Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Tehran

Abstract

Introduction: Grape (V. vinifera L.) is one of the most important crops in the world and Iran, and play a major role in the export income. According to World Food Organization statistics, the area under global cultivation has been seven million hectares and Iran ranks seventh in the world with 316,000 hectares. Grape production is about 77.5 million tons and Iran is ninth in the world with production of about 2.5 million tons. Fars province is in the first place with 75,000 hectares of fertile vineyards. Qazvin, Khorasan Razavi, West Azarbaijan, Hamadan and East Azarbaijan provinces are also ranked next. Cold stress is one of the constraints on the cultivation of grapes, so prevention of frost damage is one of the important points in the world's grape areas. This damage could be due to early autumn cold and late spring in the temperate region, such as winter frost of 2007, early autumn frost of 2015 and late spring frost of 2014 and 2017. Protecting plants against the harmful effects of low temperatures in agriculture is considerable. One way to prevent frost damages is using plant growth regulators such as salicylic acid. It seems that salicylic acid plays a role in the resistance to the cold stress, and it probably contributes to the activity of antioxidant enzymes and hydrogen peroxide metabolism, so it reduces cold stress damages and increases the plant tolerance to frost. The role of salicylic acid against cold stress have been reported in various plants such as lemon, pistachio, peach, pomegranate, apricot and walnut. Studies have shown that application of salicylic acid on grape seedlings increased the resistance to thermal stresses by reducing ion leakage and decreased the peroxidation of the cell membranes. Also, SA increased the proline and soluble carbohydrates in Plukenetia volubilis seedlings. In the present study, the effects of salicylic acid was investigated on the reaction of potted seedlings of some grape varieties under the spring frost. Then shoot burn percentage, recovery, ion leakage and peroxidation of membrane lipids of seedlings were investigated after cold application. Therefore, the changes in the amount of some osmotic regulators such as proline, soluble carbohydrates, and antioxidants such as phenolic compounds were evaluated by salicylic acid and cold treatments.
Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in greenhouse of Department of Horticulture Engineering of College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, in spring 2017 on two-year potted seedlings. It was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications to evaluate the effects of salicylic acid on reducing the damage of spring frost in some grape varieties such as Bidaneh Sefid, Perlette and Riparia species. Salicylic acid was sprayed at 0, 0.5 and 1 mM in E-L=11 on two year-old potted. After 24 hours, cold treatment was applied at 0 and -2 °C and normal temperature (as control) for 8 h. Control was in the greenhouse with natural temperature. Potted plants were transferred to the greenhouse and after 72 hours, the burn percentage was calculated. Also, recovery of the seedling was determined 20 days after the cold. Other parameters were measured such as ion leakage, malondialdehyde, soluble carbohydrates, proline and phenolic compounds. Statistical analysis and mean comparison of the results was done by SPSS and LSD test.
Results and Discussion: According to the results, salicylic acid and cold treatments had significant effects on some characteristics of Vinifera species such as Bidaneh Sefid, Perlette and Riparia species. The results showed that with increasing the cold stress to -2 °C, the burned shoot percentage was increased and the grown buds percentage was decreased compared to control, and electrolytic leakage and malondialdehyde were increased at same temperature. Salicylic acid 1 mM reduced the damage to shoots and increased the recovery of seedlings. The lowest amount of electrolytic leakage and malondialdehyde were observed in 1 mM salicylic acid treated seedlings compared to non-treated. According to the results, application 1mM salicylic acid increased osmotic regulators and antioxidants such as proline, solution carbohydrates and phenolic compounds. There was a significant difference between Vinifera and Riparya species at -2 °C in some parameters such as burned shoot, recovery, ion leakage and malondialdehyde. Also, there were significant differences between Bidaneh Sefid, Perlette and Riparia species at -2 °C and 1 mM in proline, solution carbohydrates and phenolic compounds. It has been reported that salicylic acid plays a role of osmotic regulation for the cell and it can reduce the damage of frost by stimulating the hydrolysis of insoluble carbohydrates or proteins and enhancing compounds such as soluble carbohydrates, so it led to reduce the freezing point of the tissue. Increasing in soluble carbohydrates have been reported in grapes and lemon by salicylic acid spraying.
