تاثیر محلول‌پاشی برگی روی و بور بر صفات کمی وکیفی میوه توت‌فرنگی رقم اروماس در کشت هیدروپونیک

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• آرا علی‌نژاد اله‌شاه
• حسین مرادی
• حسین صادقی

دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v32i2.57665

چکیده

تامین غلظت مناسب عناصر مورد نیاز گیاه سبب تولید محصول اقتصادی و بهبود خواص کیفی میوه‌ها می‌شود. به منظور بررسی اثر عناصر غذایی روی و بور بر صفات کمی و کیفی میوه توت‌فرنگی رقم اروماس در کشت هیدروپونیک آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 9 تیمار و 9 تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل سولفات‌روی در سه سطح (0، 100 و 200 میلی‌گرم در لیتر) و اسید‌بوریک نیز در سه سطح (0، 500 و 1000 میلی‌گرم در لیتر) به تنهایی و ترکیب با هم بودند که به صورت محلول‌پاشی در سه مرحله بعد از پیش تیمار سرمادهی بوته‌ها اعمال گردیدند. نتایج نشان داد که سطوح مختلف عناصر غذایی بر روی ویتامین ث ، فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی، مواد جامد محلول ((TSS، اسیدیته قابل تیتراسیون (TA)، شاخص طعم (TSS/TA)، pHآب میوه، کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b، کارتنوئید، وزن میوه، طول و قطر میوه، ﺗﻌﺪاد برگ و ارﺗﻔﺎع ﮔﻴﺎه اثر معنی‌داری داشت. اما طول دمبرگ تحت تاثیر مصرف عناصر غذایی قرار نگرفت. در مجموع کاربرد منفرد سولفات‌روی با غلظت 100 و 200 میلی‌گرم در لیتر، تیمار ‌اسید‌بوریک با غلظت 500 میلی‌گرم در لیتر و مصرف توام 100 و 200 میلی‌گرم در لیتر سولفات‌روی با 500 میلی‌گرم در لیتر ‌اسید‌بوریک نقش چشم‌گیری در افزایش صفات مورد بررسی به غیر از میزان اسیدیته ‌قابل ‌تیتراسیون داشتند. بنابراین می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که محلول‌پاشی برگی عناصر کم‌‌مصرف روی و بور و کاربرد تلفیقی آن‌ها سبب افزایش ویژگی‌های کمی و کیفی توت فرنگی رقم اروماس در کشت هیدروپونیک می‌گردند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• تغذیه برگی
• عناصر غذایی
• فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی
• کلروفیل
• ویتامین ث

20.1001.1.20084730.1397.32.2.3.4

عنوان مقاله [English]

ffect of Foliar Application of Zinc and Boron on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Strawberry Fruit (Fragaria ananassa cv. Aromas) in Hydroponic System

نویسندگان [English]

