Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

2 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

3 Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari

Abstract

Introduction: Essential oils make up a large part of aromatic substances in plants. Generally, essential oils are considered as remnants of main processes of plants metabolism, especially in stressful conditions. Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is one of the most important plants in Lamiaceae family, which it’s more than 30 species grown in the East Mediterranean. It is one of the oldest plants that have been used as vegetables and medicinal and aromatic plants. Dried summer savory has been introduced as one of the most pleasant spices that are planting in large areas of farmland in many countries. Generally, the aerial parts of it, that is usually harvested at flowering stage, has therapeutic effects such as facilitating digestion, stomach tonic, diuretic, astringent, carminative, anti-diarrhea and anti-worm. Summer savory essential oil is used in food (conserves and beverages) and pharmaceutical industries. Various studies on S. hortensis essential oil has been showed that it contains high amounts of phenolic compounds such as Carvacrol, γ-Terpinene, Thymol, p-Cymene, β-Caryophyllene, Linalool and other terpenoids.
Organic fertilizers have been known to improve the biodiversity and may prove a large depository for excess carbon dioxide. These fertilizers increase the number of soil organisms by providing organic matter and micronutrients for organisms such as fungal mycorrhizae, (which aid plants in absorbing nutrients), and can drastically reduce external inputs of pesticides, energy and fertilizer, at the cost of decreased yield. Nevertheless they are as effective as chemical fertilizers over longer periods of use.
The aim of this project was to study the effects of different organic matters on vegetative and reproductive growth and percentage and components of essential oil in three Satureja ecotypes in Gorgan, Golestan, Iran climate.
 Materials and Methods: This study was designed as a factorial experiment based on Randomized Complete Block design with four replications and done in research farm of Agriculture and Natural Resource, University of Gorgan in 2010. Treatments were cattle manure, municipal solid waste, leaves compost, the mixture of them and control. Three ecotypes of summer savory studied in this experiment were Kordestan, Shiraz and Yazd.
The plants were harvested at full flowering stage, when they have the highest essential oil and were dried in oven at 45 °C. The essential oils of dried samples were isolated by hydro distillation for 3 h, using a Clevenger-type apparatus.
 Statistical analysis was performed by SAS software and the mean comparison were measures by using Duncan tests at 5% level of probability.
Results and Discussion: The analysis of variance showed that media had significant effect on yield components in summer savory. There were no significant differences between ecotypes and media*ecotype effect on some parameters of yield components. The cattle manure showed positive effects on bush height in this experiment. Hendawy et al (2010) showed that the application of cattle manure and sheep manure had reached significantly the 5% level of plant height and essential oils percentages. They concluded that sheep manure have macro and micro nutrients which provide thyme plants with their requirements from these elements. Essential oil percentage also, tended to increase with application of organic fertilizers either cattle manure, sheep manure or compost. Khalil (2002) showed the effect of two kind of organic fertilizers on Rosmarinus officinalis and Jasminum spp growth parameters and yield components. In this experiment organic manure treatments showed increasing in plant fresh and dry weight. This could be related to positive effect of organic manure on soil texture and fertility. Ahmadian et al. (2006) showed that the animal manure significantly enhanced the number of umbers per plant, the number of seed per plant, the biological and seed yield in Cuminum cyminum. Animal manure significantly enhanced cumin aldehyde and r-cymene and decreased b-pinene, g-terpinene and a-pinene in cumin oil.
Due to the results, treatments had no significant effects on essential oil percentages, but were effective on essential oil components. Hussein et al. (2006) showed that compost levels combined with different distances had a pronounced effect on the various essential oil constituents in Dracocephalum moldavica. In this experiment, Although Shiraz ecotype showed the maximum essential oil percentage (1.2 percent) but there was no significant differences between ecotypes. Among essential oil components, the maximum percentages of Carvacrol achieved in mixture media and Yazd ecotype. Control treatment showed the highest amount of γ- terpinen and paracymene in compare to other media. Shiraz and Kordestan showed also, the highest percentages of γ- terpinen and paracymene, respectively. Plants in mixture media had maximum levels of Carvacrol (74.69 percent). Between ecotypes, Yazd had maximum Carvacrol percentages. Between media, Control treatment was maximum contents of γ –terpinen (5.48) and paracymene (1.76) and other treatments had reduction effects on essential oil components. Between ecotypes, the highest γ-terpinen percentage (5/79) was in Shiraz ecotype and the highest p-cymene percentage (1/69) was in kordistan ecotype.
Conclusion: Therefore, by considering the fertilization of savory plants with different organic manure fertilizers in the form of compost that are economic in each region is recommended.

