persian with English abstract).

40- Tahir M.M., Khurshid M., Khan M.Z., Abbasi M.K. and Kazmi M.H. 2011. Lignite-derived humic acid effect on growth of wheat plants in different soils. Pedosphere, 21: 124-131.

41- Turkmen O., Demir S., Sensoy S. and Dursun A. 2005. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and humi acid on the seedling development and nutrient content of pepper grown under saline soil conditions. Journal of Biological Sciences, 5: 565-574.

42- Verlinden G., Pycke B., Mertens J., Debersaques F., Verheyen K., Baert G., Bries J. and Haesaert G. 2009. Application of humic substances results in consistent increases in crop yield and nutrient uptake. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 32: 1407-1426.

43- Wu S.C., Caob Z.H., Lib Z.G., Cheunga K.C. and Wong M.H. 2005. Effects of biofertilizers containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trial. Geoderma, 125: 155-166.

44- Xie L., Liu M., Ni B., Zhang X. and Wang Y. 2011. Slow-release nitrogen and boron fertilizer from a functional superabsorbent formulation based on wheat straw and attapulgite. Chemical Engineering Journal, 167: 342-348.

45- Yazdani F., Allahdadi I. and Akbari G.A. 2012. Impact of superabsorbent polymer on yield and growth analysis of soybean (Glycine max L.) under drought stress condition. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10: 4190-4196.

46- Zheng T., Liang Y.H., Ye S.H. and He Z.Y. 2009. Superabsorbent hydrogels as carriers for the controlled-release of urea: experiments and a mathematical model describing the release rate. Biosystems Engineering, 102: 44-50.

47- Zhong K., Zheng X.L., Mao X.Y., Lin Z.T. and Jiang G.B. 2012. Sugarcane bagasse derivative-based superabsorbent containing phosphate rock with water-fertilizer integration. Carbohydrate Polymers, 90: 820-826.

48- Zhong K., Lin Z.T., Zheng X.L., Jiang G.B., Fang Y.S., Mao X.Y. and Liao Z.W. 2013. Starch derivative-based superabsorbent with integration of water-retaining and controlled-release fertilizers. Carbohydrate Polymers, 92: 1367-1376.