نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

2 ولی عصر (عج) رفسنجان

چکیده

به­منظور تعیین بهترین روش کاربرد و نوع کود آهن بر جذب و تاثیر آن بر فرآیند فتوسنتز و رشد گیاه گوجه­فرنگی، آزمایشی بصورت فاکتوریل، در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با روش کاربرد کود (اضافه کردن به محیط ریشه و محلول پاشی) و نوع کود آهن (FeSO4، Fe-DTPA، Fe-EDTA و Fe-EDDHA) با 3 تکرار اجرا گردید. نتایج نشان داد که ارتفاع، وزن تر و وزن خشک گیاه تحت تاثیر روش کاربرد و نوع کود آهن قرار گرفت، به طوری که بیشترین و کمترین مقدار پارامترهای مذکور به ترتیب در تیمار Fe-EDTA در محیط ریشه و محلول­پاشی FeSO4 بدست آمد. مقدار آهن ریشه و شاخساره گیاه نیز تحت تاثیر نوع کود آهن و روش کاربرد قرار گرفت به­طوری که تیمار Fe-EDTA در محیط ریشه و محلول­پاشی آن به ترتیب بیشترین مقدار آهن ریشه و شاخساره را به خود اختصاص داد. همچنین عناصر میکرو و برخی از عناصر پرمصرف نظیر منیزیم و فسفر تحت تاثیر نوع کود و روش کاربرد عناصر قرار گرفتند. با توجه به تاثیر معنی­دار کودهای مذکور و روش کاربرد، حداکثر محتوای کلروفیل (a، b و کل)، نسبت کلروفیل فلورسانس متغیر به حداکثر (Fv/Fm) و شاخص کارایی دستگاه فتوسنتزی (PI) برگ­های جوان و پیر در تیمارFe-EDTA  از طریق ریشه بدست آمد و بیشترین مقدار کارتنوئید و قندهای محلول به ترتیب در تیمار FeSO4 در محیط ریشه و محلول پاشی آن بدست آمد. لذا با توجه به نتایج این آزمایش، کود آهن Fe-EDTA بیشترین تاثیر را نسبت به سایر منابع آهن بر رشد رویشی گوجه­فرنگی داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Application Methods and Different Sources of Fe Fertilizer on the Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Tomato in Hydroponic System

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mehdi Moradi 1
  • Hamid Reza Roosta 2
  • Ahmad Estaji 2