• Ara Alinejad Elahshah
• Hossein Moradi
• Hossein Sadeghi

Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassaDuch.,Rosaceae). fruitis rich of fiber, vitamin C, potassium and antioxidants. Since the balance of nutrients at the appropriate time for commercial fruit production, yield improvement and fruit quality is essential, so foliar application at key stages could have a positive effect on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of perennial crop fruits. Among essential mineral nutrients that are involved on plant physiology, micronutrients of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) because of their association with synthetic hormones are particularly important. In a study by Lolaei et al. (2012) conducted showed that the foliar application at flowering stage increased fruit quality and yield of strawberrycultivar ʻCamarosa’. The results of Rafeii and Pakkish(2014) indicated that spraying of strawberry cultivar ʻCamarosa’ with boric acid had a significant effect on yield, fruit weight, chlorophyll and leaf area. So according to the importance of micronutrients on horticultural yield improving and environmental protection, this investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar application of zinc and boron and combination of them on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of strawberry cultivar ʻAromas’ in hydroponic system.
Material and Methods: The experiment was arranged in factorial based on a complete randomized block design with 9 treatments and 9 replications in 2015 and 2016 in greenhouse and laboratory of Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT), Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran. Experimental treatments were included: zinc at three levels (0, 100 and 200 mg l-1) of fertilizer source zinc sulfate and boron at three levels (0, 500 and 1000 mg l-1) of fertilizer source boric acid as alone or combined. Spraying of strawberry cultivar ʻAromas’ at 3 stages in hydroponic system were applied after the chilling requirement treatment. When Fruits were stained 75-80% and have appropriate size, were harvested. Traits that were evaluated include: vitamin C, antioxidant activity, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), taste index (TSS/TA), pH of fruit juice, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, leaf number, petiole length and plant height. The data collected were statistically analyzed using the computer software using SAS 9.1 and MSTATC, Analysis of variance techniques were employed to test the overall significance of the data, while the least significant difference (LSD) test (P ≤ 0.05) was used to compare the treatment means.
Results and Discussion: Results indicated that foliar application of Zn and B significantly affected on the vitamin C, antioxidant activity, TSS, TA, TSS/TA, pH of fruit juice, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, leaf number and plant height (1% or 5% of probably level), while the Petiole length was not significantly affected. Between the different nutrient levels of zinc sulfate application at the concentrations of 100 and 200 mg l-1, boric acid application at the concentration of 500 mg l-1, the combination of zinc sulfate at 100 and 200 mg l-1 with boric acid at 500 mg l-1 play a significant role at increasing studying characteristicsexcept the content of TA. Zinc is effective at the formation of growth hormones and chloroplasts, it is also necessary for chlorophyll biosynthesis and also plays a very important role at cell division and the protein synthesis and carbohydrates metabolism. It seems this subject caused increased plant height, leaf number, petiole length, diameter, length and weight of the fruit and chlorophyll by foliar application. Boron is an element which increases weight by effect of reproductive growth and help to material production, production and transfer of carbohydrate, and nutrient by boron is necessary for fruit set and fruit retention. The results showed that zinc sulfate is effective on TSS, TA, taste index and pH, the increase may be attributed to their effects on different enzymes which are involved in the formation of proteins, acids and sugars, also enough amounts of boron in the plant, increased carbohydrate transport to fruit and areas of active growth and its effect is evident in increasing the amount of fruit sugar. Because of increased vitamin C and antioxidant capacity of plants had been sprayed with boron and zinc can be attributed to zinc that plays an active role in auxin production in plants, and vitamin C increases the production of auxin. Similarly, Kazemi (2014) reported the highest pH of fruit juice, TSS and TA at 150 mg l-1 of Zn for strawberry cultivar ʻPajaro’ and the lowest of these parameters was recorded in control. The results of our study is in accordance with Mashayekhi and Atashi(2012) who reported a significant positive correlation between chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content of strawberry cultivar ʻCamarosa’ leaves that had been sprayed by B and sucrose. As Khan et al. (2015) simultaneously combined application of Zn and B in the ʻKinnow’ mandarin fruit increased vitamin C, tree height and fruit weight, diameter and length significantly that was consistent with our results.
Conclusions: Since the foliar application of zinc sulfate at 100 and 200 mg l-1 with boric acid at 500 mg l-1 showed significant effect on quantitative and qualitative properties of strawberry, so to reduce the environmental effects caused by the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers, foliar application of micronutrients is recommended as an effective management solution in the production of strawberry cultivar ʻAromas’ under hydroponic culture.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Antioxidant activity
• Chlorophyll
• Foliar application
• Nutrient elements
• vitamin C

مراجع

1- Abdollahi M., Eshghi S., and Tafazoli E. 2010. Interaction of Paclobutrazol, Boron and Zinc on vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Selva). Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 4(11):67–75.

2- Abedi Baba-Arabi S., Movahedi Dehnavi M., Yadavi A.R., and Adhami E. 2011. Effect of Zn and K foliar application on safflower physiological traits and yield under drought stress conditions. Electronic Journal of Crop Production, 4(1):75–95. (In Persian with English abstract)

3- Ahmadi F., Mohamad Khani A. 2014. Effect of potassium and boron nutrition on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of ʻAsgari’ grape cultivar. Journal of Crops Improvement, 16(2):417–430. (In Persian)

4- Ahmed M., and Abdel F.M. 1995. Effect of Urea, some micronutrients, and growth regulators folair spray on the yield, fruit quality, and some vegetative of, ʻWashington’ navel orange trees. HortScience, 30(4):774–780.

5- Alloway B.J. 2008. Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition. Brussels: The International Zinc Association.

6- Alvin A. 2003. Modern developments in fertilization. IFA-FAO Agriculture Confernce. Rom. Italy.

7- Babalar M., and Pirmoradian d. 2006. Nutrition of Fruit Trees (2nd Ed.). Tehran University Press, 312p. (In Persian)

8- Baldwin E.A. 1983. Citrus fruit. In: Seymour G., Taylor J., Tucker G. (Ed). Biochemistry of fruit ripening. Chapman and Hall, London.

9- Barker A.V., and Pilbeam D.J. 2007. Handbook of Plant Nutrition. By Taylor and Francis Group, CRC Press, 605p.

10- Ben-Gal A. 2007. The contribution of foliar exposure to boron toxicity. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 30(10):1705–1716.

11- Bould C. 1964. Leaf analysis as a guide to the nutrition of fruit crops. V. -Sand culture N, P, K, Mg experiments with strawberry (Fragaria Spp.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 15(7):474–487.

12- Brown G.S., Kitchener A.E., McGlasson, W.B., and Barenes S. 1996. The effects of Copper and Calcium foliar sprays on cherry and apple fruit quality . Scientia Horticulturae, 67:219–227.

