Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

2 Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran

3 Gorgan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

4 Semnan

Abstract

Introduction: Agriculture of Iran is known worldwide for its pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) and is one of the most important non-oil exports. Therefore, attempts to improve the yield can be one of the primary goals in the pistachio industry in Iran. Due to the drought problem in Iran, increasing the cultivation area to increase production may not be a good option. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the drought tolerance of different pistachio seedlings from open pollination and pollinated with domestic species pollen and controlled crosses using integerrima pollen in order to find the most tolerant genotypes.
Materials and Methods:
The first step: Controlled pollination and hybrid seed production In order to produce hybrid seeds, a controlled pollination using integerrima pollen grains at Razavi Pistachio Research Institute was conducted for five cultivars; Ahmad Aghaei, Akbari, Sorkheh Hosseini, Garmeh and Fandoghi. Each replication had a tree and from each tree, seven branches were selected that had at least three to four flower buds and four branches from it for controlled pollination, two branches for open pollination and a branch was considered for negative control. Before the flower clusters were fully opened, 70% alcohol was sprayed on the branches to prevent the possibility of unwanted pollen. In order to ensure controlled pollination, in the bud swelling stage, the branches were isolated by double-layered bags measuring 30 × 45 cm. Pollen was collected from the Arzooieh area of Kerman province to select the male parent of integerrima. Then, a combination of flour and integerrima pollen (1:1 ratio) was injected into the insulating bags and pollination was performed. In late summer, hybrid seeds were harvested.
The second stage: Drought resistance test of hybrids obtained from first step The experiment was conducted as factorial based on a Completely Randomized Design with four replications at the research greenhouse located in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2019-2020. The treatments were consisted of ten pistachio genotypes; Ahmad Aghaei, Akbari, Sorkheh Hosseini, Garmeh, Fandoghi and (hybrids between integerrima as the pollinizer and genotypes of Ahmad Aghaie, Akbari, Sorkheh Hosseini, Garmeh and Fandoghi were applied as the maternal parent and three levels of drought including control (field capacity), mild stress (65% of field capacity) and severe stress (30% of field capacity) were applied on 3 months old seedlings for 84 days. Seeds obtained from free and controlled pollination were planted in pots with a diameter of 33 cm and a height of 35 cm on April 6, 2017. Three seeds were planted in each experimental unit, and after planting and ensuring establishment, the number of plants in the pot was reduced to the final level of one in each pot. Each replication was consisted of four experimental units or four pots, and each pot was contained a plant. At the end of the experiment, growth and physiological parameters were measured. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using SAS 9.1 software.
Results and Discussion: Results of statistical analysis showed drought stress had a significant effect on leaf number, stem length, root length, leaf relative water content, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and leaf and root proline content. With increasing drought levels, all traits except root length, electrolyte leakage and proline content were reduced in comparison with control.  Sorkheh Hosseini × integerrima, Ahmad Aghaei × integerrima, Akbari × integerrima interactions and genotypes of fandoghi and fandoghi × integerrima interaction were superior in the most of traits by drought, respectively. Based on the results it seems hybrids of Sorkhe Hosseini × integerrima, Ahmad Aghaei × integerrima and Akbari× integerrima crosses will be used as genotypes with dry-tolerant genes to modify cultivars in arid regions.