1 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

2 Rafsanjan

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Iron is an essential element for plant growth which is involved in many plant processes such as photosynthesis and activating enzymes involved in mitochondrial and photosynthetic electron transfer. Iron (Fe) deficiency is a common disorder affecting plants in many areas of the world, and is chiefly associated with high pH, calcareous soils. Plant Fe deficiency has economic significance, because crop quality and yields can be severely compromised. Deficiency or low activity of iron in the plant causes chlorophyll is not produced in sufficient quantities and the leaves are pale. The decrease of chlorophyll leading to the reduction of the plant food processor and finally the yield is reduced. Iron fertilizers are grouped into three main classes: inorganic Fe compounds (soluble ones such as FeSO4·7HO), synthetic Fe chelates [such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ethylenediamine-di (o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (EDDHA)] and natural Fe-complexes (humates and amino acids). Iron could be applied in different chemical forms, including chelates and inorganic Fe salts. To our knowledge, no published data for tomato growing under hydroponic conditions have assessed the effects of application methods and different sources of Fe Fertilizer on plant yields, growth and nutritional condition. Therefore, this work was carried out to study the effect of FeSO4, Fe-EDTA, Fe-EDDHA and Fe-DTPA as a foliar spray and root-applied on the growth, yield, physiological characteristics of tomato plants under hydroponic system.
Material and Methods: Regarding to the role of application methods and Fe sources on the absorption of this element and the process of photosynthesis and plant growth, a factorial experiment was carried out to determine the best methods of application (add to nutrient solution and foliar spray) and iron fertilizer (FeSO4, Fe-EDTA, Fe-DTPA and Fe-EDDHA) for growth and physiological characteristics of tomato in hydroponic system with three replications. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using the SAS program. If ANOVA determined that the effects of the treatments were significant (P ≤0.01 for F-test), then the treatment means were separated by Tukey range test.
Result and Discussion: The results indicated that the plant height, dry and fresh weight affected by the application methods and iron fertilizer, so that the maximum and minimum plant height, and dry and fresh weight were obtained in application of Fe-EDTA to nutrient solution and foliar application of FeSO4, respectively. Mohammadipour et al., (2013) reported that by applying nano-chelate fertilizer of iron, iron sulfate, Fe-EDTA and Fe-EDDHA by two methods of foliar application and root-applied (soil) of Spathiphyllum plant, a significant difference between the types of fertilizer and application method were used. So that the maximum height and dry weight of the plant were obtained in Fe-EDDHA fertilizer treatment to the root application. The root and leaf Fe concentration affected by source of iron and the method of application so Fe-EDTA added to nutrient solution and foliar application had the highest amount of Fe in the root and leaf, respectively. Cu, Mn, Zn and some macro elements such as; Mg and P also influenced by the type of fertilizer and method of application. Roosta and hamidpour (2013) showed that the foliar application of Fe-EDDHA under aquaponic and hydroponic conditions increased the amount of K, Mg, Fe and decreased the concentration of Zn, Cu and Mn compared to the control treatment in tomato plants. Current experiment results showed that the maximum chlorophyll content (a, b and total) and maximal quantum yield of PS II photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and performance index (Pi) values of young and old leaves were found with Fe-EDTA in nutrition solution and the highest carotenoids and sugar soluble content were found in FeSO4 in nutrient solution and foliar application, respectively. Roosta and Mohsenian (2012) reported that there was also a linear relationship between leaf-Fe and chlorophyll content in pepper. The application of inorganic Fe salt (FeSO4) and Fe-chelates (Fe-EDDHA and Fe-EDTA) on pepper plants increased Chl a content in leaves of these plants compared to the control. Additionally, several investigations have described the beneficial effects of foliar Fe. Iron deficiency caused a significant reduction in the amount of chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoids of pea (Iturbe-Ormaetxe et l., 1995).
Conclusion: Based on the results, Fe-EDTA and Fe-EDDHA had the highest significant effect on vegetative growth of tomato, respectively. Thus, at neutral pH of nutrient solution as occurred in this experiment, application of Fe-EDTA in nutrition solution is suitable than the other source of iron fertilizer for tomato growth.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Hydroponic
  • Iron
  • Application methods
  • Tomato
1- Abad Farooqi A.H., Shukla Y.N., Sharma S., and Bansal R.P. 1994. Relationshio between gibberellin and cytokinin activity and flowering in Rosa damascene Mill. Plant Growth Regulation 14: 109-113.
2- Bertamini M., Nedunchezhian N., and Borghi B. 2001. Effect of iron deficiency induced changes in photosynthetic pigments, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and photosystem activities in field grown grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot noir) leaves. Photosynthetica 39: 59-65.
3- Bityutskii N., Pavlovic J., Yakkonen K., Maksimovi V., and Nikolic M. 2014. Contrasting effect of silicon on iron, zinc and manganese status and accumulation of metal-mobilizing compounds in micronutrient-deficient cucumber. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 74: 205-211.
4- Briat J. F., Curie C., and Gaymard F. 2007. Iron utilization and metabolism in plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 10(3): 276–282.
5- Calatayud A., and Barreno E. 2004. Response to ozone in two lettuce varieties on chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, and lipid peroxidation. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 42: 549-555.
6- Delgado-Pelayo R., Gallardo-Guerrero L., and Hornero-Mendez D. 2014. Chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments in the peel and flesh of commercial apple fruit varieties. Food Research International.
7- Ghasemi S., Khoshgoftarmanesh A.H., Afyuni M., and Hadadzadeh H. 2014. Iron (II)–amino acid chelates alleviate salt-stress induced oxidative damages on tomato grown in nutrient solution culture. Scientia Horticulturae 165: 91-98.