13- Cakmak I., Marschner H., and Bangerth F. 1989. Effect of Zinc nutrition status on growth, protein metabolism and level of indole-3 acetic acid and other phytohormones in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of Experimental Botany, 40:405–415.

14- Camacho-Cristobal J.J., Rexach J., and Gonzalez-Fontes A. 2008. Boron in plants deficiency and toxicity. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 50(10):1247–1255.

15- Carter G.A., and Knapp A.K. 2001. Leaf optical properties in highest plants: linking spectral characteristics to stress and chlorophyll concentration. American Journal of Botany, 88(4):677–684.

16- Crespan G., Zenarola C., Colugnati G., Beregant F., and Tonetti I. 2000. Fertilizer procedures and response of vines, preliminary results of an investigation in cabernet sauvignon. Notiziario-ERSA, 13(4):21–24.

17- D’ Angelo S., Amelia C., Raimo M., Salvatore A., Zappia V., and Galletti P. 2007. Effect of reddening–ripening on the antioxidant activity of polyphenol extracts from cv. ‘Annurca’ apple fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55:9977–9985.

18- Dawood S.A., Meligy M.S., and El-Hamady M.M. 2001. Influence of Zinc sulfate application on tree leaf and fruit characters of three young citrus varieties grown on slightly alkaline soil. Annals of Agriculture Science Moshtohor, 39:433–447.

19- Dolati Baneh H., and Taheri M. 2009. Effects of foliar application of nutrient elements on fruit set and quantitative and qualitative traits of ʻKeshmeshi’ grape cultivar. Seed and plant production Journal, 25(1):103–115. (In Persian)

20- Dong Y., Qifei W., Daming H., and Chundu W. 2003. Effects of Zinc-injection in trunk of Kumquat on its growth and fruits qualities. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery, 34(2): 61–64.

21- Gao X., Zou Ch., Fan X., Zhang F., and Hoffland E. 2006. From flooded to aerobic conditions in rice cultivation: Consequences for Zinc uptake. Plant and Soil, 280(1):41–47.

22- Guidong L., Cuncang J. and Yunhua W. 2011. Distribution of Boron and its forms in young ‘Newhall’ navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osb.) plants grafted on two rootstocks in response to deficient and excessive Boron. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 57(1):93–104.

23- Hemantaranjan A. 1996. Physiology and biochemical significance of Zinc in plants. In: Advancement in Micronutrient Research, Ed. Hemanteranjan A. Scientific Publishers, Joudhpur, Rajasthan, India, p. 151–178.

24- Jalili Marandi R. 2008. Small Fruit (2nd Ed.). Jahad Orumieh University Press. (In Persian)

25- Kaya C., and Higgs D. 2002. Response of tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum L.) cultivars to foliar application of Zinc when grown in sand culture at low Zinc. Scientia Horticulturae, 93(1):53–64.

26- Kazemi M. 2014. Influence of foliar application of Iron, Calcium and Zinc sulfate on vegetative growth and reproductive characteristics of strawberry cv. ‘Pajaro’. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 1:21–26.

27- Khan A.S., Nasir M., Malik A.U., Basra S.M.A., and Jaskani M.J. 2015. Combined application of Boron and Zinc influence the leaf mineral status, growth, productivity and fruit quality of ‘Kinnow’mandarin (Citrus nobilis lour × Citrus deliciosa tenora). Journal of Plant Nutrition, 38:821–838.

28- Lolaei A. 2011. Effect of Boric acid, Urea and Calcium chloride on vegetative and reproductive growth of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa cv. Camarosa). Journal of Plant and Ecosystem, 7(1):43–52. (In Persian)

29- Lolaei A., Alirezaei M., Khorrami Raad M. and Kaviani B. 2012. Effects of Paclobutrazol and Sulfate Zinc on vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Camarosa). Annal of Biological Research, 3(10):4657–4662.

30- Lolaei A., Hashem Abadi D., and Sedaghathoor Sh. 2013. Effect of Calcium, Zinc and Nitrogen sprays on vegetative and reproductive growth and shelf life of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa cv. Selva). Journal of Plant Sciences Research,8(2):31–40. (In Persian)

31- Lolaei A., Mostafavi M., and Samavat S. 2011. Effect of Boric acid and Calcium chloride sprays on vegetative and reproductive growth and shelf life of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa cv. Selva). Journal of Plant Sciences Research, 6(3):60-66. (In Persian)

32- Marschner H. 2002. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants (2nd Ed.). Academic Press, London, 889p.

33- Mashayekhi K., and Atashi S.2012. Effect of foliar application of Boron and sucrose on biochemical parameters of ʻCamarosa’ strawberry. Journal of Plant Production, 19(4):157–171. (In Persian with English abstract)

34- Mass J.L. 1984. Compendium of Strawberry Diseases. Published by the American Phytopathological Society in cooperation with Agricultural Research Service USA Department of Agriculture, p. 15–18.