Conclusions: Spring frost has damaging effects on grapevine and can lead to a lot of economic damage to gardeners. Therefore, it can be prevented by some plant regulators such as salicylic acid. The results of the present study showed that the damage caused by cold treatment in control seedlings was more than the plants that were treated with salicylic acid and concentration of 1 mM salicylic acid at 2°C had a positive effect on reduction of morphological damage severity as well as reduction peroxidation of the cell membrane. Cold tolerance of seedlings may be due to the role of salicylic acid in increasing antioxidant substances such as phenolic compounds, as well as in increasing osmotic regulators such as proline and soluble carbohydrates, thereby increasing cell sap concentration and tissue freezing point. This reduced the negative effects of low temperature and reduced cell membrane damage and electrolyte leakage and improved the recovery ability of two-year-old potted seedlings of Bidaneh Sefid, Perlette and Riparia species. So, it can be concluded that among different tested species, Riparia had the lowest percentage of shoot burn and highest recovery ability than the cultivars of Vinifera. Among the genotypes of Vinifera species, Bidaneh Sefid was the most proline and soluble carbohydrate compared to Perlette, indicating a higher adaptation to cold conditions.

Keywords

1- Alirezaie Noghondar M., Bayat H., and Nemati H. 2013. Effect of salicylic acid on alleviating of electrolyte leakage and flower organ damage in Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L. cv. ‘Shahroudi’) under artifical cold stress. Science Biology 5: 1-5.
2- Anisko T., and Lindstrom O.M. 1995. Applying the Richards function in freezing tolerance determination with electrolyte and phenolic leakage techniques. Plant Physiology 95: 281-287.
3- Anonymous. 2016. FAO stat data base results. Available on the www.FAO.org.
4- Ashraf M., and Foolad, M.R. 2007. Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany 59: 206-216.
5- Azzarello E., Mugnai S., Pandolfi C., Masi E., Marrone E., and Mancuso S. 2009. Comparing image (fractal analysis) and electrochemical (impedance spectroscopy and electrolyte leakage) techniques for the assessment of the freezing tolerance in olive. Trees 23: 159-167.
6- Babalar M., Asghari M., Talebi A.R., and Khosroshahi A. 2007. Effect of pre- and postharvest salicylic acid treatment on ethylene production, fungal decay and overall quality of Selva strawberry fruit. Food Chemistry 105: 449-453.
7- Baghbanha M., Fotouhi Qazvini R., Hatamzadeh A., and Heidari M. 2007. Effect of salicylic acid on tolerance to freezing stress in lemon seedlings of Shiraz. Iranian Journal of Horticulture 3: 185-198. (In Persian)
8- Balasundram N., Sundram K., and Samman S. 2007. Phenolic compounds in plants and agriindustrial by products: Antioxidant activity, occurrence, and potential uses. Food Chemistry 99: 191-203.
9- Barranco D., Ruiz N., and Capo M.G. 2005. Frost tolerance of eight olive cultivars. Hort Science 40: 558-560.
10- Bates I., Waldern R.P., and Teare I.D. 1973. Rapid determination of free Prolin for water stress studies. Plant and Soil 39: 205-207.
11- Bhattacharjee S., and Mukherjee A.K. 2002. Salt stress induced cytosolute accumulation, antioxidant response and membrane deterioration in three rice cultivars during early germination. Seed Science and Technology 30: 279-287.
12- Bigras F.J. 1997. Root cold tolerance of black spruce seedlings: viability tests in relation to survival and regrowth. Tree Physiology 17: 311-318.