8- Gonzalo M.J., Lucena J., and Hernandez-Apaolaza L. 2013. Effect of silicon addition on soybean (Glycine max) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants grown under iron deficiency. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 70: 455-461.
9- Hakam P., khanizade S., Deell J.R., and Richr C. 2000. Assessing chilling tolerance in roses using chlorophyll fluorescence. HortScience 35: 184-186.
10- Irigoyen J.J., Emerich D.W., and Sanchez-Diaz M. 1992. Water stress induced changesin concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. Physiologia Plantarum 84: 67-72.
11- Iturbe-Ormaetxe I., Moran J.F., Arrese-Igor C., Gogorcena Y., Klucas R.V., and Becana M. 1995. Activated oxygen and antioxidant defences in iron-deficient pea plants. Plant Cell Environ 18: 421–429.
12- Khoshgoftarmanesh A.H. 2007. Principle of plant nutrition (1th Edition). Sanati Esfahan University Press. Esphahan.
13- Larbi A., Abadia A., Abadia J., and Morales F. 2006. Down co-regulation of light absorption, photochemistry, and carboxylation in Fe-deficient plants growing in different environments. Photosynthesis Research 89: 113–126.
14- Mahmoudi H., Ksouri R., Gharsalli M., and Lacha M. 2005. Differences in responses to iron deficiency between two legumes: lentil (Lens culinaris) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Journal of Plant Physiology 162: 1237-1245.
15- Malekuti M.J., and Bani-Gheybi M. 2000. Determine the effective critical nutrients in the soil, plants and fruit in order to increase yield and quality of strategic products (2th Ed). Dissemination of Agricultural Education. Kraj, Iran.
16- Marschner H. 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. (2th Ed). Academic Press, New York. 31.
17- Milner M.J., Seamon J., Craft E., and Kochian L.V. 2013. Transport properties of members of the ZIP family in plants and their role in Zn and Mn homeostasis. Journal of Experimental Botany 64: 369-381.
18- Mohamadipoor R., Sedaghathoor S., and Khomami A.M. 2013. Effect of application of iron fertilizers in two methods 'foliar and soil application' on growth characteristics of Spathyphyllum illusion. European Journal of Experimental Biology 3(1): 232-240.
19- Moosavi A.A., and Ronaghi A. 2011. Influence of foliar and soil applications of iron and manganese on soybean dry matter yield and iron-manganese relationship in a Calcareous soil. Australian Journal of Crop Science 5(12): 1550-1556.
20- Moraghan J.T. 1992. Iron- manganese relationship in white lupine, grown on a Calciaquoll. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56: 471- 475.
21- Morales F., Abadia A., and Abadia J. 2006. Photoinhibition and photoprotection under nutrient deficiencies, drought and salinity. In: Demmig-Adams, B., et al. (Eds.), Photoprotection, Photoinhibition, Gene Regulation, and Environment. Springer, the Netherlands.
22- Morales F., Belkhodj R., Abadi A., and Abadi J. 2000. Photosystem II efficiency and mechanisms of energy dissipation in iron-deficient, field-grown pear trees (Pyrus communis L.). Photosynthesis Research 63: 9–21.
23- Olsen S.R., Cole C.V., Watanabe F.S., and Dean L.A. 1954. Estimation of Available Phosphorous in Soil by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. USDA Circ. U.S. Gov. Print. Office, Washington, D. C., U.S.A.
24- Osorio J., Osorio M. L., Correiaa P.J., Varennesc A., and Pestanaa M. 2014. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging as a tool to understand the impact of iron deficiency and resupply on photosynthetic performance of strawberry plants. Scientia Horticulturae 165: 148–155.
25- Pestana M., Correia P.J., de-Varennes A, Abada J., and Faria E.A. 2001. Effectiveness of different foliar iron applications to control iron chlorosis in orange trees grown on a calcareous soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition 24(5): 613-622.
26- Peyvandi M., Parande H., and Mirza M. 2011. Comparison of Nano Fe Chelate with Fe Chelate Effect on Growth Parameters and Antioxidant Enzymes Activity of Ocimum basilicum. New Cell Mol Biotechnology 1(4): 1-12.
27- Pich A., Scholz G., and Stephan U. W. 1994. Iron-dependent changes of heavy metals, nicotianamine, and citrate in different plant organs and in xylem exudate of two tomato genotypes. Nicotianamine as possible copper translocator. Plant and Soil 165(2): 189-196.
28- Pooladvand S., Ghorbanli M., and Farzami S. M. 2012. Effect of various levels of iron on morphological, biochemical, and physiological properties of Glycine max var. Pershing. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 2(4): 531-538.
29- Porra R.J. 2002. The chequered history of the development and use of simultaneous equations for the accurate determination of chlorophylls a and b. Photosynthesis Research 73: 149–156.
30- Roosta H.R., and Hamidpour M. 2013. Mineral nutrient content of tomato plants in aquaponic and hydroponic systems: effect of foliar application of some macro- and micro-nutrients. Journal of Plant Nutrition 36: 2070-2083.
31- Roosta H.R., and Mohsenian Y. 2012. Effects of foliar spray of different Fe sources on pepper (Capsicum annum L.) plants in aquaponic system. Scientia Horticulturae 146: 182–191.
32- Roosta H.R., and Schjoerring J.K. 2007. Effects of ammonium toxicity on nitrogen metabolism and elemental profile of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L., cv. Styx) plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition 30: 1933-1951.
33- Saberi Z. 2005. Application of Zeolit, Mica and some inert material as the substrate of tomato in hydroponic system. M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture thesis of Esfahan University. (In Farsi).
34- Singh P., Agrawal M., and Agrawal S.B. 2011. Differences in Ozone Sensitivity at Different NPK Levels of Three Tropical Varieties of Mustard (Brassica campestris L.): Photosynthetic Pigments, Metabolites, and Antioxidants. Water Air Soil Pollution 214: 435–450.
35- Soltani A. 2004. Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Its Application. Internal Press. University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resource, Gorgan, Iran.
36- Tagliavini M., Abadia J., Rombola D., Abadia A., Tsipouridis C., and Marangoni, B. 2000. Agronomic means for the control of iron chlorosis in deciduous fruit plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition 23: 2007-2022.
37- Taiz L., and Zeiger E. 1998. Assimilation of mineral nutrients. In: Plant Physiology (2nd Edition). Sinauer Assoc. Inc., Publishers, Sunderland MA. Pp: 323-345.
38- Telfer A., Pascal A., and Gall A. 2008. Carotenoids in Photosynthesis. In: Britton, G., Liaaen-Jensen, S. and Pfander, H. (Eds). Carotenoids: natural fucntions, vol. 4. Basel, Switzerland; Boston.
39- Welch R. M., Allaway W. H., House W. A., and Kubota I. 1991. Geographic distribution of trace element problems. In: Mordvedt, J.J., Cox, F.R., Shuman, L.M., Welch, R.M. (Eds.), Micronutrients in Agriculture, seconded. SSSA Book Series. Madison, WI, USA.
CAPTCHA Image