Keywords

1. Abbasi A., Sarvestani R., Mohammadi, B., and Baghery A. 2014. Drought stress-induced changes at physiological and biochemical levels in some common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) genotypes, Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 16: 505-516.
2. Amini S., Ghobadi C., and Yamchi A. 2015. Proline accumulation and osmotic stress: an overview of P5CS gene in plants. Journal of Plant Molecular Breeding, 3(2): 44-55.
3. Amrijit K.N., Kumari S., and Sharma D.R. 2005. In vitro selection and characterization of water stress tolerance culture of bell pepper. Journal of Plant Physiology. 10: 14-19.j13
4. Anjum S.A., Xie X.Y., Wang L., Saleem M.F., Man C., and Lei W. 2011. Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress, African Journal of Agricultural Research. 6: 2026-2032.
5. Araus J.L., Casadesus J., Bort J., Nachit M.M., Villegas D., Aparicio N., and Royo C. 2015. Some remarks on ecophysiological traits for breeding CIHEAM – option Mediteraneenes 40: 57-62.
6. Atarodi H., Irannejad H., Shirani A., Amiri R., and Akbari Gh. 2012. Effects of drought stress and planting date on native plant, on the electrical conductivity of the resulting seeds. Iranian Journal of agricultural research 9 (2): 242- 247. (In Farsi)
7. Baghari V. 2010. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae) fungi on drought tolerance of pistachio seedlings. M. Sc. Thesis, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Vali-e-Asr, Rafsanjan. (In Farsi)
8. Barrs H.D., and Weaterley P.E. 1962. A re-examination of the relative turgidity techniques for the estimating water deficit in leaves, Australian Journal of Biological Sciences. 15: 413-428.
9. Ben Hamed S., Lefi E., and Chaieb M. 2016. Physiological responses of Pistacia vera L. versus Pistacia atlantica Desf. to water stress conditions under arid bioclimate in Tunisia, Journal of Scientia Horticulturae. 203: 224- 230.
10. Brevedan R.E., and Egli D.B., 2003. Short periods of water stress during seed filling, leaf senescence, and yield of soybean, Journal of Crop Science. 43: 2083- 2088. 8d
11. Dalal V.K., and Tripathy B.C. 2012. Modulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis by water stress in rice seedlings during chloroplast biogenesis, Journal of Plant, Cell and Environment. 35: 1685-1703.
12. Fahimi Khoyerdi F., Shamshiri M.H., and Estaji A. 2016. Changes in some physiological and osmotic parameters of several pistachio genotypes under drought stress, Journal of Scientia Horticulturae. 198: 44- 51.
13. Ghasemi M., Arzani K., Yadollahi A., and Hokmabadi H. 2013. Drought stress and carbon isotope discrimination in some pistachio seedlings. (In Farsi)
14. Gholami M., Rahemi M., and Rastegar S. 2012. Use of rapid screening methods for detecting drought tolerant cultivars of fig (Ficus carica L.). Journal of Scientia horticulturae, 143: 7- 14.
15. Gholipour Y., and Zamani Z. 2001. Amino acid proline fluctuations in some drought-stressed pistachio rootstocks. FAO-CIHEAM, NUCIS Newsletter, 10:31-33.
16. Hasaani Gardekuhi M.R. 2011. Evaluation of the combined effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseaae) and Salicylic Acid on drought resistance of pistachio seedlings of Abarqi cultivar. MSc. Thesis, Department of Horticulture Science, Faculty of Agriculture Science, Rafsanjan. (In Farsi)
17. Hasheminasab H., Aliakbari A., and Baniasadi R. 2014. Optimizing the relative water protection (RWP) as novel approach for monitoring drought tolerance in Iranian pistachio cultivars using graphical analysis, International Journal of Biosciences. 4: 194-203.
18. Heydari M., sharafi Y., Tabatabei S.J., and Hokmabadi H. 2017. Evaluation of vegetative growth and some physiological characteristics in pistachio controlled crosses “P.integrrima × P.vera” grown in various Nacl salinity. MSc. Thesis, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture Science, Shahed University, Tehran. (In Farsi)