13- Borsani O., Valpuesta V., and Botella M.A. 2001. Evidence for a role of salicylic acid in the oxidative damage generated by NaCl and osmotic stress in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Physiology 126: 1024-1030.
14- Bowers M.C. 1994. Environmental effects of cold on plants. In: Wilkinson, R.E. (Ed.), Plant-Environment Interactions. Marcel Dekker, New York.
15- Cao S., Hu Z., Zheng Y., and Lu B. 2010. Synergistic effect of heat treatment and salicylic acid on alleviating internal browning in cold-stored peach fruit. Postharvest Biological Technology 58: 93-97.
16- Campos P.S., Quartin V., Ramalho J.C., and Nunes M.A. 2003. Electrolyte leakage and lipid degradation account for cold sensitivity in leaves of Coffea sp. Journal of Plant Physiology 160: 283-292.
17- Ceccardi T., and Ting I. 1996. Effect of temperature and water stresses on gas exchange, fluorescence kinetics, and solute levels of jojoba. Industrial Crops and Products, 5: 279-290.
18- Chalker-Scott L. 1988. Relationships between endogenous phenolic compounds of rhododendron tissues and organs and cold hardiness development. Oregon State University, USA, Ph.D. Dissertation.
19- Chan Z., and Tian S. 2006. Induction of H2O2 metabolizing enzyme and total protein synthesis by antagonistic yeast and salicylic acid in harvested sweet cherry. Postharvest Biology and Technology 39: 314-320.
20- Chat J. 1995. Cold hardiness within the genus Actinidia. Horticultural Science 30: 329-332.
21- Coleman W.K., and Estabrooks E.N. 1992. Enhancement of cold hardiness in apple tree by PBZ, thidiazuron and flurprimidol. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72: 1267-1274.
22- Chow H.H., Cai Y., Hakim I.A., Crowell J.A., Shahi F., and Brooks C.A. 2003. Pharmacokinetics and safety of green tea polyphenols after multiple-dose administration of epigallocatechin gallate and polyphenon E in healthy individuals. Clin Cancer Rescerch 9: 3312-3319.
23- Davies K.J.A. 1987. Protein damage and degradation by oxygen radicals. I. General aspects. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 262: 9895-9901.
24- Dexter S.T., Tottingham W.E., and Graber L.F. 1932. Investigations of the hardiness of plants by measurement of electrical conductivity. Plant Physiology 7: 63-78.
25- El-Tayeb M.A. 2005. Response of barley grains to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regulation 45: 215-224.
26- Eraslan F., Inal A., Pilbeam D.J., and Gunes A. 2008. Interactive effects of salicylic acid and silicon on oxidative damage and antioxidant activity in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. CV. Matador) grown under boron toxicity and salinity. Plant Growth Regulators 55: 207-219.
27- Ershadi A., and Taheri S. 2013. Effect of salicylic acid on spring frost tolerance in grapes of Bidaneh sefid. Journal of Agricultural Improvement, 2: 135-146. (In Persian)
28- Gao J.C., Wang H.X., and Li X.X. 2010. Relationship between soluble proteins, MDA, andjujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) tree cold hardiness. Beifang Yuanyi (Northern Horticulture) 23: 18-20.
29- Ghasemi Soluklui A.A., Ershadi A., and Fallahi E. 2012. Evaluation of cold hardiness in seven Iranian commercial pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars. Hortscience 47:1821-1825.
30- Guo S., Yang Q., Yang X., Liu Y., Qi J., and Bi Y. 2007. Effects of salicylic acid on cold resistance during flowering period and fruit sitting rate in Apricot. Nonwood Forest Research 4, 007.
31- Gusta LV., Trischuk R., and Weiser C.J. 2005. Plant cold acclimation: the role of abscisic acid. Plant Growth Regulation 24: 308- 318.
32- Guy C.L. 2003. Cold acclimation and freezing stress tolerance: role of protein metabolism. Annual Review in Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 41: 187-223.