Keywords

1- Ahmadiyan A., Ghanbari A. and Gelavi M. 2006. Effect of animal manure on quantitative and qualitative yield and chemical composition of essential oil in cumin (Cuminum cyminum). Journal of Field Crops Research 4(2): 207-216.
2- Akbarinia A., Sefidkon F. and Razaz Hashemi S.R. 2009. Essential oil components of cultivated and wild accessions of Satureja sahendica Bornm. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 25(3): 375-386.
3- Alizadeh A., Khoshkhoui M., Javadnia K., Firuzi O., Tafazoli E., and Khalighi A. 2009. Effect of fertilizer on yield, essential oil composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae) cultivated in Iran. Jornal of Medicinal Plant Research 4(1): 33-40.
4- Alizadeh Sahzabi A., Sharifi Ashorabadi E., Shiranirad A H., Bigdeli M. and Abaszadeh B. 2007. The effects of different methods and levels of using nitrogen on some quality and quantity characteristics of Satureja hortensis L.. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 23(3): 416-431.
5- Ateia E.M., Osman Y.A.H., and Meawad A.E.A.H. 2009. Effect of organic fertilization on yield and active constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. under north Sinai condition. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Science P 555-565.
6- Baghalian K., and Naghd abadi H. 1999. Aromatic Plants.Andarz Press. 75p.
7- Cantino P.D., Harley R.M., and Wagstaff S.J. 1992. Genera of Labiatae status and classification. In: Harley, R.M., Reynolds, T. (Eds.), Advances in Labiatae Science. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Press: 511–522.
8- Edris A.E., Ahmad S., and Fadel H.M. 2003. Effect of organic agriculture practices on the volatile aroma components of some essential oil plant growing in Egypt II: sweet majoram (Origanum majorana) essential oil. Flavour Fragrance Journal 4: 345-351.
9- El-Desuki M., Amer A.H., Sawan O.M., and Khattab M.E. 2001. Effect of irrigation and organic fertilization on the growth, bulb yield and quality of sweet fennel under shark El-owinat conditions. Journal of Agricultural Science 26: 4465–4481.
10- El-Masry M.H., and Dahab A.A. 2001. Response of geranium plants (Pelargonium graveolens) grown in sandy soil to different sources of nitrogen Growth of 5th Arabian Horticultural Conference, 24–28 March Esmailia Suez Canal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticultural Department, and Ismailia, Egypt.
11- Eskandari M. 2013. Changes in growth parameters and essential oil content of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge under the effects of 28-Homobrassinolid and drought stress. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 29(1): 176-186.
12- Ghannadi, A. 2002. Composition of the essential oil of Satureja hortensis L. seeds from Iran. Journal of Essential oil Research 14: 35–39.
13- Hadian J., Nejad Ebrahimi S., and Salehi P. 2010. Variability of morphological and phytochemical characteristics among Satureja hortensis L. accession of Iran. Industrial Crops and Products 32: 62-69.
14- Hadian J., Tabatabaei S.M.F., Naghavi M.R., Jamzad Z., and Ramak Masoumi T. 2008. Genetic diversity of Iranian accessions of Satureja hortensis L. based on horticulture traits and RAPD markers. Scientia Horticulturae 115: 196-202.
15- Hendawy S.F., Azza A., Ezz El Din E., Aziz E., and Omer E.A. 2010. Productivity and oil quality of Thymus vulgaris L. under organic fertilization condition. Ozean Journal of Applied Science 203-215.
16- Hussein M.S., El-Sherbeny S.E., Khalil M.Y., Naguib N.Y., and Aly S.M. 2006. Growth characters and chemical constituents of Dracocephalum moldavica L. plants in relation to compost fertilizer and planting distance. Cultivation and Production of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, NRC, Cairo, Egypt. Scientia Horticulturae 108: 322–331.
17- Jahan M., and Koocheki A. 2002. Effect of organic production of German chamomile (Maricaria chamomilla L.) on it’s chemical composition. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi Journal 61: 87-95.