19. Jahns P., and Holzwarth A.R. 2012. The role of the xanthophyll cycle and of lutein in Photoprotection of photosystem II. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Bioenergetics, 1817: 182-193.
20. Jamshidi Goharrizi K., Baghizadeh A., Kalantar M., and Fatahi F.2019. Combined effects of salinity and drought on physiological and biochemical characteristics of pistachio rootstocks. Journal of Scientia Horticulturae, 261:1-13.
21. Kizhedath A., and Suneetha V. 2011. Estimation of chlorophyll content in common household medicinal medicinal leaves and their utilization to avail health benefits of chlorophyll, Journal of Pharmacy Research. 4(5): 1412-1413.
22. Kuchaki A., and Srmdnya G.h. 2005. Journal of Crop Physiology. Jahad University Press, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.j27
23. Lutts S., Kinet J.M., and Bouharmont J. 1996. NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Journal of Annals of Botany, 78 (3): 389- 398.
24. Maleki kuhbani A., and Karimi H.M. 2013. Evaluation of pistachio and hybrids rootstocks (P.vera × P. atlantica) to drought stress. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science 44 (1): 81-93. (In Farsi).
25. Modarres R., and de Paulo Rodrigues da Silva V. 2007. Rainfall trends in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, Journal of Arid Environments. 70: 344-355.
26. Mohammadi Kh-M., Ebadi A., M.A Askari Sarchishmeh., M.R Fattahi Moghaddam., and Hokmabadi H. 2019. Evaluation of biochemical traits in some Pistachio rootstocks under salt for selection of tolerant rootstocks. Journal of Agronomy 21 (3): 323- 336. (In Farsi)
27. Mohammadkhani N., and Heidari R. 2008. Drought-induced accumulation of soluble sugars and proline in two maize varieties. World Appl. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. (In Farsi)
28. Office of Statistics and Information Technology. 2008. Agricultural Statistics. Assistance of Planning and Economic of Ministry of Agriculture jahad, Tehran Iran.
29. Paquin R., and Lechasseur P. 1979. Observationssur une methode de dosage dela praline libre dans les extraits de plantes. Canadian Journal of Botany. 57: 1851-1854.
30. Pourghayoumi M., Bakhshi D., Rahemi M., Kamgar-Haghighi A.K., and Aalami A. 2017. The physiological responses of various pomegranate cultivars to drought stress and recovery in order to screen for drought tolerance, Journal of Scientia horticulturae. 217:164-172.
31. Rai K., Kalia R.K., Singh R., Gangola P., and Dhawan A. 2011. Developing stress tolerant plants through in vitro selection An overview of the recent progress, Journal of Environmental and Experimental Botany. 71: 89-98.
32. Rozban M.R. 2009. Investigation of physiological mechanisms of drought tolerance in three of pistachio (Pistacia vera L) seedlings .Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University. (In Farsi)
33. Sedaghati N., sheybani Tadriji Z., Tahabadipur A., Hokmabadi H., Haghdel M., and Abdollahi M. 2009. Pistachio Production Guide, Third edition, Sarv Publications in collaboration with Research, Agricultural education and natural resources. Tehran. 563 p.
34. Stone P.J., Wilson D.R., Reid J.B., and Gillespie G.N. 2001. Water deficit effects on sweet corn: I‌ Water use, radiation use efficiency, growth and yield, Australian Journal Agricultural Research. 52:103-113.
35. Szabados L. and Savoure A. 2009. Proline: a multifunctional amino acid, Journal of Trends in Plant Science. 15: 89-97
36. Vahdati K., and Leslie C.A. 2013. Abiotic Stress - Journal of Plant Responses and Applications in Agriculture. 410 pp.
37. Xing H.L., Tan L., An L., Zhao Z., Wang S., and Zhang C. 2004. Evidence for the involvement of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in osmotic stress tolerance of wheat seedlings: inverse correlation between leaf abscisic acid accumulation and leaf water loss, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 42: 61-68.
38. Zeinoddini A., Amirpure M., and Farazmand, M. 2007. Evaluation of irrigation quality on soils mutation and pistachio yield in Anar zone. 10 th Congeress of Iranian Soil Science, Shahrivar. Karaj, 355- 356. (In Farsi).
CAPTCHA Image