33- Hana B., and Bischoff J.C. 2004. Direct cell injury associated with eutectic crystallization during freezing. Cryobiology 48: 8-21.
34- Hassibi P., Moradi F., and Nabipour M. 2007. Screening of rice genotypes for low temperature stress-using chlorophyll fluorescence. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 9: 14-31.
35- Hayat S., and Ahmad A. 2007. Salicylic acid-A plant hormone. Plant Physiology 2: 91-150.
36- Henriques F., Guine R., and Barroca M.J. 2012. Chemical properties of pumpkin dried by different methods. Food Technol. Biotechnology 7: 98-105.
37- Heath L.R., and Packer L. 1968. Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 125:189-198.
38- Huang Y., and Wang Z. 1982. Cytological determination of cold resistance in fruit trees (Malus). Acta Horticulture 9: 23-30.
39- Hubackova M. 1982. Effect of the lignification of grapevine shoots on the resistance of buds in winter. Vitis 9: 271-274.
40- Inze D., and Van Montagu M. 2002. Oxidative Stress in Plants. Taylor & Francis, London.
41- Janda T., Szalai G., Tari I., and Paldi E. 1999. Hydroponic treatment with salicylic acid decreases the effects of chilling injury in maize (Zea mays L.) plants. Planta 208: 175-180.
42- Kafi M., and Mahdavi Damghani A.S. 2002. Resistance mechanisms of plants to environmental stresses (translation). Ferdowsi University Press, Mashhad. (In Persian)
43- Karimi R., Ershadi A., Sna Ashari M., Mashhadi M., and Boojar A. 2014. Seasonal changes in the content of soluble proteins, total phenol and malondialdehyde, and their relationship with cold resistance of some grape cultivars. Agricultural Improvement, 16: 999-1013. (In Persian)
44- Kavosi B., Eshghi S., and Tafazzoli A. 2012. Response of Vitis vinifera L. ‘Askari’ to winter cold damages. Journal of Research in Crop and Garden Plants 1: 37-49 (in Persian).
45- Kerepesi I. 1998. Osmotic and salt stresses induced differential alteration in water- soluble carbohydrate content in wheat seedling. Agriculture & Food Chemistry 53: 47-55.
46- Kezeli T.A., and Beridze A.G. 1986. Structural and histochemical changes in one-year grapevine shoots in relation to frost resistance. Fiziol.Morozoustoich.Vinograd. Lozy.
47- Khorramshahi L. 2012. The Effect of thiofer and salicylic acid on spring resistance to walnut trees. Master's Thesis. Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan. (In Persian)
48- Lawes G.S., Cheong S.T., and Alvarez H.V. 1995. The effect of freezing temperatures on buds and stem cuttings of Actinidia species. HortScience 1: 12-16.
49- Lee G.S., and Hong J.H. 2002. Effect of Salicylic Acid on Growth and Chilling Tolerance of Cucumber Seedlings. Environmental Science International 11: 1173-1181.
50- Liu Y., Zhang J., Liu H., and Huang W. 2008. Salicylic acid or heat acclimation pre-treatment enhances the plasma membrane-associated ATPase activities in young grape plants. Scientia Horticulturae 119: 21-27.
51- Luo Y.L., Su Z.L., Bi T.J., Cui X.L., and Lan Q.Y. 2014. Salicylic acid improves chilling tolerance by affecting antioxidant enzymes and osmoregulators in sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis). Botany 37: 357-363.
52- Mahajan Sh., and Narendra T. 2005. Cold, salinity and drought stresses: An overview. Biochemistry and Biophysics 444: 139-158.
53- Malone S.R., and Ashworth E.N. 1991. Freezing stress response in woody tissues observed using low-temperature scanning electron microscopy and freeze substitution techniques. Plant Physiology 95: 871-881.