18- Khalil M.Y. 2002. Biochemical studies on Rosmarinus officinalis L. plant tolerance to salinity under compost levels. Annals Agricultural Science 47: 893-909.
19- Khalil, M.Y. Naguib, Y.N. and El-Sherbeny, S.E. 2002. Effect of Tagetes erecta L. to some foliar application under compost levels. Journal of Agricultural Science 10: 939–964.
20- Khorsandi O., Hassani A., Sefidkon F., Shirzad H. and Khorsandi A. 2010. Effect of salinity (NaCl) on growth, yield, essential oil content and composition of Agastache foeniculum kuntz. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 26(3): 438-451.
21- Kouchaki A.2004.Organic Field Crop Handbook. Mashhad University Press. 385 p.
22- Letchamo, W. 1993. Nitrogen application affects yield and content of the active substances in chamomile genotypes, J. Janick, J.E. Simon, Editors , New Crops, Wiley, New York, pp. 636–639.
23- Mahmoodi Sh., and Hakymyan M. 1999. Fundamentals of Soil Science. University of Tehran Press. 701p.
24- Malekian M., Hemmati Kh., Ghasemnezhad A., and Barzali M. 2014. Effect of salicylic acid on quantitative and qualitative traits of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) ecotypes. Journal of Crop Improvement 16(1): 185-196.
25- Mitchell A.E., Hang Y.J., Koh E., Barrett D.M. Bryant D.E., Dension R.F., and Kaffka S. 2007. Ten-year comparison of the influence and conventional crop management practices on the content of flavonoid in tomato. Agricultural food Chemistry 55: 6154-6159.
26- Makkizadeh M., Chaichi M., Nasrollahzadeh S., and Khavazi K. 2012. Effect of different types of nitrogen fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Satureja hortensis L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 28(2): 330-341.
27- Makkizadeh Tafti M., Naghdi Badi H., Rezazadeh S., Ajani Y., and Kadkhoda Z. 2010. Evaluation of Botanical Traits and Oil Content/Chemical Composition in Iranian Thymus carmanicus Jalas Ecotypes. Journal of Medicinal Plant 4(36): 57-65.
28- Mohammadi R., Khayyam-Nekouei M., Mirlohi A.F., and Razmjoo Kh. 2008. Investigation of genetic variation in Dactylis glomerata L. populations. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research 16(1): 14-26.
29- Mohtashami S., Rowshan V., Tabrizi L., Babalar M., and Ghani A. 2018. Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) essential oil constituent oscillation at different storage conditions. Indian Crop Production 111: 226–231.
30- Mozaffarian V. 1998. Dictionary of Iranian plant name.Farhang-e-Moaser pub.740p.
31- Naguib N.Y. 2003. Impact of mineral nitrogen fertilizer and organic compost on growth, herb and chemical composition of German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita L.) Rausch. Egypt Journal Applied Science 18: 301–323.
32- Omid Beigi R. 2008.Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants (Vol. 2). Astan Quds Publication, Tehran. 414p.
33- Omid Beigi R. 2005.Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants (Vol. 1). Astan Quds Publication, Tehran. 438p.
34- Omid Beigi R. 1999.Study of chemo types of Iranian wild grown chamomile and compare to improved one. Tarbiat Modares Agriculture Journal (1): 45-53.
35- 35-Salardini A., and Mojtahedi A. 1988. Principal of plant nutrition. University of Tehran Press. 489p.
36- Sefidkon F. Abbasi Kh., and Bakhshi Khaniki GH. 2005. Influence of drying and extraction methods on yield and chemical composition of the essential oil of Satureja hortensis L.. Food Chemistry 99: 19-23.
37- Singh M., Sharma S., and Ramesh S. 2002. Herbage, oil yield and oil quality of patchouli [Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.] influenced by irrigation, organic mulch and nitrogen application in semi-arid tropical climate. Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Field Station, Allalasandra, GKVK PO, Bangalore 560 065, India. Industrial Crops and Products 16: 101–107.
38- Taleghani D.F. 2007. Effects of different manuring levels on some quantity and quality factors of sugar beet in wheat-sugar beet rotation. Sugar Beet Seed Institute of Iran 22(2): 67-78.
CAPTCHA Image