35- Meena R.S. 2010. Effect of Boron on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv.ʻ Pusa Ruby’ grown under semi-arid conditions. International Journal of Chemical Engineering Research, 2(2):167–172.

36- Mengel K., and Kirby, E.A. 1987. Principles of Plant Nutrition (4th Ed.). International Potash Inistitue, Bern, Switzerland, 687p.

37- Mohseni M., Haddadi M., and Valiallahpour R. 2012. Effects of application Boron and Zinc on the process of corn in Mazandaran. New Findings in Agriculture, 7(2):177–185. (In Persian)

38- Mollahoseini H., Solhi M., Baghi E., and Ghayour F. 2009. Strawberry fertilizer guide (1th Ed.). Avay Masih Press.

39- Moradi Telavat M.R., Roshan F., and Siadat S.A . 2015. Effect of foliar application of zinc sulfate on minerals contenet, seed and oil yields of two safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 17(2):153–164. (In Persian with English abstract)

40- Nawaz M.A., Ahmad W., Ahmad S., and Khan M.M. 2008. Role of growth regulators on preharvest fruit drop, yield and quality in ʻKinnow’ mandarin. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40:1971–1981.

41- Oszmianski J., and Wojdylo A. 2009. Comparative study of phenolic content and antioxidant activity of strawberry puree, clear, and cloudy juices. European Food Research and Technology, 228(4):623–631.

42- Papadakis I.E., Dimassi K.N., Bosabadilis A.M., Therios I.N., Patakas A., and Giannakoula A. 2004. Boron toxicity in ‘Clementine’ mandarin plants grafted on two rootstock. Plant Science, 166:539–547.

43- Quin X. 1996. Foliar sprays of B, Zn and Mg and their effects on fruit production and quality of jincheng orange. Journal of South west Agricultural University, 18(1):40–45.

44- Rafeii S. and Pakkish Z. 2014. Effect of Boric acid spray on growth and development of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa cv. Camarosa). International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 2(4):1060–1063.

45- Ravi S., Channal H.T., Hebsur N.S., Patil B.N., and Dharmatti P.R. 2008. Effect of Sulphur, Zinc and Iron nutrition on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Karnataka Journal of Agriculture Science, 21(3):382–385.

46- Razzaq K., Khan A.S., Malik A.U., Shahid M., and Ullah S. 2013. Foliar application of Zinc influences the leaf mineral status, vegetative and reproductive growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco.). Journal of Plant Nutrition, 36:1479–1495.

47- Rostami H., Tabatabaei J., Zare Nahandi F., and Hajilu J. 2013. Effects of different concentrations of Boron on vegetative and physiological characteristics of olive. Journal of Horticultural Science, 27(1):18–26. (in Persian)

48- Rout G.R., and Das P. 2003. Effect of metal toxicity on plant growth and metabolism: I. Zinc. Agronomie, 23(1):3–11.

49- Saini R.S., Sharma K.D., Dhankhar O.P., and Kaushik R.A. 2001. Laboratory manual al of analytic techniquesian in Horticulture. Agrobios, Publisher, India, 135p.

50- Salardini A.A., and Mojtahedi M. 1988. Principles of Plant Nutrition (1th Ed.). Tehran University Press. (In Persian)

51- Sharma R.R. 2002. Growing Strawberries. First edition published by international book distributing CO. Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi.

52- Singh B., and Usha k. 2002. Effect of macro and micro nutrient spray on fruit yield and quality of grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Perlette). Acta Horticulturae. 594: 197–202.

53- Srivastava P.C., and Gupta U.C. 1996. Trace Elements in Crop Production. Lebanon, NH: Science Publishers.

54- Tajbakhsh M., and Pourmirza A.A. 2003. Agronomy of Cereal Cropes. Jahad Orumieh University Press, 314p. (In Persian)

55- Ullah S., Khan A.S., Malik A.U., Afzal I., Shahid M., and Razzaq K. 2012. Foliar application of Boron influences the leaf mineral status, vegetative and reproductive growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco.). Journal of Plant Nutrition, 35:2067–2079.

56- Valance J., Deniel F., Le Floch G., Guerin-dubrana L., Blancard D., and Rey P. 2011. Pathogenic and beneficial microorganism in soilless cultures. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 31(1):191–203.

57- Yamdagni R., Singh D. and Jindal P.C. 1979. A note on Effect of Zinc sprays on yield and quality of Thompson seedless grapes. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(2):117–118.

58- Yih R.Y. and Clark H.E. 1965. Carbohydrate and protein content of Boron deficient tomato root tips in relation to anatomy and growth. Plant Physiology, 40(2):312–315.