54- Nejatyan M. 2012. Selection of cold tolerant clones in Iranian Bidaneh grape varieties. Journal of Breeding of Seedlings and Seeds, 28: 519-524. (In Persian)
55- Nzokou P., and Nikiema P. 2008. The influence of three plant growth regulators on susceptibility to cold injury following warm winter spellsin Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) and Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens). Horticultural Science 43: 742-746.
56- Pakkish Z., Rahemi M., and Baghizadeh A. 2009. Seasonal changes of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity and phenol content during and after rest in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Flower Buds. World Applied Sciences 6: 1193-1199.
57- Palonen P. 1999. Relationship of seasonal changes in carbohydrates and cold hardiness in canes and buds of three red raspberry cultivars. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124: 509-513.
58- Pietsch G.M., Anderson N.O., and Li P.H. 2009. Cold tolerance and short day acclimation in perennial Gaura coccinea and G. drummondii. Horticultural Science 120: 418-425.
59- Prasad T.G. 1996. Mechanisms of chilling-induced oxidative stress injury and tolerance in developing maize seedling: changes in antioxidant system, oxidation of proteins and lipids, and protease activities. Plant Journal 10:1017-1026.
60- Rezayatmand Z., Khavarinejad R., and Asghari Gh. 2013. The Effect of salicylic acid on some physiological and biochemical indices of Artemisia aucheri Boiss. under salt stress. Plant Biology, 16: 57-70. (In Persian)
61- Sajjadian h. 2011. Effect of salicylic acid on cold resistance of pistachio ‘Badami’ Seedlings using ionic leakage. Seventh Iranian Horticultural Science Congress, Isfahan University of Technology 132-134. (In Persian)
62- Sayyari M., Babalar M., Kalantari S., Serrano M., and Valero D. 2009. Effect of salicylic acid treatment on reducing chilling injury in stored pomegranates. Postharvest Biology Technology 53: 152-154.
63- Senaratna T., Touchell D., Bunn E., and Dixon K. 2000. Acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) and salicylic acid induce multiple stress tolerance in bean and tomato plants. Plant Growth Regulation 30: 157-161.
64- Shakirova F.M., Sakhabutdinova A.R., Bezrukova M.V., Fatkhutdinova R.A., and Fatkhutdinova D.R. 2003. Changes in the hormonal status of wheat seedlings induced by salicylic acid and salinity. Plant Science 164: 317-322.
65- Shoor M., Tehranifar A., Nemati S.H., Salahwarzi Y., Mokhtarian A and Rahmati M. 2009. Investigation and determination of frost resistance and freezing of three cultivars of grapes in northern Khorasan. Journal of Environmental Stresses Agricultural Sciences 2: 159-169. (In Persian)
66- Singh B., and Usha K. 2003. Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in wheat seedlings under water stress. Plant Growth Regulation 39: 137-141.
67- Somogyi J., and Nelson D. 1952. A critical examination of the Nelson–Somogyi method for the determination of reduced sugar. Analytical Biochemistry 15: 373-381.
68- Snyder R.L., and De Melo-Abreu J.P. 2005. Frost protection: Fundamentals, practice and economics. Vol. I. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
69- Wang L.J., and Li S.H. 2006. Salicylic acid-induced heat or cold tolerance in relation to Ca2+ homeostasis and antioxidant systems in young grape plants. Plant Sciences 170: 685-694.
70- Winkler A., cook J., Klievers N., and Lideer L. 1974. General viticulture. University of California press, Berkeley and Los Angles.
71- Yousefi M. 2008. The effect of freezing on electrolyte leakage of 10 almond cultivars and wild almond species in Isfahan. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 45: 1-9. (In Persian)
72- Zhang J., Kluera N.Y., Wang Z., Ray Wu., Ho T.D., and Nguyen H.T. 2000. Genetic engineering for abiotic stress resistance in crop plants. In Vitro Cell Developmental Biology Plant 36: 108-114.
CAPTCHA Image